Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of a Brown Wood Rotting Mushroom Piptoporellus baudonii from Benin (Tropical Africa)

Piptoporellus baudonii, previously known as Laetiporus baudonii, is an African species that was considered to be a sister species to Laetiporus sulphureus, another European species known for its medicinal value. While much is known about the edibility and antimicrobial properties of L. sulphureus, African species like P. baudonii remain understudied. This study investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of P. baudonii extracts (powder maceration) prepared using ethanol, methanol and water with fractions obtained via differential solubility in hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Before the antimicrobial analysis, the study material was accurately identified using both morphology and molecular techniques. Antimicrobial activity was tested against fungi, gram-positive, and gram-negative bacteria using a broth serial microdilution method, while antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power FRAP methods. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the specimen as P. baudonii, with genetic material from Benin grouping it with other P. baudonii from Tanzania and other unknown regions, forming a well-supported clade (100/100). The ethanol (1.71), methanol (2.41) extracts, along with ethyl acetate (1.36), n-butanol (1.18), and hexane (12.91) fractions showed significant antioxidant activity with EC50 values below 20 µg∙mL−1. The highest antimicrobial inhibition was seen in the n-butanol (58%) and ethyl acetate (54%) fractions, followed by ethanol (49%) and hexane (48%). Methanol exhibited the lowest inhibition (46.10%). These values were compared to the standard (Vitamin C). The examined extracts demonstrated high bactericidal properties, with an MBC/MIC ratio (R) of 1 to 4, particularly effective ethyl acetate against Escherichia coli (R = 2) and ethanol extract with strong activity against Enterococcus faecalis (R = 4). Further chemical and cytotoxicity studies are warranted to fully explore the pharmaceutical potential of P. baudonii.

Quantification of Total Phenols, Total Flavonoids, Total Anthocyanins and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antiradical Activities of Detarium Senegalense Extracts from Chad

The aim of the present work is to assess the value of Detarium Senegalense by determining the content of total phenols, total flavonoids and total anthocyanins, and by evaluating the free radical scavenging activity of Detarium Senegalense extracts. For this purpose, sequential extraction using solvents of increasing polarity was essential. The various extracts obtained underwent phytochemical and biochemical analyses. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols, anthocyanins and steroids/terpenes. Quantitative analysis of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and total anthocyanins yielded the following results: total flavonoids (0.803 ± 0029 mg EQ/100g P for acetone extract of roots and 0.871 ± 0.401 mg EQ/100g P for methanol extract of leaves);total polyphenols (23.298 ± 12.68 mg EAG/100g P for acetone extract of roots and 24.69 ± 0.49 401 mg EAG/100g P for methanol extract of leaves);total monomeric anthocyanins (44.697 ± 0.939 mg EC3G/100g P and 16.699 ± 0.193 mg EC3G/100g P respectively for acetone and methanol extracts of stem bark). DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 1.674 ± 0.023 mg/mL for the acetone extract and 0.934 ± 0.24 mg/mL for the methanol extract of roots. .

Changes in Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activities of Yingshan Yunwu Tea during Digestion in Vitro

[Objectives]To explore the change rule of polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of coarse old leaves of Yingshan Yunwu Tea in the process of human digestion.[Methods]The coarse and old leaves of Yunwu tea in Yingshan,Huanggang,Hubei Province were selected as the research object,and their digestion in vitro was simulated.The total polyphenol content was determined by Folin-phenol reagent colorimetric method,and the DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity were determined.[Results]After simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro,the polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of coarse old leaf tea soup showed a downward trend.After gastrointestinal digestion,the polyphenol content in tea infusion separately decreased by 31.8%and 8.5%;the scavenging rate of DPPH free radical was 97%before digestion,decreased to 92%after gastric digestion and 65%after intestinal digestion,which decreased by 5%and 27%,respectively;after gastrointestinal digestion,the total antioxidant capacity of tea soup decreased by 4.7%and 3.1%,respectively.[Conclusions]This study provided a reference for the development and application of coarse old leaves of Yingshan Yunwu tea,and provided a reference for the nutritional value evaluation and comprehensive utilization of coarse old leaves,so as to make the best use of coarse tea leaves and reduce the waste of resources.

Theoretical Investigation on the Relationship between the Structures and Antioxidant Activities of Myricetin and Dihydromyricetin

The geometry of myricetin and dihydromyricetin was optimized by DMol3 program based on DFT. The optimized structures have been proved to be stable by real frequencies obtained.The parameters of geometry optimization,vibration frequencies,atomic charges,thermodynamics,Fukui functions,and frontier molecular orbital had been obtained. The thermodynamic properties of 2 molecules were fitted and the relationship between the thermodynamic function and temperature was obtained. The correlation coefficient of the obtained equations is larger than 0.99,indicating that the function is approximately linear in the whole temperature range. The calculated results showed the O–H molecular structures were the main group affecting the antioxidant activity and the oxygen in the benzene ring is the electrophilic reaction site. Ortho-OH on the benzene formed intramolecular hydrogen bonds,which contributed to the stability of the benzene ring. It may be the active site for the occurrence of the reaction.

Preparation,characterization and antioxidant activity analysis of three Maillard glycosylated bone collagen hydrolysates from chicken,porcine and bovine

Bone collagen hydrolysates(peptides)derived from byproduct of animal product processing have been used to produce commercially valuable products due to their potential antioxidant activity.Maillard glycosylated reaction is considered as a promising method to enhance the antioxidant activity of peptides.Hence,this research aims at investigating the Maillard glycosylation activity and antioxidant activity of bone collagen hydrolysates from different sources.In this study,3 glycosylated bone collagen hydrolysates were prepared and characterized,and cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity were analyzed and evaluated.The free amino groups loss,browning intensity,and fluorescence intensity of G-Cbcp(glycosylated chicken bone collagen hydrolysates(peptides))were the heaviest,followed by G-Pbcp(glycosylated porcine bone collagen hydrolysates(peptides))and G-Bbcp(glycosylated bovine bone collagen hydrolysates(peptides)).The results of amino acid analysis showed that amino acid composition of different bone collagen hydrolysates was significantly different and the amino acid decreased to different degrees after Maillard glycosylated reaction,which may lead to differences in Maillard glycosylated reaction activity.Furthermore,the 3 glycosylated hydrolysates showed no significant cytotoxicity.The results showed that glycosylation process significantly increased the antioxidant activity of bone collagen hydrolysates,and G-Cbcp showed the strongest antioxidant activity,followed by G-Pbcp and G-Bbcp.Therefore,compared with the bone collagen hydrolysates,3 glycosylated hydrolysates showed significant characteristic and structural changes,and higher antioxidant activity.

Total Alkaloid Content, Total Phenolic Content, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity, and Preliminary Antiglycemic Potential of the Methanol Extract from Mozambican Wild Fruits of Vangueria infausta

This study investigated the antioxidant activity and alpha-amylase inhibitory potential of the methanolic extract from Vangueria infausta fruits with the aim of exploring its therapeutic and nutritional applications. Bioactive compounds such as total phenolics (TPC) and total alkaloids (TAC) were analyzed. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, Ferrozine, Phosphomolybdate, and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, while alpha-amylase inhibitory activity was determined using the 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic Acid (DNSA) and 2-chloro-p-nitrophenyl-α-D-maltotrioside (CNPG3) methods. The results revealed significant variations in antioxidant activity across the methods used, with IC50 values ranging from 318.42 to 1255.56 µg/mL. Alpha-amylase inhibition was also significant, with IC50 values ranging from 140.85 to 121.06 µg/mL. The TPC was found to be 95.6 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of dry powder, and the TAC was 0.188 mg of atropine equivalent per 100 g of dry powder. These findings suggest that Vangueria infausta possesses promising antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory potential, indicating its potential application in antioxidant therapies and in the management of carbohydrate digestion.

Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Screening in Acacia rigidula Benth. Leaves

This study aimed to compare the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of A. rigidula extracts. It also aimed to identify phenolic acids present in the extracts. The 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and ferric thiocyanate lipid peroxidation antioxidant assays were performed. High performance liquid chromatography was used to identify phenolic acids. There was no solvent effect on TPC nor on scavenging activities, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (p > 0.05) among solvent extracts. On the other hand, 1:1:3 water: acetone: methanol extract (10.22 mg GAE/g sample) had significantly higher reducing potential than 50% ethanol extract (EE) (9.259 mg GAE/g sample) (p < 0.05);but EE was not significantly different from 80% methanol extract (9.781 mg GAE/g sample) (p > 0.05). Phenolic fraction designated as fraction 4 had the highest antioxidant activity (p < 0.05) with 69.49% ABTS scavenging activity and FRAP reducing potential, 22.26 mg of GAE/g sample. DPPH scavenging activities of fractions 4 (55.59%) and 5 (55.64%) were significantly higher than the other fractions (p A. rigidula extracts contain gallic, caffeic, vanillic, p-coumaric, salicylic acids and vanillin.

Antioxidant Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Amomum villosum Lour.

[Objectives]To study the antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Amomum villosum Lour.[Methods]The removal rate of chelated iron ions,hydroxyl radicals,superoxide anion free radicals and DPPH free radicals by the ethyl acetate extract of A.villosum Lour.was determined by UV spectrophotometer.[Results]0.5000μg/mL ethyl acetate extract of A.villosum Lour.had the strongest ability to chelate with ferrous ions and to remove hydroxyl radicals,superoxide anion free radicals and DPPH free radicals.The ability to chelate with ferrous ions was 95.14%,and the removal rate of the above free radicals was 86.217%,81.44%,and 85.16%.[Conclusions]The ethyl acetate extract of A.villosum Lour.had a strong antioxidant effect,and its antioxidant capacity was related to the sample concentration,which provides a theoretical basis for its application in the development of antioxidant skin care products.

Phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts from ten Algerian Ficus carica L. varieties

Objective: To determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanolic leaf extracts of ten Algerian fig(Ficus carica L.)varieties(uniferous, biferous and caprifig tree).Methods: Phenolics were extracted by Soxhlet method and analyzed by the Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method. Flavonoids were determined by aluminum trichloride assay and the antioxidant capacity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. The antimicrobial activity was studied with the disc diffusion method and a macrodilution broth method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal lethal concentrations.Results: The mean extract yield was 14.10% ± 0.66%(n = 10). Leaf extract of biferous followed by uniferous varieties had the highest total phenolic contents [(52.296 ± 5.232)and(48.973 ± 2.015) mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dry plant extract respectively], flavonoids [(14.388 ± 0.333) and(14.136 ± 1.082) mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry plant extract] and antioxidant capacity [IC50(798.754 ± 108.590) and(825.004 ± 110.835) mg/m L]. Antioxidant capacity of fig leaves was significantly correlated with phenolic contents(r = 0.748). These extracts showed bactericidal activity and moderate antifungal activity, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal lethal concentrations were determined on Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.Conclusions: All tested extracts contain phenolic compounds and exhibited an antioxidant activity and an antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Further researches on identification and purification of phenolic compounds are required.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidants activities of aqueous stem bark extract of Schotia latifolia Jacq

Objective:To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Scholia latifolia(S.latifolia)bark locally used for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced ailments in South Africa.Methods:The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of aqueous extract of the plant was assessed against 1,1-diphenyl-2-pierylhydrazyl(DPPH),nitric oxide(NO),2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt(ABTS)and the ferric reducing agent.Total phenolics,flavonoids,flavonols and proanthocyanidins were also determined to assess their corresponding effect on the antioxidant activity of this plant.Results:The activities of plant extract against DPPH,ABTS and NO radicals were concentration dependent with IC_(50)value of 0.06,0.05 and 0.05 mg/mL,respectively.The reducing power of the extract was greater than that of butylated hydroxyl toluene(BHT)and ascorbic acid which were used as standard drugs in a concentration dependent manner.The total phenolics content of the aqueous bark extract was(193.33±0.03 TE/g),followed by flavonoids(72.70±0.01 QE/g),proanthocyanidins|48.76±0.00 CE/g)and flavonols(47.76±0.21 QE/g).Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of percentage tannin(11.40±0.02),alkaloid(9.80±0.01),steroids(18.20±0.01),glycosides(29.80±0.01)and saponins(6.80±0.00).The results exhibited a positive linear correlation between these polyphenols and the free radical scavenging activities.Conclusions:Our findings provide evidence that the crude aqueous extract of S.latifolia is a potential source of natural antioxidants and this justifies its uses in folkloric medicines.

Evaluation of extracts and essential oil from Callistemon viminalis leaves:Antibacterial and antioxidant activities,total phenolic and flavonoid contents

Objective:To investigate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Callistemon viminalis(C.viminalis)leaves.Methods:The essential oil of C.viminalis leaves obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC/MS.Different extracts were tested for total phenolic and flavonoid contents and in vitro antioxidant(DPPH assay)and antibacterial(agar disc diffusion and 96-well micro-plates methods)actives.Results:Fourteen components were identified in the essential oil,representing 98.94%of the total oil.The major components were 1,8-cineole(64.53%)andα-pinene(9.69%).Leaf essential oil exhibited the highest antioxidant activity of(88.60±1.51)%comparable to gallic acid,a standard compound[(80.00±2.12)%].Additionally,the biggest zone of inhibitions against the studied bacterial strains was observed by the essential oil when compared to the standard antibiotic(tetracycline).The crude methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction had a significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains.Conclusions:It can be suggested that C.viminalis is a great potential source of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds useful for new antimicrobial drugs from the natural basis.The present study revealed that the essential oil as well as the methanol extracts and ethyl acetate fraction of C.viminalis leaves exhibited highly significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains.

Investigation of hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark in diabetic rats

Objective:To investigate the hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark(AETPB) in streptozotocin(STZ)-mduced diabetic rats.Methods:Acute toxicity was studied in rats after the oral administration of AETPB to determine the dose to assess hypoglycemic activity.In rats,diabetes was induced by injection of STZ(60 mg/kg,i.p.) and diabetes was confirmed 72 h after induction,and then allowed for 14 days to stabilize blood glucose level.In diabetic rats,AETPB was orally given for 28 days and its effect on blood glucose and body weight was determined on a weekly basis.At the end of the experimental day,fasting blood sample was collected to estimate the haemoglobin(Hb),glycosylated haemoglobin(HbA1c),serum creatinine,urea,serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase(SGPT),serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase(SGOT) and insulin levels. The liver and kidney were collected to determine antioxidants levels in diabetic rats.Results: Oral administration of AETPB did not exhibit toxicity and death at a dose of 2000 mg/kg.AETPB treated diabetic rats significantly(P<0.001,P<0.01 and P<0.05) reduced elevated blood glucose, HbAlc,creatinine,urea,SGPT and SGOT levels when compared with diabetic control rats.The body weight,Hb,insulin and total protein levels were significantly(P<0.001,P<0.01 and P<0.05) increased in diabetic rats treated with AETPB compared to diabetic control rats.In diabetic rats, AETPB treatment significantly reversed abnormal status of antioxidants and lipid profile levels towards near normal levels compared to diabetic control rats.Conclusions:Present study results confirm that AETPB possesses significant hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities in diabetic condition.

UV,five wavelengths fusion and electrochemical fingerprints combined with antioxidant activity for quality control of antiviral mixture

Aiming to ensure the consistency of quality control of Traditional Chinese Medicines(TCMs),a combination method of high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),ultraviolet(UV),electrochemical(EC)was developed in this study to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Antiviral Mixture(AM),and Comprehensive Linear Quantification Fingerprint Method(CLQFM)was used to process the data.Quantitative analysis of three active substances in TCM was conducted.A fivewavelength fusion fingerprint(FWFF)was developed,using second-order derivatives of UV spectral data to differentiate sample levels effectively.The combination of HPLC and UV spectrophotometry,along with electrochemical fingerprinting(ECFP),successfully evaluated total active substances.Ultimately,a multidimensional profiling analytical system for TCM was developed.

Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of bark extract of Terminalia arjuna

Objective:The alcoholic extract of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna（ALTA） was screened for antioxidant and antimutagenic（anticlastogenic） activity.Methods:Antioxidant property was determined by l,l,Diphynyl,2-Picryl hydrazyl（DPPH） assay,super oxide radical scavenging activity,lipid peroxidation assay and total polyphenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau’s reagent.Antimutagenic activity was evaluated using micronucleus test in mice. Results:The ALTA has shown potent antioxidant activity with EC50 of 2.491±0.160,50.110±0.150 & 71.000±0.250 in DPPH assay,superoxide radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation assay, which is comparable with ascorbic acid with EC50 of 2.471±0.140,40.500±0.390 and 63.000±0.360 respectively.In micronucleus test,ALTA（100 & 200 mg/kg,p.o.） showed significant reduction in percentage of micronucleus in both polychromatic erythrocytes（PCE） and normochromatie erythrocytes（NCE） and also shown significant reduction in P/N ratio.Conclusions:These results suggested that ALTA possess significant antioxidant and antimutagenic activity.

Antioxidant activities of Indigofera cassioides Rottl.Ex.DC.using various in vitro assay models

Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant potential of methanolic leaf extract of Indigofera cassioides(MEIC) using various in vilro antioxidant assay systems.Methods:Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of MEIC was assayed by using different in vitro models like ABTS, DPPH,nitric oxide,superoxide,hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical.Reductive ability of the extract was tested by the complex formation with potassium ferricyanide.Further total phenol and flavonoid contents of the crude extract were also determined.Rutin and ascorbic acid were used as standards.Results:MEIC exhibited potent and concentration dependent free radical scavenging activity in all the tested models.Reductive ability was also found to increase with increase in MEIC concentration.Total phenol and flavonoid content determination showed that the extract is rich in phenols and flavonoids.Conclusions:All the results of the in vitro antioxidant assays reveal potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the leaves of Indigofera cassioides,equivalent to that of standard ascorbic acid and rutin.This potent antioxidant activity may be attributed to its high phenolic and flavonoid contents.

In vitro antioxidant activities of ethanol extract from Enhalus acoroides (L.F.) Royle

Objective:To search for new sources of safe and inexpensive antioxidants,the leaf,root and rhizome of Enhalus acoroides(E.acoroides) were screened for the first time for their antioxidant activities.Methods:Samples of leaf,root and rhizome from E.acoroides were tested for total phenolic content,proanthocyanidins and in vitro antioxidant activity in terms of total antioxidant assay,DPPH assay and FRAP assay.Results:The leaf sample was found to have high levels of phenolic(0.323±0.028 mg TAE/g) and proanthocyanidins(0.570 0±0.000 3 mg TAE/g) when compared to root and rhizome.The leaf samples exhibited higher total antioxidant activity (11.770±0.026 mg Ascorbic acid equivalent/g),higher percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity(25.76±0.04) and higher reducing power(18.060±0.073) in terms of mg GAE/g.In addition, there was a significant correlation between total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity (R^2=0.923),DPPH assay(R^2=0.509).FRAP assay(R^2=0.994).Similarly,significant correlation was found between the proanthocyanidin and total antioxidant activity(R^2=0.977),DPPH assay (R^2=0.464) and the FRAP assay(R^2=0.998).Conclusions:These results suggested that E.acoroides have strong antioxidant potential.Further study is necessary for isolation and characterization of the active antioxidant agents,which can be used to treat various oxidative stress-related diseases.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic stem bark extract of Schotia latifolia Jacq

Objective:To investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic extract of Scholia latifolia（S.latifolia） bark commonly used in South Africa traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments.Methods:The antibacterial test and MIC was determined by using agar well diffusion and dilution methods respectively against eight strains of bacteria. The total phenol,proanthocyanidin and flavonoid contents of 5.latifolia were assessed using Standard methods.The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using ferric reducing power and the free radical scavenging activity against 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH）, 2.2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid（ABTS）,nitric oxide（NO）,hydrogen peroxide（H2O2） and lipid oxidation（LO）.Results:The antibacterial activity demonstrated an appreciable effect against all the gram positive bacteria at MIC between 0.016 and 10 mg/ml. while that of gram negative bacteria was above 10 mg/mL.The plant extract exhibited high concentration of proanthocyanidin[（300.00±0.10） mg CE/g].followed by flavonoid[（12.46±0.04 mg） TE/g]and phenol[（1 l.06±0.03） mg QE/g]contents.Similarly,the extract at 0.5 mg/mL scavenges DPPH.ABTS.H2O2.LO and NO by 87.55%.89.47%.77.15%.86.48%and 77.75%of the radicals respectively.The reducing power was also found to be concentration dependent Conclusions: Our data suggest that S.latifolia extract has antibacterial and antioxidants activity and thus could be used as alternative therapv against antibiotic resistance bacteria and to prevent man) radical related diseases.

Comparison of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities in skins and pulps of eleven grape cultivars(Vitis vinifera L.)

Eleven grape cultivars were analysed to explore the variety differences of fresh grape phenolic profiles. The results showed that free phenolics were predominant in grape skins and pulps, and showed the higher antioxidant activities than bound. In 11 cultivars, Muscat Kyoho extracts had the highest total phenolic content in skins(10.525 mg GAE g^(–1) FW) and pulps(1.134 mg GAE g^(–1) FW), and exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavening capacity(EC_(50)=11.7 μg mL^(–1)) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC) value(190.57 μmol TE g^(–1) FW) of free phenolic in skin. In addition, the most abundant phenolics in grape skins were found to be flavonoids such as kaempferol in Kyoho skin(541.2 μg g^(–1) FW), rutin, catechin and epicatechin in Muscat Kyoho skin(262.3, 86.3 and 70.0 μg g^(–1) FW, respectively). Furthermore, the principal component analysis showed a strong difference of phenolic profiles with the cultivars, existing forms and distributions. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed a significant linear correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity(P<0.05). Therefore, both skins and pulps were rich sources of bioactive phenolic compounds, and Muscat Kyoho was the ideal source among all samples.

Insecticidal,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bulb extracts of Allium sativum

Objective:To evaluate the insecticidal,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bulb extracts of Allium sativum(A.sativum).Methods:Dried bulbs of A.sativum were extracted with different solvents and evaluated for insecticidal,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.Results: Aqueous and methanol extracts showed highest insecticidal activity(mortality rate of 81%and 64%respectively) against the larvae of Spodoptera litura(S.litura) at a concentration of 1000 ppm.With regard to antimicrobial activity,aqueous extract exhibited antibacterial activity against gram positive(Bacillus subtilis,Staphylococcus aureu,) and gram negative(Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) strains and antifungal activity against Candida albicans.While methanol extract showed antimicrobial activity against all the tested micro organisms except two(Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans),the extracts of hexane,chloroform and ethyl acetate did not show any anti microbial activity.Minimum inhibitory concentration of aqueous and methanol extracts against tested bacterial and fungal strains was 100-150μg/mL. Antioxidant activity of the bulb extracts was evaluated in terms of inhibition of free radicals by 2.2’-diphenly-l-picrylhydrazyl.Aqueous and methanol extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity(80%-90%of the standard).Conclusions:Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of A.sativum against the tested organisms therefore,provides scientific basis for its utilization in traditional and folk medicine.Also,our results demonstrated the insecticidal efficacy of A. sativum against S.litura,a polyphagous insect.

Polysaccharides in Sipunculus nudus: Extraction Condition Optimization and Antioxidant Activities

Marine organisms constitute unlimited resource of bioactive substances due to their high biodiversity and represent a valuable source of new compounds. This study optimized the alkali-extraction conditions and antioxidant activities of soluble polysaccharides from the body wall of Sipunculus nudus. The effects of solid-liquid ratio, extraction duration, extraction temperature, and alkali concentration on the yield of S. nudus polysaccharides(SNP) were examined, according to which the optimal combination of extraction parameters was obtained by an orthogonal test. The relative influencing importance of different extraction parameters on the yield of SNP followed the order as solid-liquid ratio > extraction temperature > alkali concentration > extraction duration. The highest extraction yield, 1.98%, was achieved under an optimal extraction condition: temperature 60℃, solid-liquid ratio 1:6 g mL^(-1), duration 5 h, and alkali(Na OH) mass fraction 6%. The in vitro antioxidant activities examination showed that extracted SNP under this optimized condition had strong power in reducing certain hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging abilities. The promising results showed that extracted SNP could be a potent natural antioxidant.