Production of mono-, di-, and triglycerides from waste fatty acids through esterification with glycerol

Currently monoglyceride and diglyceride are representing important products, as they have numerous applications such as modifying agents in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the production of these economically value added compounds by estrifying the fatty acids with the glycerol is presented. Effects of various reaction parameters were optimized to obtain high yield of mono, di- and triglycerids. The effects of temperature (180℃ to 260℃), ZnCl2 catalyst concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%), glycerol to fatty acids molar ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1), agitation speeds (200, 500, 1000 rpm), type of reaction system (opened and closed) and type of fatty acids including oleic and palmatic acids on esterification efficiency of fatty acids were investigated. The optimum conditions of esterification reaction were at temperature 195℃, molar ratio 1:1, amount of catalyst 0.3% Zncl2, and agitation 500 rpm. Analysis of yield showed that at the optimum conditions mondi and triglycerids were produced in high purity, up to 99%. Infrared spectroscopy IR and thin layer chromatograph TLC proved that the final product contains mono, di- and triglycerides.

Anti-herpes simplex virus activities of monogalactosyl diglyceride and digalactosyl diglyceride from Clinacanthus nutans, a traditional Thai herbal medicine

Objective: To evaluate the monogalactosyl diglyceride(MGDG) and digalactosyl diglyceride(DGDG) from Clinacanthus nutans(C. nutans) for their in vitro antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) and type 2(HSV-2) by plaque reduction assay.Methods: MGDG and DGDG were extracted with chloroform from C. nutans leaves.MGDG and DGDG were separated from chloroform crude extract using column chromatography, characterized by thin layer chromatography and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The anti HSV-1 and 2 activity against pre-treatment and posttreatment of the compounds was evaluated using plaque reduction assay. The cytotoxicity of the extract and the compounds on Vero cells were performed by MTT assay.Results: MGDG and DGDG obtained by column chromatography showed identical profiles as standard MGDG and standard DGDG using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. MGDG and DGDG from C. nutans showed 100%inhibition of HSV-1 replication at the post step of infection at noncytotoxic concentration with IC50 values of 36.00 and 40.00 mg/m L, and HSV-2 at 41.00 and 43.20 mg/mL,respectively. Moreover, MGDG and DGDG from C. nutans were demonstrated to have antiherpes simplex activity at the same level as standard synthetic compounds. In contrast, pretreatment of Vero cells with MGDG and DGDG before HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection did not show inhibitory effect against these viruses. MGDG and DGDG exhibited antiviral activity against HSV-1 with selectivity index of 26.00 and 23.00 and HSV-2 of 23.30 and 21.30.Conclusions: MGDG and DGDG from C. nutans, a traditional Thai herbal medicine illustrated inhibitory activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2, probably by inhibiting the late stage of multiplication, suggesting their promising use as anti-HSV agents.

Advanced glycosylation end products increase diacylglycerol levels in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells

To study whether the diacylglycerol (Dia) signaling pathway is stimulated by advanced glycosylation end products (AGEP) and to test the effect of vitamin E and aminoguanidine (AG) on the elevation of Dia induced by AGEP in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) Methods The effects of AGEP on Dia levels in cultured HUVEC were studied with radio enzymatic assay Quantitative measurements of 32 P phosphatidic acid were achieved by thin layer chromatography and autoradiography Results The Dia levels in HUVECs were increased by AGEP modified bovine serum albumin (AGEP BSA) in a dose dependent, biphasic manner The early phase was rapid and transient, peaking at 15?s; the late phase reached the maximal level at 10?min and then decayed slowly Dia levels in HUVEC exposed to different concentrations (50, 100 and 200?mg/L) of AGEP BSA (341±14, 678±16, and 873±18?pmol/L, respectively vs control 225±10?pmol/L) and AGEP BSA samples with various glycosylation times (4, 8 and 12 weeks) were significantly increased (270±12, 394±16, and 556±19?pmol/L) as compared with the controls 50 and 100?mmol/L of vitamin E can reduce AGEP BSA induced Dia levels from 873±18?pmol/L to 764±29 and 441±21?pmol/L in HUVEC, respectively In AG treated (100?mmol/L) groups, the same concentration (100 and 200?mg/L) of AGEP BSA induced elevation of Dia was decreased to 312±8 and 351±13?pmol/L, respectively Glycosylated low density lipoprotein (LDL) did not affect Dia levels Conclusion AGEP causes a robust stimulation of the Dia/protein kinase C pathway in HUVEC Vitamin E can attenuate the AGEP BSA induced elevation of Dia levels AG can suppress the ability of AGEP BSA to increase Dia levels in HUVEC