Carbon dioxide laser for treating pediatric facial papillomatosis:a case study

Purpose Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))lasers enable precise vaporization of lesions with minimal bleeding and have been widely used to excise a wide variety of lesions with good results.Papillomatosis is a disorder characterized by a wart-like growth that tends to recur relentlessly after surgical removal or medical treatment.Treatment of pediatric facial papillomatosis by utilizing a CO_(2)laser is a viable alternative strategy.This paper presents a case of an 8-month-old child with facial papilloma,that we treated by ablation using a CO_(2)laser,and discusses the efficacy of this treatment modality.Methods A case of pediatric facial papilloma treated with CO_(2)laser ablation was reported,and the benefits of this treatment modality were reviewed and analyzed in the context of the existing literature.Results Under general anesthesia,the lesional tissue of the left lip was excised,and the pathological diagnosis was confirmed to be maxillofacial papilloma.The lesions were surgically ablated in stages using a CO_(2)laser,and erythromycin ointment was applied to the treated areas after surgery.A total of three rounds of CO_(2)laser treatment were performed.The child had no complications during or after the operations;the child’s facial appearance was significantly improved,and there was no sign of recurrence during the 6-month follow-up.Conclusions The CO_(2)laser was useful for resection of this patient who had pediatric facial papillomatosis,and it can restore an aesthetic facial soft tissue profile without significant residual facial deformity.The CO_(2)laser can achieve precise vaporization resection of diseased tissue with minimal blood loss and a good cosmetic result.

Combination of ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser and platelet-rich plasma treatment to improve hypertrophic scars:a retrospective clinical observational study

Background:Hypertrophic scars are one of the main complications that affect the quality of life of patients after burns.Many methods have been shown to be effective in the treatment of hypertrophic scars,such as ablative fractional CO_(2) laser(AFCL)and platelet-rich plasma(PRP).However,there are few studies on the effect of the combined application of these measures.The purpose of this study was to explore the therapeutic effect of AFCL combined with PRP on hypertrophic burn scars.Methods:A retrospective clinical observation study was conducted on 50 patients with hypertrophic burn scars.The AFCL+PRP group included 31 patients who received AFCL combined with PRP treatment;the AFCL group included 19 patients who received AFCL treatment only.The University of North Carolina 4P Scar Scale(UNC4P)and the Vancouver Scar Scale(VSS)scores that were collected before each treatment were used as indicators of the effectiveness of the previous treatment.The scores recorded at the second,fourth and seventh months were analysed.Results:The demographic data of the 2 groups were not significantly different.Before treatment,therewas no difference in the UNC4P and VSS scores between the 2 groups.Therewas a significant decline in the UNC4P and VSS total scores over 6 months in both groups(p<0.05)and scores in the 2 groups were comparable after 3 and 6 months(p<0.05).UNC4P scores in the AFCL+PRP group decreased from a mean of 8.26 to 2.61(p<0.05)with a concomitant drop in VSS scores from a mean of 11.74 to 6.06(p<0.01).In the AFCL group UNC4P and VSS scores decreased from 7.68 to 4.63(p<0.05)and from 10.89 to 8.16(p<0.05),respectively.The sub-items of these 2 assessments were analysed and the results suggest that AFCL combined with PRP can comprehensively improve scarring.Conclusions:This study shows that PRP is an effective adjunct for AFCL in the treatment of hypertrophic burn scars and that the combination of PRP and AFCL proved to be more useful than AFCL alone.This combination may be a new and effective clinical practice for the treatment of scars.However,larger and higher-level clinical studies are still needed to determine its efficacy and possible mechanisms.

Ablative Carbon Dioxide Laser Treatment for Papular Scars of Nose and Chin Due to Acne: A Case Series

Introduction:Papular scarring of the nose and chin due to acne is an under-reported,under-recognized,and under-treated condition.Ablative carbon dioxide laser therapy(10,600 nm,continuous mode,energy of 15W)under local anesthesia is one of the choice.Here,we report series of patients with papular acne scars successfully treated with ablative carbon dioxide laser.Cases presentation:Five patients with papular scars of the nose and chin due to acne were treated at an outpatient dermatology clinic.All had type V skin according to the Fitzpatrick skin classification.Ablative carbon dioxide laser therapy(10,600 nm,continuous mode,energy of 15W)was performed under topical anesthesia.The patients were re-examined at 2-to 3-week intervals,and laser treatment was repeated as needed.Discussion:All of the five patients showed encouraging results.Good cosmetic results were achieved in all patients.The drawbacks of treatment were mild to moderate pain during the procedure and the need for posttreatment skin care.Conclusion:Ablative carbon dioxide laser therapy can potentially be used as a safe and effective treatment for papular scars of the nose and chin due to acne.

Efficacy and safety of a dual-scan protocol for carbon dioxide laser in the treatment of split-thickness skin graft contraction in a red Duroc pig model

Background:Fractional CO_(2) laser plays an important role in scar management post split-thickness skin graft by loosening the graft contracture and restoring the smoothness of the surface.However,the optimal treatment protocol remains unknown.This study applied a dual-scan protocol to achieve both releasing and ablation of contracted skin graft.We comprehensively describe this treatment method and compare the efficacy and safety between this dual-scan method and the conventional mono-scan mode.Methods:A hypercontracted scar model after split-thickness skin grafting in red Duroc pigs was established.All scars meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into four groups:high fluence–low density(HF–LD),low fluence–high density(LF–HD),combined group and control group.The energy per unit areawas similar in the HF–LD and LF–HD groups.Two laser interventions were performed at a 6-week interval.The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by objective measures of scar area,release rate,elasticity,thickness and flatness,while the safetywas evaluated based on adverse reactions and melanin index.Collagen structurewas observed histologically.The animals were followed up for a maximum of 126 days after modeling.Results:A total of 28 contracted scars were included,7 in each group.At 18 weeks postoperatively,the HF–LD and the combined groups showed significantly increased scar release rate(p=0.000)and elasticity(p=0.036)and decreased type I/III collagen ratio(p=0.002)compared with the control and LF–HD groups.In terms of flatness,the combined group was significantly better than the HF–LD group for elevations<1mm(p=0.019).No significant skin side effects,pigmentation or scar thickness changes were observed at 18 weeks.Conclusions:Dual-scan protocol could achieve superficial ablation and deep release of contracted split-thickness skin graft in a single treatment,with similar contraction release and texture improvement compared to a single deep scan.Its main advantage is to restore a smoother scar appearance.Adequate laser penetration was necessary for the release of contracted scars.

CO_(2)激光輔助的聲帶息肉激光切除術與傳統喉顯微器械手術術後嗓音分析及嗓音障礙指數分析

Objective To compare the effects on voice of endolaryngeal microsurgery(EMS)with cold instruments and a new method,"carbon dioxide laser(CO_(2)Laser)"for vocal fold polyps.Methods Twenty-five patients with vocal fold polyps suffering from dysphonia who were treated in Macao Kiang Wu Hospital,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery were included in the study.Voice analysis was performed in a soundproof room,holding the microphone 15 cm away from the patients mouth and by recording a sustained[a,e,i,o,u]vowel for at least 5 seconds.Fundamental frequency(F0),Jitter and Shimmer parameters were evaluated in terms of vocal analysis.All patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire,to discuss the voice handicap index(VHI)after adequate explanation.EMS was performed with a carbon dioxide laser and cold knife on 15 and 10 patients,respectively.Patient follow-up was performed 1 week,2weeks and 4weeks after surgery.Changes in F0,Jitter and Shimmer values were measured and recorded.VHI was also completed and reassessed.Results Postoperatively,there was no significant difference in VHI scores between two groups(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in voice analysis values between two groups postoperatively,(P>0.05).Conclusion In the treatment of vocal polyps,EMS with both CO_(2)laser and traditional cold knife is effective.

Experimental investigation of the effects of laser parameters on laser propulsion

The effects of main laser parameters, such as pulse energy, pulse duration, frequency, and work time on laser propulsion of 'air-breathing mode', are investigated experimentally with a high power and high repetition frequency TEA-CO_2 pulsed laser. The results show that the momentum coupling coefficient C_m decreases with increasing the pulse energy for single pulse tests and pulse duration of about 1 μs. Either higher or lower frequency will reduce C_m in multi-pulse tests, which suggests an optimal frequency for the maximum C_m. As to the work time, the longer the work time is, the less the C_m will be.

Mechanism of laser welding on dissimilar metals between stainless steel and W-Cu alloy

CO2 laser is employed to join a piece of powder metallurgical material （PMM） to a stainless steel in butt joint welding mode. The powder Ni35, as a filler powder, is used. The weld metal comes from three parts of stainless steel, powder Ni35, and Cu in W-Cu PMM. It is indicated that some parts of the W-Cu base metal are heated by laser and the metal Cu at the width of 0.06--0.12 mm from the edge is melted into the melting pool in the laser welding process. The formation of firm weld joint is just because that the melting liquid metal could fill the position occupied by metal Cu and surround the metal W granules fully. The analysis results indicate that the mechanism of the laser welding for stainless steel and W-Cu alloy is a special mode of fusion-brazing welding.

Laser induced self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of TiNi alloy

TiNi alloy, especially porous TiNi, a good biocompatible material, can be made by laser induced self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). A 40-W CO2 laser was used to ignite the powders of Ti and Ni, and TiNi intermetallic compound was synthesized by SHS in a reaction kettle of stainless steel. High-speed photography, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate and analyze the reaction process, phase composing, and microstructure of the product, respectively. The influence factors on the reaction process and the product were discussed. The results indicate that laser induced SHS is an efficient, energy-saving method; The phase ingredient of the product consists of TiNi, Ti2Ni, and Ni3Ti. With the increase of the preparing pressure of the sample, the reacting rate decreases; With the increase of the laser power and the preheating temperature, the reacting rate increases. Under the condition of 30℃/min, the synthesis reaction had been carried out consistently and completely.

Wear resistance of laser cladding and plasma spray welding layer on stainless steel surface

The effect of coatings, which are formed with laser cladding and plasma spray welding on lCrl8Ni9Ti base metal, on wear resistance is studied, A 5-kW transverse flowing CO2 laser is used for cladding Co base alloy powder pre-placed on the substrate. Comparing with the plasma spray coatings, the spoiled rate of products with laser clad layers was lower and the rate of finished products was higher. Their microstructure is extremely fine. They have close texture and small size grain. Their dilution resulting from the compositions of the base metal and thermal effect on base metal are less. The hardness, toughness, and strength of the laser cladding layers are higher. Wear tests show that the laser layers have higher properties of anti-friction, anti-scour and high-temperature sliding strike. The wear resistance of laser clad layers are about one time higher than that of plasma spray welding layer.

Design of LICVD equipment for preparation of nano powder and study on laser threshold

A laser-induced chemical vapor deposition (LICVD) nanometer equipment is designed and fabricated. The design conception of key parts is expatiated. The energy threshold of SiH4 decomposing is studied. In the condition of same reactive gas flux, the laser energy threshold decreases with the increase of SiH4 concentration. In the condition of same SiH4 concentration, with the increase of reactive gas flux, the laser energy threshold which induces SiH4 decomposition increases linearly at the beginning, and when the flux is more than 100 ml/min, it turns to increase slowly. The factors which influence the laser threshold are analyzed.

Microstructure and properties of plastic deformed martensite induced by laser shock processing

Firstly, 45# steel was quenched by the NEL-2500A rapidly axial flow CO2 laser. The experimental parameters were the laser power of 750 W, the laser beam diameter of 4 mm, the scanning velocity of 7 mm/s. The thickness of coating layer was 0.1 mm and the width was 8 mm. Secondly, the martensite induced by laser quench was shocked by Nd:YAG laser. The parameters of laser shock processing were the wavelength of 1.06 μm, the pulse duration of 23 ns, and the output energy of 16-20 J. The laser was focused on a spot of φ7 mm. K9 optical glass was used as confinement. The sample was coated with black paint 86-1 (the thickness is about 0.025 mm). By testing and analysis of samples which were treated by laser quench and laser quench+shock with transmission electron microscope (TEM), it was discovered that the surface layer of martensite was deformed plastically by laser shock processing. In the secondary hardened zones, there were a lot of slender secondary twin crystal martensites, dislocation tangles, and cellular dislocations. Compared with that of the hardened zones through laser quench only, the residual stress and mechanical properties of the secondary hardened zones were improved and increased through laser compound method.

Study of technique and performance of laser beam welding for W18Cr4V and 65Mn

In this experiment, we used 7-kW continuous wave (CW) CO2 low order mode laser and YAG impulse laser to deeply weld high-speed steel (W18Cr4V) and spring steel (65Mn). To welded joint, we analyzed its microstructure, micro hardness and fracture appearance for different welding technology by metallography microscope, scanning electron microscopy and bending strength test, discussed its action of fracture and the relation between its structural transformation and strength. At last, we offered an optimum welding technology having no welding defect by the comparison and analysis of processing property.

Theoretic model of myocardial revascularization by far Infrared laser and experimental validation

A theoretic model of myocardial revascularization by a far infrared laser has been established and a quantificational rela- tionship between the aperture of laser channel and parameters of laser has been concluded according to thermodynamics and the law of interaction of far infrared laser and myocardium. The experiment of a carbon dioxide laser revascularization in porcine myocardium has been done for different laser powers and irradiation time. The relative errors between experi- mental result and theoret...

Optical fiber sensor by cascading long period fiber grating with FBG for double parameters measurement

An optical fiber sensor for strain and temperature measurement based on long period fiber grating(LPFG) cascaded with fiber Bragg grating(FBG) structure has been proposed and realized both theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical analysis shows that two microstructures with similar sensitivities cannot be used for double parameters measurement. The LPFG is micromachined by the CO_2 laser, and the FBG is micromachined by the excimer laser. For the validation and comparison, two FBGs and one LPFG are cascaded with three transmission valleys, namely FBG1 valley at 1 536.3 nm, LPFG valley at 1 551.2 nm, and FBG2 valley at 1 577.3 nm. The temperature and strain characteristics of the proposed sensor are measured at 45—70 °C and 250—500 με, respectively. The sensitivity matrix is determined by analyzing wavelength shifts and parameter response characterization of three different dips. The proposed optical fiber sensor based on LPFG cascaded with FBG structure can be efficiently used for double parameters measurement with promising application prospect and great research reference value.

Twist characteristics of the ultraviolet-written long-period fiber gratings

Twist characteristics of the ultraviolet-written long-period fiber gratings (UV-LPFGs) are investigated. It was found experimentally that the resonance wavelength of the UV-LPFG shifts to short side proportional to square of the torsion rate, when it is twisted in both directions of clockwise and counter-clockwise, which is different from that of LPFGs written by CO2 lasers, but similar with that of the corrugated LPFGs. The phenomena can be explained by mechanisms of static compression in twisting and index change caused by photoelastic effect.

Periodical rocking long period gratings in PANDA fibers for high temperature and refractive index sensing

We report periodical rocking long period gratings(PR-LPGs) in PANDA fibers fabricated with CO_2 laser. The PR-LPGs achieve very high coupling efficiency of 19 dB with 12 periods and a 3.5° twist angle in just one scanning cycle, which is much more effective than the conventional CO_2 laser fabrication technique. This type of LPGs exhibits polarization-selective resonance dips which demonstrate different sensitivities to environmental parameters. The high temperature and external refractive index sensitivities are measured simultaneously, so it can be used as a wavelength-selective polarization filter and sensor.