Application of Digital Photogrammetry to Measure Distribution of Tree Postions

The application of digital photogrammetry to measure distribution of tree positions with stereo image couple is introduced in detail, and the procedure of stereo vision applied in forestry environment is explored. Nonlinear error in measure model is adopted in the camera calibration; the interactive correlation matching is used under constraint of epipolar line and edge of tree detected by Canny operator. Results prove that application of digital photogrammetry technology to measure distribution of tree positions can meet demand of precision in experimental conditions.

Digital 3D Modeling of Whole Garment Based on Structure Illumination

With the coming of information age and the development of computer science, digitalization of whole garment is becoming more and more important. The surface of whole garment is sequent and glossy so that it is lack of the texture characteristic which is the key of digital 3D modeling. According to this reason, the structure illumination is steered into a method of this paper. The paper proposes the method by which 3D model of whole garment is created from 2D image sequences directly but not by the common techniques using general CAD model. In the paper the structure illumination is generated by the slide projector and the modeling of whole garment is based on the strict theory of the digital photogrammetry, computer vision and image processing pattern recognition. Because whole garment is lack of the applicable texture for matching, the characteristic texture generated by the structure illumination is added onto the surface of whole garment. After the characteristic texture is extracted from images and is matched well, 3D coordinates of the characteristic texture can be calculated out by the space forward intersection. Then the whole garment model is acquired by connecting all neighhour space points in the TIN and rendering the real texture of whole garment automatically. The 3D modeling method is untouched so that it is nondestructive which is just suitable for the messaline and the clothing. The method of whole garment 3D modeling proposed in the paper is flexible, effective and practical, which is confirmed by the results of the reconstructing experiments.

Deformation tests and failure process analysis of an anchorage structure

In order to study the failure process of an anchorage structure and the evolution law of the body＇s defor- mation field, anchor push-out tests were carried out based on digital speckle correlation methods （DSCM）. The stress distribution of the anchorage interface was investigated using the particle flow numerical simulation method. The results indicate that there are three stages in the deformation and fail- ure process of an anchorage structure： elastic bonding stage, a de-bonding stage and a failure stage. The stress distribution in the interface controls the stability of the structure. In the elastic bonding stage, the shear stress peak point of the interface is close to the loading end, and the displacement field gradually develops into a ＂V＂ shape, in the de-bonding stage, there is a shear stress plateau in the center of the anchorage section, and shear strain localization begins to form in the deformation field. In the failure stage, the bonding of the interface fails rapidly and the shear stress peak point moves to the anchorage free end. The anchorage structure moves integrally along the macro-cracl~ The de-bonding stage is a research focus in the deformation and failure process of an anchorage structure, and plays an important guiding role in roadway support design and prediction of the stability of the surrounding rock.

Optimization of the forearm angle for arm wrestling using multi-camera stereo digital image correlation: A preliminary study

This study analyzes the function of different muscles during arm wrestling and proposes a method to analyze the optimal forearm angle for professional arm wrestlers.We built a professional arm-wrestling platform to measure the shape and deformation of the skin at the biceps brachii of a volunteer in vivo during arm wrestling.We observed the banding phenomenon of arm skin strain during muscle contraction and developed a model to evaluate the moment provided by the biceps brachii.According to this model,the strain field of the area of interest on the skin was measured,and the forearm angles most favorable and unfavorable to the work of the biceps brachii were analyzed.This study demonstrates the considerable potential of applying DIC and its extension method to the in vivo measurement of human skin and facilitates the use of the in vivo measurement of skin deformation in various sports in the future.

Failure characteristics and the damage evolution of a composite bearing structure in pillar-side cemented paste backfilling

A backfilling body-coal pillar-backfilling body(BPB)structure formed by pillar-side cemented paste backfilling can bear overburden stress and ensure safe mining.However,the failure response of BPB composite samples must be investigated.This paper examines the deformation characteristics and damage evolution of six types of BPB composite samples using a digital speckle correlation method under uniaxial compression conditions.A new damage evolution equation was established on the basis of the input strain energy and dissipated strain energy at the peak stress.The prevention and control mechanisms of the backfilling body on the coal pillar instability were discussed.The results show that the deformation localization and macroscopic cracks of the BPB composite samples first appeared at the coal-backfilling interface,and then expanded to the backfilling elements,ultimately appearing in the coal elements.The elastic strain energy in the BPB composite samples reached a maximum at the peak stress,whereas the dissipated energy continued to accumulate and increase.The damage evolution curve and equation agree well with the test results,providing further understanding of instability prevention and the control mechanisms of the BPB composite samples.The restraining effect on the coal pillar was gradually reduced with decreasing backfilling body element's volume ratio,and the BPB composite structure became more vulnerable to failure.This research is expected to guide the design,stability monitoring,instability prevention,and control of BPB structures in pillar-side cemented paste backfilling mining.

Evolution of Stress-Strain State in the Structural Heterogeneities Geomaterials under Uniaxial and Biaxial Loading

The aim of this study was to analyze distribution and development of stress-stress state in structured rock specimens subject to uniaxial and biaxial loading to failure using digital speckle correlation method. Within the experimental analysis of wave processes in the block-hierarchy structure of geomedia (uniaxial and biaxial compression and shearing of prismatic geomaterial specimens), the authors revealed the fact of initiation of low-frequency micro-deformation processes under slow (quasi-static) disturbances. The estimation of the deformation-wave behavior of geomaterials as the “summed” contributions made by elements of the scanned surfaces with different-oriented (in-phase and anti-phase) oscillations has been performed using the energy approach that is based on the scanning function R, analogous to the “center of mass” in the classical mechanics.

船舶板架结构变形场测量技术研究

船舶结构强度试验过程中,传统的离散点变形测量技术难以获得结构的全场变形数据,因而无法有效揭示结构的渐进破坏过程。本文基于数字图像相关和三维激光扫描原理,提出适用于船舶板架结构变形测量的位移形函数与子区相关性准则,发展定量可控的数字散斑场制作方法,形成船舶板架结构几何形貌测量方法,建立船舶板架结构变形场测量技术;在此基础上,开展船舶板架结构模型变形场演化过程测量试验,获得模型在纵向压缩载荷所用下的结构变形场,尤其是模型结构临界状态前后的失效演化行为,揭示船舶板架结构变形场的时空演化规律,可为实船结构的失效模式识别提供基础测量技术手段。

无序无人机影像的并行化SfM三维重建方法

增量式运动恢复结构(ISfM)已成为无人机影像三维重建的关键技术。然而,大数据量、大重叠度和高分辨率的无序无人机影像导致的匹配对检索代价大、迭代优化误差累积和效率低的问题,使其难以满足大场景ISfM处理需求。本文提出联合全局描述子和图索引的无人机影像并行化SfM方法。针对影像特征数量大、影像检索编码本尺寸增加导致的匹配对检索效率低的问题,设计了联合全局描述子和图索引的高效影像检索方法,从而加速影像匹配。针对分块并行化SfM子场景合并存在同名点搜索效率低、内存消耗大、合并解算精度低的问题,设计了基于按需匹配图和双向重投影误差的子场景合并方法,实现无人机影像的并行化SfM重建。利用不同场景、不同采集方式获取的真实无人机影像进行试验,结果表明本文方法能够实现36~108倍加速比的匹配对检索,ISfM重建效率达到30倍加速,且相对定向和绝对定向精度与传统方法相当。

钢筋混凝土的负泊松比设计与抗高速冲击性能

为增强钢筋混凝土的抗高速冲击性能,对钢筋混凝土的内部骨架进行负泊松比设计,得到两种内凹角数量不同的六肋及星型钢筋混凝土。利用霍普金森压杆试验对不同类型的钢筋混凝土进行抗高速冲击性能测试,并结合数字散斑相关方法对其场变化及微观泊松比进行分析,得到内凹角数量对钢筋混凝土破坏形态、承载力及耗能能力的影响规律和机理。结果表明:六肋和星型钢筋混凝土在抗高速冲击作用下出现了负泊松比,分别为-0.50和-1.00;从应变场来看,六肋和星型钢筋混凝土的最大应变均出现在内凹角附近,且以内凹角为中心向四周逐渐减小;随着钢筋结构内凹角数量的增加,钢筋混凝土的变形能力和能量耗散能力显著增强。单位体积内六肋和星型钢筋混凝土的耗能分别为1.76×10^(5)和1.86×10^(5) J/m^(3),是方形钢筋混凝土的1.17倍和1.23倍,表明负泊松比钢筋混凝土的耗能能力随钢筋内凹角数量的增多而增强。

多时相数字孪生滑坡变形监测方法与应用研究--以金沙江白格滑坡为例

高位隐蔽滑坡因为难到达、难识别、难监测,致使成灾表现具有极强的突发性和破坏性。针对传统人工地面调查和地面布设监测设备存在危险系数高、工作效率低、设备易损坏和离线误报率高等问题,提出基于无人机倾斜摄影测量技术构建高位隐蔽滑坡数字孪生体的方法,通过信息化、数字化手段对地质灾害变形特征及时空演化规律进行监测分析。以西藏金沙江白格滑坡为研究对象,利用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术获取2019年4月—2021年9月共计10期次航测数据,融合多源数据构建了多时相数字孪生滑坡体,通过多期孪生滑坡体实现对白格滑坡整体滑移、局部微变形、滑塌体积等多维要素的高精度定量分析,并及时应用于白格滑坡时空演化分析和监测预警中。研究表明:白格滑坡在2019—2021年监测期内存在持续变形迹象,强变形主要位于滑坡两侧及后缘,渐有扩大趋势,存在垮塌堵江风险。运用多时相数字孪生滑坡变形监测手段实现对地质灾害定性-定量化特征描述与风险评估,具有快速灵活、覆盖全面、不受复杂艰险地形条件限制等优势,可为高位隐蔽滑坡等斜坡灾害大梯度形变监测提供工程实践参考。

基于无人机数字近景摄影测量的服役边坡监测方法

针对现有边坡变形监测技术自动化与智能化程度低及安设复杂且对边坡有损坏等问题,提出一种基于无人机数字近景摄影测量的服役边坡坡表变形监测方法。根据数字近景摄影测量的相关理论,确定了数码相机内参数标定和监测点坐标解算方法,研制出一种可布设在服役边坡坡表的数字近景摄影测量和全站仪测量通用的变形监测目标物,实现对边坡的联合监测。研究结果表明,数字近景摄影测量技术配合专门设计的变形监测目标物对边坡坡表变形较为敏感,第一期和第二期的监测点位中误差分别为3.3 mm和1.7 mm,水平位移监测的点位和垂直位移监测的高程中误差分别为3.5 mm和1.6 mm,达到毫米级的监测精度,满足滑坡监测标准的精度要求;同时变形监测目标物制作可靠、成本低廉,具有较高的应用价值。

基于TM-DIC方法的桥梁动态响应测量

针对现有的桥梁动态响应测量系统及设备造价高、检测繁、推广难等问题,提出了一种基于TM-DIC方法的桥梁结构动态响应测量技术。方法利用常见的汉字特征作为识别目标,以智能手机作为采集设备,利用无线网路传输图像及视频数据,实现了非接触式便携测量。相较于现有视觉方法,上述技术融合模板匹配和数字图像相关方法,实现了目标自跟踪识别,自动划分感兴趣区域,大大减少了人为干预。通过实验室模型实验和现场实验进一步验证了方法的精度和稳定性。结果表明,所提方法具有成本低、精度高、便携性好的显著优势,为桥梁结构动态响应测量提供了新的解决思路。

近景摄影测量在结构变形监测中的应用

精确测量荷载作用下结构单元的变形和裂缝对评估混凝土结构的性能和耐久性至关重要。传统方法进行上述测量须采用应变仪、位移计及配套数据采集系统,安装复杂费事。本文提出了一种基于近景摄影测量法分析结构单元在荷载作用下的位移、变形和裂缝开展过程的方法。通过对比分析表明测量结果能满足精度要求,其生成的结构单元变形模型可方便地获取裂缝位置、长度和宽度。

13.2 m天线日照温度变形主面精度测量研究

13.2 m反射面天线有口径大、面形精度要求高的特点,并长期经受四季、昼夜温差带来的主反射面形变。针对主反射面承受夏季高温日晒,产生的结构变形,提出了一种主面精度日照变形测量分析方法,利用工业数字摄影测量技术,对主反射面精度进行测量。结果表明,主面最佳拟合精度受温度影响较小,固定坐标系拟合精度受温度影响较大。由于重力变形和高温影响,在俯仰70°工况时,12时和14时主面最佳拟合精度超出了0.3 mm指标,相关试验结果可为同类大口径反射面天线主面精度日照温度变形分析提供参考依据。

数字孪生驱动的射电望远镜结构热变形补偿系统

为解决在日照热载荷作用下大型射电望远镜结构变形无法实测与动态补偿的问题,研究了一种数字孪生驱动的射电望远镜结构热变形补偿系统。提出了基于实测数据与仿真数据融合的射电望远镜热温度场构建方法,建立了射电望远镜结构热变形仿真预测机理模型、结构热变形动态补偿机理模型,开发了射电望远镜结构热变形动态补偿数字孪生系统,通过微型实体模型实验对所提出的技术与系统进行了有效性验证。结果表明:将数字孪生技术应用于射电望远镜等大型天文装备,实现了其结构热变形的近实时监测和动态补偿,且补偿方案具有良好的时效性,有助于提升射电望远镜运行性能。

柔性曲拱振动测量的双尺度数字图像相关方法

以柔性曲拱为研究对象,提出一种双尺度数字图像相关方法。在整数像素尺度,通过傅里叶变换快速找到变形参数的像素级初始估计;在亚像素尺度,结合像素级初始估计和逆合成高斯-牛顿迭代,得到亚像素精度的振动测量。在获得结构振动响应后,使用频域分解方法识别结构的固有频率、振型。最后,开展柔性曲拱的视觉测量实验,并辅以激光测振仪测量进行对比分析,验证了所提方法在柔性结构振动测量和模态辨识中的有效性。

数字近景摄影测量技术在边坡变形监测中的应用

本文以某高校变形监测实验基地的一处边坡作为研究对象,探究了数字近景摄影测量技术在边坡变形监测中的应用。在布设控制点、像控点和监测点的基础上,使用TM30型全站仪展开外业测量。分别于2023年的3月份和8月份开展测量,获取像控点与监测点的三维坐标。基于单反数码相机开展近景摄影测量,将所得数据输入到Lensphoto软件中,经过数据处理后生成边坡三维模型。对比全站仪测量坐标与三维模型坐标,误差在±20 mm以内,说明数字近景摄影测量精度较高,满足边坡变形监测的要求。

飞机复材主承力结构数字化高性能装配协调技术研究与应用

为满足新一代大型飞机复合材料主承力结构高精度、低损伤、低应力的装配性能与技术指标保证需求,本文以产品多种类关键特征耦合分析与控制为装配协调设计线索,以工程化应用研究为主线,系统地阐述了以关键特征识别、三维工艺容差仿真分析、装配过程变形预测、实测数据预装分析、高精度装配补偿等方法为主要技术路径的飞机复材主承力结构数字化高性能装配协调技术体系,并以典型复材外翼盒段部件装配为对象,对上述体系方法进行了全流程工程应用研究与试验验证,解决了复材外翼盒段部件装配协调设计与产品补偿策略设计问题,产品装配质量满足设计要求。

卫星结构件常压热变形的数字摄影测量

针对卫星光学系统在轨工作时机上相机和星敏感器受温度影响其相互间夹角会出现变化而影响相机指向精度的问题,利用数字摄影测量方法在试验室常温常压环境下对结构件进行了热变形测量试验。通过拍摄组合体结构件上相机和星敏器的特定表面标志点,计算了坐标值,拟合了光轴矢量。以相机之一为基准计算法线矢量差和不同工况下矢量差的变化,即夹角在各工况下的变形量。试验按照试件温度状态分为4个工况、20个子工况。测量结果显示最大变形量为227.9″,测量精度优于13.9″;与有限元分析比对,两者在各子工况的变化趋势一致,均方值为30.4″。得到的结果表明,通过用合理选择拍摄位置、剔除粗大误差以及将编码标志点作为公共点进行坐标系转换等方法,可以提高数字摄影测量系统的测量精度,满足卫星结构件热变形测量的需求。

数字照相量测在砂土地基离心试验中的应用

采用数字照相变形量测技术,利用笔者提出的适应岩土局部化变形特点的三步搜索图像分析算法,对砂土地基在离心机和重力场试验中的变形场与变形模式,进行了全面观测与分析,得到了地基的变形范围、滑动面位置与形状、变形局部化和剪切带特征,再现了地基的渐进性变形与破坏的全过程。实验成果可为相关岩土本构模型的建立、检验和改进提供参考依据。