Adaptive interaction driven by the learning effect in the spatial prisoner's dilemma

We propose a computing model in which individuals can automatically adjust their interaction intensity with their mentor according to the learning effect.This model is designed to investigate the cooperative dynamics of the spatial prisoner's dilemma.More specifically,when the cumulative payoff of a learner is more than his reference earning,he will strengthen his interaction with his mentor;otherwise,he will reduce it.The experimental results indicate that this mechanism can improve the emergence of cooperation in a networked population and that the driving coefficient of interaction intensity plays an important role in promoting cooperation.Interestingly,under a certain social dilemma condition,there exists a minimal driving coefficient that leads to optimal cooperation.This occurs due to a positive feedback effect between the individual's satisfaction frequency and the number of effective neighbors.Moreover,we find that the experimental results are in accord with theoretical predictions obtained from an extension of the classical pair-approximation method.Our conclusions obtained by considering relationships with mentors can provide a new perspective for future investigations into the dynamics of evolutionary games within structured populations.

The Opportunities,Dilemmas,and Paths for the Development of Adult Higher Education in the New Era

This paper comprehensively analyzes the development opportunities and realistic dilemmas faced by adult higher education in China in the new era,and puts forward corresponding strategies as solutions.With the construction of a learning society,the development of digital technology,and the popularization of the concept of lifelong learning,adult higher education has unprecedented development opportunities.At the same time,these forms of education are facing a series of dilemmas due to challenges such as unsound guarantee mechanisms and traditional enrollment competition.Through the establishment of perfect legal and policy guarantees,transformation of school running mode,meeting the diversified needs of learners,and other multi-faceted measures,the development of adult higher education can be effectively promoted to meet the needs of individual and social development.

A Study of a Moral Dilemma Stories Teaching Model Focusing on the Development of Higher-Order Thinking --"Synthetic polymers" as an example

Cultivating students'higher-order thinking is one of the important goals of modern education,and innovative teaching model is an effective way to achieve this goal.Aiming at the inadequacy of the existing moral dilemma stories approach in the transformation of knowledge and behavior,this research constructs a new Project Based Learning-Ethical Dilemma Stories(PBL-EDS)Teaching Model applicable to China's secondary education stage based on the innovative features of the moral dilemma stories approach on the core competencies,taking the chemistry subject as an example to carry out practice,and puts forward suggestions for the implementation of the teaching model.Chemistry as an example to carry out the practice,and suggestions are made for the implementation of the teaching model.

A PENALTY FUNCTION METHOD FOR THE PRINCIPAL-AGENT PROBLEM WITH AN INFINITE NUMBER OF INCENTIVE-COMPATIBILITY CONSTRAINTS UNDER MORAL HAZARD

In this paper,we propose an iterative algorithm to find the optimal incentive mechanism for the principal-agent problem under moral hazard where the number of agent action profiles is infinite,and where there are an infinite number of results that can be observed by the principal.This principal-agent problem has an infinite number of incentive-compatibility constraints,and we transform it into an optimization problem with an infinite number of constraints called a semi-infinite programming problem.We then propose an exterior penalty function method to find the optimal solution to this semi-infinite programming and illustrate the convergence of this algorithm.By analyzing the optimal solution obtained by the proposed penalty function method,we can obtain the optimal incentive mechanism for the principal-agent problem with an infinite number of incentive-compatibility constraints under moral hazard.

Bi-Level Programming for the Optimal Nonlinear Distance-Based Transit Fare Structure Incorporating Principal-Agent Game

The urban transit fare structure and level can largely affect passengers’travel behavior and route choices.The commonly used transit fare policies in the present transit network would lead to the unbalanced transit assignment and improper transit resources distribution.In order to distribute transit passenger flow evenly and efficiently,this paper introduces a new distance-based fare pattern with Euclidean distance.A bi-level programming model is developed for determining the optimal distance-based fare pattern,with the path-based stochastic transit assignment(STA)problem with elastic demand being proposed at the lower level.The upper-level intends to address a principal-agent game between transport authorities and transit enterprises pursing maximization of social welfare and financial interest,respectively.A genetic algorithm(GA)is implemented to solve the bi-level model,which is verified by a numerical example to illustrate that the proposed nonlinear distance-based fare pattern presents a better financial performance and distribution effect than other fare structures.

SCM Implementation Decisions of Principal-Agent under Asymmetric Information

The optimization investment policy decision of SCM-Supply Chain Management-implementation has been analysed under symmetric and asymmetric information conditions. For both conditions, SCM implementation options’ decision optimizing models have been developed. In these models, both clients and vendors try to pursue their own benefits. Based upon the principal-agent theory, the models show to what extent a principal (a client) needs to pay more to an agent (a vendor) in a context of asymmetric information. For the client, it is important to understand the extra costs to be able to adopt effective strategies to stimulate a vendor to perform an optimal implementation of a SCM system. The results of a simulation experiment regarding SCM implementation options illustrate and verify the theoretical findings and confirm the general notion that the less informed party is obliged to pay information rent to the better-informed party.

Design of Principal-agent Incentive Mechanism between Government and NPO

Based on principal-agent theory,this paper establishes an incentive contract mechanism between government and NPO under asymmetric information,and analyzes the impact of absolute risk aversion and output level on the expected utility of government,NPO and society.Research shows that risk aversion is negatively correlated with the expected utility of government,NPO and society.The output coefficient is positively correlated with the expected utility of government,NPO and society.Reducing absolute risk aversion,increasing output coefficient and increasing government incentives can effectively motivate NPO to actively participate in social rescue activities.

SHORT COMMUNICATION Principal-agent Relationships: A Note on Biomass Depletion

Public authorities frequently mandate public or private agencies to manage their renewable natural resources.Contrary to the agency,which is an expert in renewable natural resource management,public authorities usually ignore the sustainable level of harvest.In this note,we first model the contractual relationship between a principal,who owns the renewable natural resource,and an agent,who holds private information on its sustainable level of harvest.We then look for the Pareto-optimal allocations.In the situation of an imperfect information setting,we find that the Pareto-optimal contracting depends on the probability that the harvesting level stands outside the sustainability interval.The information rent held by the agent turns out to be unavoidable,such that stepping outside the sustainability interval implies the possibility of depletion of the renewable natural resource.This,in turn,compromises the maintenance of the ecological balance in natural ecosystems.

Experimental Study on the Influence of Cognition and Emotion on Moral Judgment of College Students in Dilemma Situation

Objective:To study the influence of cognition and emotion on moral judgment of college students under the circumstance of whether the cognitive resources are occupied and whether the emotion is induced.Methods:This experiment uses a multi-factor mixed experiment method to divide experiments and groups.Experiment 1 uses a two-factor mixed experimental design of 2(cognitive resource occupancy group,cognitive resource non-occupied group)×3(difficult situation type).Experiment 2 uses a two-factor mixed experimental design of 2(emotion induction group,emotion induction and cognitive resource occupation group)×3(three types of dilemma situation types)is adopted.The dependent variable of this experiment(including Experiment 1 and Experiment 2)is the judgment response time and the judgment result is“Yes”(F)or“No”(J).Results:(1)The reaction time of the cognitive resource occupancy group was significantly higher than that of the cognitive resource non-occupied group,and the cognitive resource occupancy group in the three types of dilemma situations of high personal involvement,low personal involvement,and non-personal participation.There is no significant difference between the results of moral judgments and the cognitive resource non-occupied group.(2)In the three dilemmas of high personal involvement,low personal involvement,and non-personal participation,the emotion-induced group and the emotion-induced and cognitive resource occupation group have no significant differences in reaction time and moral judgment results.(3)In the three dilemmas of high personal involvement,low personal involvement,and non-personal participation,the reaction time difference between the cognitive resource occupation group and the emotionally induced and cognitive resource occupation is not significant,while in the dilemma of low personal involvement,the number of people in the cognitive resource occupation group whose moral judgment is“Yes”was significantly higher than that in the emotionally induced and cognitive resource occupation group.(4)In the three dilemmas of high personal involvement,low personal involvement,and non-personal participation,the reaction time of the emotionally induced group was significantly higher than that of the cognitive resource non-occupied group,and the moral judgment results of the two groups were both found no significant difference.Conclusion:When the occupation of cognitive resources and the induction of emotions will significantly affect the response of individual moral judgments,different types of dilemmas will significantly affect the results of individual moral judgments.

The Mission and Dilemma of College English Teachers in the New Era

The construction of world-class undergraduate education with Chinese characteristics is a major mission for all college English teachers in today’s era,and a considerable proportion of college English teachers are still in varying degrees of difficulties and bottlenecks.How to quickly achieve self-breakthrough and devote themselves to realizing the dream of serving the country and education is a higher requirement for college teachers at the national level.

Stevens’s Ethical Identity Dilemma in The Remains of the Day

Based on ethical literary criticism,this paper aims to analyze the factors contributing to Stevens’loss of ethical identity.It contends that distorted ethical relationships are the primary driver behind Stevens’s ethical identity dilemma,which includes the abnormal father-son relationship,Stevens’s blind admiration for his master,and his avoidance of Miss Kenton’s feelings.

Evaluation of Dilemma Zone Protection on High-Speed Arterials with Signal Coordination

In the U.S.and worldwide,driver behavior within an area close to high-speed signalized intersections-the dilemma zone,can be a major safety concern especially for heavy trucks.A variety of mechanisms are available as countermeasures for the dilemma zone problem.In Nebraska,the Department of Roads has developed and implemented an Actuated Advance Warning dilemma zone protection system.The system has been effective at improving traffic safety in isolated applications.However,the system is yet to be used at signalized intersections operating in the coordinated mode.This paper presents results from a simulation study that assessed the potential deployment of the system on arterials where the signals are closely spaced and operate in a coordinated mode.The analysis indicated that,on average,there were 30%,7%and 30%reductions in the number of rear-end,lane change and crossing conflicts.The system also improved relative productivity by processing more vehicles.

如何走出AIGC的“科林格里奇困境”:全流程动态数据合规治理

[目的/意义]AIGC的快速发展带来了安全风险与规制问题,遵循AIGC的发展趋势构建全流程动态数据合规治理机制,能够帮助AIGC走出“科林格里奇困境”。[研究设计/方法]通过梳理AIGC与数据治理之间的赋能与保障关系,结合AIGC规制的国际实践经验进行“科林格里奇困境”规制博弈分析,探析AIGC创新发展与规制的路径。[结论/发现]无论是欧盟的强硬规制、中国的谨慎监管还是美国的行业自律,都在不同维度显现出规制的局限性,可以通过全流程动态化规制手段适配AIGC的动态化发展趋势,构建基于数据合规治理的AIGC全流程动态规制机制,帮助AIGC走出困境。[创新/价值]基于数据合规治理的AIGC动态规制机制能够不断改进规制体制和工具,为AIGC相关技术落地具体应用领域提供思路。

博弈论视域下体教融合的现实困境、选择逻辑及实施路径

体教融合是促进青少年健康发展的重要途径和历史选择。运用文献资料等方法,梳理出体教融合发展中体育系统和教育系统所处的现实困境,从博弈论的视角分析体教融合合作中“体教双方”的选择逻辑,找到造成体教融合困境的原因,提出解决问题的方法及路径。从博弈论的视域分析,长期以来“体教”融合发展的困境一直未能解决,其成因囿于体育系统和教育系统的利益诉求差异而形成的“非合作博弈(纳什均衡)”。要突破这种困境,需要体教双方从非合作博弈转入合作博弈,从而达到“帕累托最优”解。体教融合的实施路径主要包括:统一思想、调整目标,达成体教融合的最优策略共识;加强顶层设计,形成具有约束力的体教融合合作协议;建构科学的合作利益分配方式,形成体教融合激励相容机制。

“人类智能”与“人工智能”双向耦合:智能时代的教育取向

以大数据、人工智能、虚拟现实为核心的智能技术对教育发展影响巨大而深远。人工智能在辅助师生在教育认知、教育思维、深度学习等方面发挥着积极的“亲人类”“为人类”“利人类”功用,促进了教育全方位的高阶发展。然而,面对日新月异的人工智能发展态势,人类必须最大限度地规避风险,“拥抱机遇、趋利避害”,努力地选择它、使用它、导航它、超越它。而超越“类人性”的人工智能,教育应当自觉增强人类的主体地位,强化“人性本真”的“自然智能”,强调人类自然智能的自觉性、道德性、主体性和意志性。人类智能不是对人工智能的抵制和防御,而是要通过积极的努力,达成人类智能与人工智能高度契合、相得益彰、双向建构、耦合共生的格局,促进教育发展在人性与智能之间构建人机共强的良好生态。

考虑配送交通风险的新零售平台、骑手及消费者三方演化博弈分析

新零售行业中配送骑手的交通事故比率不断攀升引起了社会的广泛关注。骑手出于对配送超时和消费者投诉的担心,在配送途中选择超速违章,从而增加交通风险。为避免消费者对配送超时进行投诉,越来越多的平台企业主动建立超时补偿机制,即对配送超时为消费者提供补偿。该补偿机制能否有效减少消费者投诉,进而影响骑手的配送行为,降低其配送中的交通风险,是值得研究的重要问题。构建由新零售平台、骑手及消费者组成的三方演化博弈模型,其中,平台决定是否建立针对消费者的超时补偿机制,骑手在不同风险程度的配送行为之间进行选择,而消费者则决定在超时情况下是否进行投诉。研究发现:平台对于骑手超时的直接惩罚额度是影响骑手的策略中最关键的影响因素。当直接惩罚额度较大时,平台、消费者的任何策略选择都无法改变骑手普遍向高风险配送策略演化的“骑手困境”情况;当直接惩罚额度适中,建立超时补偿机制给平台企业带来的直接效用较大,且平台与消费者普遍对骑手更具有同理心时,三方演化策略均衡可以达到理想状态:平台建立主动补偿机制、骑手低风险配送、消费者对于订单超时选择不投诉。

数字经济赋能乡村振兴的现实困境与优化路径

全面推进乡村振兴是中国式现代化的重中之重,数字经济的兴起为农村地区经济社会的发展提供了内生动力。目前,数字经济赋能乡村振兴仍然面临数字基础设施相对薄弱、农业数字化转型困难、数字化人才供给不足和数字经济法治建设仍需加强的问题。为此,要完善乡村数字基础设施、推进数字技术与农业深度融合、加快农村数字人才培养引进、健全数字经济法治保障。

新时代井冈山红色文化融入高校思想政治教育的价值意蕴、现实困境和实践路径探析

井冈山红色文化是中国共产党在井冈山革命斗争中形成的宝贵精神财富,具有深厚的思想意涵和鲜明的内在特质,将其融入高校思想政治教育,对于提升高校思想政治教育成效、培育大学生艰苦奋斗的品质以及促进井冈山红色文化的宣扬具有重要意义。在井冈山红色文化融入高校思想政治教育的过程中,高校思想政治教育主体、介体和环体维度分别存在融入内容有限、融入方式单一、融入氛围淡薄等问题,阻滞了整体的融入进程。为消除这些现实困境,高校应从红色资源挖掘、教学方式优化、校园环境浸染等方面综合施策,切实提升井冈山红色文化融入高校思想政治教育的实际成效。

拔尖创新人才培养的现实困境与路径优化——以“强基计划”为例

拔尖创新人才培养既是实现教育强国和高水平科技自立自强的必然要求,也是贯彻落实科教兴国战略的迫切需要,更是强化社会主义建设人才支撑的重要举措。立足“强基计划”的战略背景与目标要求,从拔尖创新人才的培养现状及态势入手,剖析总结人才培养阶段衔接性不足、创新能力培养不足及交叉学科设置不合理等问题。结合拔尖创新人才培养的目标定位,积极探索科教深度融合的拔尖创新人才培养模式,提出了“二三三四五”拔尖创新人才培养路径,即以双轮驱动配合“三类整合”课程体系,注重三大能力培养与四阶段科研训练,构建五方支撑培养体系,以优化拔尖创新人才培养路径,保证拔尖创新人才培养质量。

人工智能养老的伦理困境反思

人工智能养老是人工智能与养老服务相互融合而形成的新兴领域。中国社会正值人口老龄化、高龄化的加速期与上升期,人工智能为满足老年人的健康需求提供前所未有的契机,也面临着严峻的伦理难题和挑战。面向老年人的人工智能伦理治理,应坚持以人为本的价值立场,以增进老年人福祉为价值目标。理念赋能,维护老年人的权利与尊严;关系赋能,倡导多方协作共担责任的伦理治理;技术赋能,弥合老年数字鸿沟;心理赋能,提升老年人内在自我效能。