CMOS analog and mixed-signal phase-locked loops: An overview

CMOS analog and mixed-signal phase-locked loops(PLL)are widely used in varies of the system-on-chips(SoC)as the clock generator or frequency synthesizer.This paper presents an overview of the AMS-PLL,including:1)a brief introduction of the basics of the charge-pump based PLL,which is the most widely used AMS-PLL architecture due to its simplicity and robustness;2)a summary of the design issues of the basic CPPLL architecture;3)a systematic introduction of the techniques for the performance enhancement of the CPPLL;4)a brief overview of ultra-low-jitter AMS-PLL architectures which can achieve lower jitter(<100 fs)with lower power consumption compared with the CPPLL,including the injection-locked PLL(ILPLL),subsampling(SSPLL)and sampling PLL(SPLL);5)a discussion about the consideration of the AMS-PLL architecture selection,which could help designers meet their performance requirements.

Design and implementation of digital closed-loop drive control system of a MEMS gyroscope

In order to effectively control the working state of the gyroscope in drive mode, the drive characteristics of the micro electromechanical system （MEMS） gyroscope are analyzed in principle. A novel drive circuit for the MEMS gyroscope in digital closed-loop control is proposed, which utilizes a digital phase-locked loop （PLL） in frequency control and an automatic gain control （AGC） method in amplitude control. A digital processing circuit with a field programmable gate array （FPGA） is designed and the experiments are carried out. The results indicate that when the temperature changes, the drive frequency can automatically track the resonant frequency of gyroscope in drive mode and that of the oscillating amplitude holds at a set value. And at room temperature, the relative deviation of the drive frequency is 0.624 ×10^-6 and the oscillating amplitude is 8.0 ×10^-6, which are 0. 094% and 18. 39% of the analog control program, respectively. Therefore, the control solution of the digital PLL in frequency and the AGC in amplitude is feasible.

Hybrid phase-locked loop with fast locking time and low spur in a 0.18-μm CMOS process

We propose a novel hybrid phase-locked loop （PLL） architecture for overcoming the trade-off between fast locking time and low spur. To reduce the settling time and meanwhile suppress the reference spurs, we employ a wide-band single-path PLL and a narrow-band dual-path PLL in a transient state and a steady state, respectively, by changing the loop bandwidth according to the gain of voltage controlled oscillator （VCO） and the resister of the loop filter. The hybrid PLL is implemented in a 0.18-μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor （CMOS） process with a total die area of 1.4×0.46 mm2. The measured results exhibit a reference spur level of lower than -73 dB with a reference frequency of 10 MHz and a settling time of 20 μs with 40 MHz frequency jump at 2 GHz. The total power consumption of the hybrid PLL is less than 27 mW with a supply voltage of 1.8 V.

Ring-VCO-based phase-locked loops for clock generation–design considerations and state-of-the-art

This article overviews the design considerations and state-of-the-art of the ring voltage-controlled oscillator(VCO)-based phase-locked loops(PLLs)for clock generation in different applications.Partic-ularly,the objective of the current work is to evaluate the required PLL performance among the fundamental metrics of power,jitter and area.An in-depth treatment of the mainstream PLL architectures and the associated design techniques enables them to be compared analyt-ically and benchmarked with respect to their figure-of-merit(FoM).The paper also summarizes the key concerns on the selection of dif-ferent circuit techniques to optimize the clock performance under dif-ferent scenarios.

一种基于DDS和PLL的Chirp超宽带信号源设计与实现

Chirp超宽带具有峰值平均功率比(peak to average power ratio,PAPR)接近为1、测距定位能力强等优势,能够有效解决传统的超宽带技术存在的PAPR过大、传输距离短等问题,设计并产生Chirp超宽带信号是实现该通信系统的关键技术之一。提出了一种高性能Chirp超宽带信号源方案,通过采用现场可编程门阵列(field-programma-ble gate array,FPGA)控制直接数字频率合成(direct digital synthesis,DDS)芯片AD9956产生低频Chirp信号,并结合锁相环(phase locked loop,PLL)技术实现带宽扩展,从而获得Chirp超宽带信号。实验表明,所设计的Chirp超宽带信号源具有结构简单、可编程、可扩展、性能好及实用性强等优点。

DDS+PLL组合系统及实例

本文介绍了DDS +PLL系统的实现方案和特点 ,指出了设计DDS +PLL系统的注意事项 ,并通过实例证明DDS +PLL系统能够实现较高的频谱质量 ,具有一定的实用价值。

DDS激励PLL频率合成器的研究

频率合成器是现代通信设备的重要组成部分。首先介绍频率合成技术，然后分析了倍频式ＤＤＳ激励ＰＬＬ频率合成器的噪声性能。

A Fractional-N CMOS DPLL with Self-Calibration

A digital phase-locked loop （DPLL） based on a new digital phase-frequency detector is presented. The self-calibration technique is employed to acquire wide lock range,low jitter, and fast acquisition. The DPLL works from 60 to 600MHz at a supply voltage of 1.8V. It also features a fraetional-N synthesizer with digital 2nd-order sigma-delta noise shaping, which can achieve a short lock time,a high frequency resolution,and an improved phase-noise spectrum. The DPLL has been implemented in SMIC 0. 18μm 1.8V 1P6M CMOS technology. The peak-to-peak jitter is less than 0. 8% of the output clock period and the lock time is less than 150 times of the reference clock period after the pre-divider.

采用DDS+PLL技术实现数字式信号源

目前实验室常用的信号源一般都是用模拟电路来产生所需的信号。模拟信号有着显示不直观、输出不稳定、低频信号差等缺点。本文介绍一种采用DDS+PLL技术来实现数字式信号源的基本方法和原理,设计电路提供了数字式的直接输入,操作简单、显示直观,以满足实验室的实际需要。

Small-signal Stability Analysis and Improvement with Phase-shift Phase-locked Loop Based on Back Electromotive Force Observer for VSC-HVDC in Weak Grids

Voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)transmission technology has been extensively employed in power systems with a high penetration of renewable energy resources.However,connecting a voltage source converter(VSC)to an AC weak grid may cause the converter system to become unstable.In this paper,a phase-shift phaselocked loop(PS-PLL)is proposed wherein a back electromotive force(BEMF)observer is added to the conventional phaselocked loop(PLL).The BEMF observer is used to observe the voltage of the infinite grid in the stationaryαβframe,which avoids the problem of inaccurate observations of the grid voltage in the dq frame that are caused by the output phase angle errors of the PLL.The VSC using the PS-PLL can operate as if it is facing a strong grid,thus enhancing the stability of the VSC-HVDC system.The proposed PS-PLL only needs to be properly modified on the basis of a traditional PLL,which makes it easy to implement.In addition,because it is difficult to obtain the exact impedance of the grid,the influence of shortcircuit ratio(SCR)estimation errors on the performance of the PS-PLL is also studied.The effectiveness of the proposed PSPLL is verified by the small-signal stability analysis and timedomain simulation.

基于DDS与PLL的C波段宽带线性扫频源

利用直接数字频率合成（DDS）和锁相环（PLL）技术相结合的混合频率合成方案,研制了一种C波段宽带、高频率分辨率、快速线性扫频的频率源。为了给PLL提供低相位噪声的宽带扫频参考信号,选用ADI的DDS芯片AD9914,并利用阶跃恢复二极管（SRD）高次倍频电路结合二倍频器产生高达3400 MHz的时钟信号。通过上位机配置AD9914内部频率调谐字和数字斜坡发生器,产生512.5-987.5 MHz的扫频参考信号,其频率分辨率可精细到赫兹量级。选用低附加噪声的鉴相器和宽带VCO芯片设计C波段锁相源,在宽带工作频率范围内对DDS扫频信号进行快速跟踪,并有效抑制杂散信号。实测结果表明,该扫频源工作频率为4.1-7.9 GHz,在频率分辨率配置为0.38 MHz时,单向扫频周期为1 ms,扫频线性度为1.58×10-6。单频点输出时相位噪声优于-114 dBc/Hz@10 kHz和-119 dBc/Hz@100 kHz,杂散抑制优于69 dBc。

Comparative Study of Single-phase Phase-locked Loops for Grid-connected Inverters Under Non-ideal Grid Conditions

In renewable power generation systems,ensuring the synchronization of the inverter and the power grid is crucial for the stable operation of grid-connected inverters.Nowadays,the phase-locked loop(PLL)technology has become a widely used grid synchronization method because of its simple implementation and robustness under various grid conditions.Even though a lot of PLLs have been proposed,an overview and comparative analysis of multiple PLLs can be helpful for practical applications.In addition,the weak grid condition is a great challenge for the system.Therefore,this study first presents an overview of the existing PLLs together with their general structures and basic working principles.Depending on the implementation of the phase detector,the PLL can be divided into three categories:power-based PLL(pPLL),orthogonal-signalgenerator-based PLL(OSG-PLL)and adaptive-filter-based PLL(AF-PLL).Then,from the above classification,seven typical single-phase PLLs are selected for further study.Finally,some test results are given,and a comprehensive evaluation of the selected PLLs under different grid conditions is conducted.

Low spurious noise frequency synthesis based on a DDS-driven wideband PLL architecture

An S-band frequency synthesizer for a stepped-frequency radar is presented. This frequen- cy synthesizer is based on a direct digital synthesizer （ DDS ） -driven wideband phase-locked loop （PLL） architecture which can achieve low spurious noise and rapid frequency hopping simultaneous- ly. The mechanism of introducing high level spurs by the images of DDS digital to analog convertor （DAC） output is analyzed. A novel DDS frequency planning method is proposed to ensure low col- ored noise within the entire bandwidth. The designed output frequency range is 3. 765 -4. 085 GHz, and the step size is 5 MHz with frequency agility of less than 1 μs. Measured results demonstrate that the average spurious free dynamic range （SFDR） is about 64 dBc in a 320 MHz bandwidth.

Tracking error analysis and simulation of FLL-assisted PLL

In order to solve problems in high dynamic environment, a frequency-locked loop （FLL） assisted phase-locked loop （PLL） is put forward for carrier tracking. On the basis of the analysis of discriminators, the total phase error of the tracking loop is analyzed and a general error expression is derived. By using linearization and Jaffe-Rechtin coefficients, the performance of a special first order FLL-assisted second order PLL is analyzed to get a closed expression. Analysis results and simula- tions show that there exist an optimal FLL loop bandwidth and a optimal PLL loop bandwidth which can make the phase jitter much less than that when the PLL is used alone.

Chip design of a 5.8-GHz fractional-N frequency synthesizer with a tunable G_m-C loop filter

This paper proposes a novel Gm-C loop filter instead of a conventional passive loop filter used in a phase-locked loop. The innovative advantage of the proposed architecture is tunable loop filter bandwidth and hence the process variations of passive elements of resistance R and capacitance C can be overcome and the chip area is greatly reduced. Furthermore, the MASH 1-1-1 sigma-delta （ZA） modulator is adopted for performing the fractional division number and hence improves the phase noise as well. Measured results show that the locked phase noise is -114.1 dBc/Hz with lower Gm-C bandwidth and -111.7 dBm/C with higher Gm-C bandwidth at 1 MHz offset from carrier of 5.68 GHz. Including pads and built-in Gm-C filter, the chip area of the proposed frequency synthesizer is 1.06 mm2. The output power is -8.69 dBm at 5.68 CHz and consumes 56 mW with an off-chip buffer from 1.8-V supply voltage.

水声信道均衡算法比较研究

简述了自适应均衡算法和盲均衡算法在水声通信中的应用现状,以及典型的几种均衡算法。分别采用稀疏多径信道和混合相位信道对几种典型的自适应算法和盲均衡算法的均方误差(MSE)性能进行了仿真比较,结果显示,判决反馈均衡器(DFE)结构的算法在以上复杂水声环境中均衡效果良好;采用稀疏多径相位旋转复信道对典型的自适应、盲均衡算法进行了仿真比较,结果表明,在相同的条件下,自适应算法受相位的影响较小,收敛速度快于盲均衡算法。消声水池实验表明了带二阶数字锁相环(DPLL)和DFE结构的均衡算法均具有较好的载波恢复性能,实现了对相位偏差的跟踪,提高了克服多径效应和多普勒频移补偿的能力。

基于频率和初相角解耦检测的新型锁相环

提出了一种由锁频环(FLL)和初相角锁相环(PLL)构成的新型三相PLL。FLL采用了一种新型的微分算法来检测频率误差,可避免由电压相角或幅值突变导致的频率检测误差。该新型PLL采用频率自适应数字滤波器(FADF)滤除输入信号中的谐波和噪声,提高了相角的检测精度。FADF利用多重化延时信号消除算法消除频率较低的谐波,然后通过巴特沃斯低通滤波器滤除高次谐波和噪声,可以在dq域准确、迅速地提取基波正序电压。同时,初相角PLL拥有较高的特征频率,使得新型PLL可以在相角突变后迅速地实现同步。通过仿真和实验对新型PLL的性能进行了验证,且为了适用于计算能力较差的控制器,给出了新型PLL的简化方案。

低功耗全数字电容式传感器接口电路设计

电容式传感器被广泛地应用在集成传感器的设计中。近年来,随着无线传感器与射频识别技术的迅速发展,低功耗传感器及其接口电路设计成为热点。低功耗接口电路设计中往往采用低的电源电压,然而当器件工艺进入纳米时代后,低的电源电压使得在电压幅度域处理传感器信号的传统接口电路设计所允许的电压范围进一步降低。针对这种挑战,设计了一种新型的全数字电容式传感器接口电路。该设计基于锁相环原理,将传感器信号处理转移到频率域,因此该设计可以采用全数字结构。设计的接口电路结合湿度传感器,采用中芯国际0.18μm CMOS工艺流片,后期测试结果显示,该接口电路在芯片面积、线性度及功耗上获得了优异性能。尤其是在0.5 V电源电压下,整个接口电路只消耗了1.05μW功率,相比传统传感器接口电路功耗性能获得了极大提升,此设计确实为低功耗传感器接口电路设计提供了一种新方法。

2.488 Gbit/s clock and data recovery circuit in 0.35 μm CMOS

The design of a 2. 488 Gbit/s clock and data recovery （CDR） If for synchronous digital hierarchy （SDH） STM-16 receiver is described. Based on the injected phase-locked loop （IPLL） and D-flip flop architectures, the CDR IC was implemented in a standard 0. 35 μan complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor （CMOS） technology. With 2^31 -1 pseudorandom bit sequences （PRBS） input, the sensitivity of data recovery circuit is less than 20 mV with 10^-12 bit error rate （BER）. The recovered clock shows a root mean square （rms） jitter of 2. 8 ps and a phase noise of - 110 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset. The capture range of the circuit is larger than 40 MHz. With a 5 V supply, the circuit consumes 680 mW and the chip area is 1.49 mm × 1 mm.

锁相环与锁频环在数字Costas环中的应用

基于锁相环和锁频环的模型,研究了由两者构成的数字Costas环结构和性能。首先介绍了传统的数字Costas环模型,接着给出了鉴相器、二阶环路滤波器和三阶环路滤波器的结构,在此基础上分析了基于锁频环的数字Costas模型,实现了扩大Costas环的跟踪范围和提高跟踪精度的目的,最后给出了仿真结果,分析了两种环路单独和相结合后的应用和特点。