Effects of coal seam dip angle on the outburst in coal roadway excavation

The prevention and forecast of coal and gas outburst has always been one of the key issues in coal mining safety.By simulating the process of tunneling in coal seam with different dip angle through FLAC3D software,the dangerous zone in which outburst may occur and the probability of outburst near the working face were predicted through the distribution of stress,displacement and plastic zone.Then we discussed the size of unstable area in the surrounding rock through the distribution of stress and the variation curve of the displacement on the roadway wall.The results show that,with an increase of the coal seam dip angle,the risk of outburst in the working face rises gradually.And the dangerous areas in which may outburst occur moves to the upper part of coal seam.The size of unstable area in the surrounding rock increases with the increase of coal seam dip angle.

Breaking and mining-induced stress evolution of overlying strata in the working face of a steeply dipping coal seam

The breaking features and stress distribution of overlying strata in a steeply dipping coal seam(SDCS)differ significantly from those in a near-horizontal one.In this study,the laws governing the evolution of vertical stress release and shear stress concentration in the overlying strata of coal seams with different dip angles are derived via numerical simulation,rock mechanics tests,acoustic emissions,and field measurements.Thus,the stress-driven dynamic evolution of the overlying strata structure,in which a shear stress arch forms,is determined.Upon breaking the lower pari of the overlying strata,the shear stress transfers rapidly to the upper part of the working face.The damaged zone of the overlying strata migrates upward along the dip direction of the working face.The gangue in the lower part of the working face is compacted,leading to an increase in vertical stress.As the dip angle of the coal seam increases,the overlying strata fail suddenly under the action of shear stresses.Finally,the behavioral response of the overlying strata driven by shear stresses in the longwall working face of an SDCS is identified and analyzed in detail.The present research findings reveal the laws governing the behavior of mine pressure in the working face of an SDCS,which in turn can be used to establish the respective on-site guidance.

Hydraulic support stability control of fully mechanized top coal caving face with steep coal seams based on instable critical angle

Analyzed the support instable mode of sliding,tripping,and so on,and believed the key point of the support stability control of fully mechanized coal caving face with steep coal seams was to maintain that the seam true angle was less than the hydraulic support instability critical angle.Through the layout of oblique face,the improvement of support setting load,the control of mining height and nonskid platform,the group support system of end face,the advance optimization of conveyor and support,and the other control tech- nical measures,the true angle of the seam is reduced and the instable critical angle of the support is increased,the hydraulic support stability of fully mechanized coal caving face with steep coal seams is effectively controlled.

Experimental investigation on behaviors of bolt-supported rock strata surrounding an entry in large dip coal seam

In order to investigate the behaviors and stability of rock strata surrounding an entry with bolt supporting in large dip coal seams (LDCSs) dipping from 25° to 45°, a self-developed rotatable experimental frame for similar material simulation test was used to build the model with the dip of 30°, based on analyses of geological and technological conditions in Huainan mine area, Anhui, China. The strata behaviors, such as extracting- and mining-induced stresses development, deformation and failure modes, were synthetically integrated during working face advancing. Results show that the development characteristics of mining-induced stress and deformation are asymmetrical in the roadway. The strata behaviors are totally different in different sections of the roadway. Because of asymmetrically geometrical structure influenced by increasing dip, strata dislocating, rock falling and breaking occur in roof. Then, squeezing, collapsing and caving of coal happen in upper- and lower-rib due to shearing action caused by asymmetrical roof bending and dislocating. Owing to the absence of supporting, floor heaving is very violent and usually the zone of floor heaving develops from the lower-rib to upper-rib. Engineering practices show that, due to the asymmetrical characteristics of rock pressure and roadway configuration, it is more difficult to implement bolt supporting system to control rock stability of roadways in LDCSs. The upper-rib and roof of entries are the key sections. Consequently, it is reliable to use asymmetrical bolt-mesh-cable supporting system to control rock stability of roadways based on the asymmetrical characteristics of roadway configuration and strata behaviors.

Research on drawing coal effects in the dipping and steep——dipping coal seams

Controllable drawing roof coal mining method is applied either to rently inclined seam or to big dipping seam. This paper sums up four corresponding methods according to conditions of our country, and analyses the coal-recovering effects and proves applicated conditions and measures for improving by "drawing coal theory of the ellipsoid". Its conclusion basically consists with practice. This work is of guiding meaning for designing drawing coal technology.

Support-surrounding rock relationship and top-coal movement laws in large dip angle fully-mechanized caving face

When mining the fully-mechanized longwall caving face along strike, the unstable equipment, the low top-coal recovery ratio and the difficulty in controlling surrounding rock may occur due to large dip angle. Considering the effects of strike angle on support stability, the ‘‘support-surrounding rock"mechanical models of support topple and support slip were established in this paper. On the basis, the influencing factors of support stability were analyzed and the technical measures of controlling support and surrounding rock stability were put forward. Then the loose particles simulation experiment was conducted to analyze the impacts of caving directions and methods on the top-coal recovery in large dip angle fully-mechanized caving face. Finally, the ‘‘upward sequence and double-openings doublerounds" caving technology was determined. The research results are of great scientific significance and practical values to improve large dip thick seam mining technology.

Technical scheme and application of pressure-relief gas extraction in multi-coal seam mining region

A pressure relief gas extraction technical model of a typical mining area is proposed based on coal and gas simultaneous extraction theory. Flac3 Dwas employed to model vertical stress and displacement contour plot characteristics of non-outburst coal seam(No. 4) on top of outburst coal seam(No. 2) along strike and incline directions. Field investigations were also conducted to verify the scientific nature of the simulation. The results demonstrate that gas pressure in No. 2 coal seam dropped to approximately 0.55 MPa in the pressure relief multi-coal seam. The highest expansion rate of the coal mine reached up to 2.58%.The pressure-relief angle was 76° along the incline direction and 60° along the strike direction. As the expansion rate and pressure-relief angle increased and the gas pressure decreased, a large amount of gas flowed into the gob of No. 4 from No. 2 coal seam and was later discharged through specific gas pipes,which eliminated No. 2 outburst risks. This study resulted in positive outcomes in that gas extraction time was reduced by 13.5 days, due to pressure relief, and drilling work load was reduced by 0.1161 m/t coal. This method ensures that gas is discharged from the outburst coal seam quickly and safely,demonstrating that the proposed technical model of pressure-relief gas extraction is effective in a multi-coal seam region.

Surrounding rock control theory and longwall mining technology innovation

To accommodate surrounding rock structure stability control problem in underground mining, we study the coupling effect principle between hydraulic support and surrounding rock, and develop a series of longwall mining technology and equipment, which solves four common technical problems that significantly undermine coal mining safety, efficiency, and high recovery and extraction rates. Based on the coupling characteristic between mining-induced stress field and supporting stress field of hydraulic support, we identify six controllable factors in the application of hydraulic support to surrounding rock, and further reveal the relationship between hydraulic support and surrounding rock in terms of the strength, the stiffness, and the stability coupling. Our findings provide a plausible solution to the longwall mining technical problem with 6-8 m mining height. By analyzing the dynamic disequilibrium characteristics between hydraulic support and surrounding rock, we propose the intelligent top coal caving control method and the high-coal-recovery-rate tech- nology for fully mechanized caving faces. With the invention of this technology, China is likely to lead the world in terms of the fully mechanized top coal caving mining technology. We are also the first to employ the intelligent coupling technology between hydraulic support and surrounding rock, and automated mining mode, and supporting system coop- erative control with automatic organization. We develop the comprehensive multi-index intelligence adjusting height decision-making mechanism and three-dimensional navigation automatic adjusting straightness technology based on shearer cutting height memory association, cutting power parameters, vibration, and video information, leading to the first set of intelligent longwall mining technology and equipment for thin seam. Our innovation makes a solid contribution to the revolution of intelligence mining technology. With the innovative use of three-dimensional coupling control principle for surrounding rock, we successfully resolve the technological difficulties of longwall mining equipment and surrounding rock control for steep dipping seam, making a breakthrough of longwall mining technology with steep dipping seam.

我国大倾角煤层开采技术变革与展望

大倾角煤层是我国煤炭资源的主要赋存样式之一。在地域分布上呈现出广泛性与区域性,据不完全统计,全国25个省、自治区、直辖市均涉及该类煤层开采,在中西部地区储量丰富、产量大、生产集中程度高。在赋存条件上呈现出多样性与复杂性,不同区域成煤时期不一,构造控煤过程迥异,形成了多样且复杂的开采条件,催生了不同的开采技术要求。大倾角煤层开采的技术难度大。煤层倾角导致采场围岩运动破坏呈现非对称性显现特征,支护系统稳定性控制与“三机”配套与协同、采准巷道布置与支护、工作面“人-机”环境安全保障等工作的难度显著加剧,严重制约了矿井安全高效开采。大倾角煤层开采的区域经济需求强,该类煤层赋存与生产较集中的区域多见以煤炭工业为主的资源型城市,经济结构相对单一,煤炭资源安全高效开发利用对区域能源保供、民生保障、经济保稳具有兜底作用。长期以来,大倾角煤层开采技术变革聚焦于解决“难”与“需”的矛盾,在采煤方法与工艺、岩层控制理论与技术、成套装备研制与应用3个方面不断完善、创新、发展,实现了由非机械化向机械化开采的转变,安全产效水平大幅提升,人员劳动强度大幅下降,作业环境显著改善。20世纪90年代中期,川煤集团绿水洞煤矿首次成功实现了大倾角中厚煤层长壁综采,冲破了大倾角煤层机械化开采技术“禁区”。在此示范作用下,大倾角厚煤层长壁综放开采、大采高综采、薄煤层伪俯斜长壁综采三项首创性工程实践先后取得成功。这一过程中创新了工作面非线性限位布置与调斜方式,确立了“支架-围岩”系统稳定性多维交互控制模式,研发了工作面成套装备,取得良好收效,综合机械化开采技术适用范围进一步拓宽。与此同时,大倾角煤层开采仍存在许多亟待突破的关键科学问题与技术瓶颈,导致自动化、智能化水平提升与近水平/缓倾斜煤层相较仍存在较大差距。需进一步强化倾斜层状煤系地层煤岩体采动力学行为研究,揭示其对采场围岩灾变的控制机制,并实现量化表征;需进一步阐明岩体承载结构-采场装备群组系统间的多维动态作用过程与规律,完善装备与围岩多维动态多目标协同控制理论与技术基础,实现技术转化应用。在科学问题取得突破的基础上进行采煤方法、回采工艺、岩层控制、成套装备的系统性技术创新与研发,破解大倾角煤层开采安全-产效双提升的制约技术瓶颈,使大倾角煤层综合机械化开采倾角上限在有可靠技术保障的前提下向上延伸(扩展),为实现自动化、智能化开采奠定基础。

大倾角煤层伪俯斜工作面平行四边形液压支架结构设计与运动响应

液压支架是大倾角煤层伪俯斜工作面“围岩-装备”系统稳定性的核心,现有液压支架结构无法适应伪俯斜开采空间稳定性要求,严重影响了该类条件下工作面安全高效开采。以大倾角煤层伪俯斜开采工作面为研究背景,采用工程类比、结构运动学分析、数值仿真的综合研究方法,分析了大倾角伪俯斜工作面“支架-围岩”稳定性特征,并以ZY7000/22/45型液压支架为基础,发明一种新型平行四边形液压支架,进行了结构合理性设计,分析了关键构件运动学响应特征。研究表明:大倾角伪俯斜综采工作面垮落矸石非均匀填充以及矸石对支架的砸、压、推作用是影响支架稳定性的关键因素,平行四边形顶梁与底座更适应伪俯斜工作面。设计的平行四边形支架顶梁、底座及立柱排布方式为平行四边形,异形掩护梁与后连杆、油缸连杆、底座构成柔性四连杆结构。平行四边形支架立柱为主要承载结构,油缸连杆为主要运动机构,其运动特征影响因素主要为上下柱窝间距和前后连杆与掩护梁铰接位置间距,其中掩护梁与后连杆是支架位姿调控的关键,且支架运动过程中无双扭线产生。研究结果为该类条件工作面支架提供了一种选型,一定程度上保障了该类煤层的安全生产。

大倾角走向长壁工作面局部充填无煤柱开采理论与技术

大倾角煤层走向长壁采场围岩结构及应力环境异化,工作面不同位置“支架-围岩”系统的构成因素及灾变模式不同,导致工作面安全事故频发、煤炭采出率较低、巷道掘进率高。通过对大倾角采场围岩采动力学行为的分析,提出了大倾角走向长壁工作面局部充填无煤柱开采技术构想,工作面走向推进过程中沿倾向对采空区下部进行局部充填,充填体既与巷旁支护作用形成沿空巷道,取消区段保护煤柱,实现大倾角煤层无煤柱开采,又增大了工作面倾向下部充填压实区长度,加强了工作面“支架-围岩”系统稳定性。根据大倾角走向长壁采场特点,优选确定了大倾角膏体局部充填工艺,设计了大倾角局部充填回采系统、采充工艺。并采用理论分析、模拟实验、数值计算等相结合的方法,分析了局部充填对大倾角走向长壁采场围岩采动力学行为的调节机制。结果表明:充填体影响基本顶岩梁的变形破坏及采场倾向下侧煤岩体承载特征,基本顶、运输巷顶板变形量及运输巷倾向下侧煤岩体所受约束均随充填长度的增大而减小;为防止采空区未充填区悬顶灾害,充填长度不应超过工作面长度的1/3。局部充填体限制了工作面下部区域顶板破断,降低覆岩关键域形成层位,形成稳定的巷帮,减小沿空留巷围岩变形量;同时工作面倾向下部充填区长度增大,中、上部围岩结构不稳定区域的长度缩小,“支架-围岩”系统稳定性提升。充填体改变了采场围岩应力传递路径,承担了部分覆岩载荷,工作面下侧支承压力及超前支承压力均随充填长度的增大而减小,工作面倾向下部充填区域的超前支承压力降幅最大,沿空巷道及工作面应力状态得到改善。大倾角走向长壁工作面局部充填无煤柱开采技术具有提高资源采出率、降低掘进率、缓解采掘接替紧张、加强工作面“支架-围岩”系统稳定性等优势。

大倾角煤层俯伪斜工作面液压支架设计系统实用性分析

为解决大倾角煤层液压支架设计过程中多维受载特征被忽略、建模过程繁琐、设计周期长等问题,结合大倾角伪俯斜工作面液压支架受载特性,研发大倾角液压支架设计系统。采用运动仿真、强度测试、物理实验等综合研究方法,以ZY5000/15.5/38型大倾角煤层液压支架设计为例,根据大倾角伪俯斜采场液压支架多维受力特征建立力学模型,分析大倾角液压支架的空间受载特性,建立伪俯斜工作面液压支架顶梁、掩护梁力学线性矩阵,利用VB.NET为开发语言结合线性矩阵和SOLIDWORKS二次开发建模软件搭建液压支架设计系统,开发出良好的人机交互用户界面。研究分析表明:该系统生成下的模型液压支架顶梁前端运动轨迹范围48 mm左右,支架顶梁前端运动轨迹曲线满足双扭线特性;模型支架最大应力为146.7 MPa,远小于材料屈服的等效应力,最大变形位移也不超过0.531 mm;研制相似比为1∶5物理模型液压支架工作阻力在38 kN左右,在不同条件下测试支架顶梁、掩护梁受载特性,实验中模型支架的力学数据与系统生成的力学数据基本相符,且实验在初撑、增阻、恒阻及卸压各阶段均满足支架的运动要求及承载特性。研究结果体现了该设计系统下模型液压支架较好的适应性,对丰富大倾角煤层液压支架设计理论和指导液压支架设计生产具有一定的科学和实践意义。

以煤层倾向为参考方向的锐角优化垂线法煤柱设计方法

垂线法广泛应用于我国矿区地表建(构)筑物的保护煤柱的设计,但其原理中存在走向方向不明确导致计算时需人工干预和小角值拐角处保护煤柱过估等问题。针对村庄尺度的建筑物群,提出应按位置给出不同的开采参数和松散层参数;用煤层倾向作为垂线法的参考方向,代替指向不明确的走向,实现垂线计算公式选择、垂线长度计算的自动化;提出锐角优化算法,解决煤柱角点角值较小时出现的煤柱留设尺寸过大问题。基于上述优化,通过MATLAB编程实现煤柱自动化计算,并一定程度上减小了煤柱的尺寸。优化后的垂线法能够更好地应用于矿山保护煤柱设计。

基于MATLAB大采高液压支架稳定性仿真研究

针对液压支架存在失稳等重大安全隐患,以某型大采高液压支架为研究对象,对支架前倾、后仰、侧翻、滑移4种失稳进行分析,运用MATLAB仿真的方法对不同采高、底座宽度、极限倾角、煤层倾角、加载载荷下的支架重心高度等进行仿真分析和研究。研究结果表明:随着支架极限倾角的增加,支架重心高度呈现逐渐减小的趋势;随着支架底座宽度增加,支架重心高度呈现逐渐增加的趋势;随着采高高度的增加,最大、最小煤层倾角呈现逐渐减小的趋势;随着支架底座宽度增加,最大、最小煤层倾角呈现逐渐增加的趋势;随着加载载荷增加,煤层倾角呈现逐渐减小的趋势。该研究为液压支架稳定性、安全可靠性提高等方面提供理论基础。

原生层理结构影响下煤岩组合体超声波及CT扫描分析

为研究原生层理结构对煤岩组合体波速及力学性质的影响,并提升室内获取煤岩波速及力学参数的精确性、快速性及便捷性,在室内对不同原生层理倾角的煤岩组合体开展了多层位多方位的超声波及CT扫描测试。基于超声波测试数据,获取了原生层理结构影响下煤岩组合体不同层位的波速及波速比变化特征;结合CT扫描及三维重构技术,应用煤岩灰度分布频数数据,提出了不同层位CT灰度均值的计算方法,获得了不同原生层理倾角下煤岩组合体不同层位灰度及煤岩含量的变化规律,建立了煤岩CT灰度均值与波速、力学参数的关系;构建了考虑层理倾角与煤岩含量效应的煤岩组合体纵波波速计算模型,并应用测试数据进行了对比验证。结果表明:①含原生层理的煤岩组合体波速及波速比与层理倾角线性相关,随层理倾角增加,组合体的纵波波速近似线性减小,而波速比的分布范围增大;②不同层理倾角下组合体的CT灰度均值与波速线性相关,随CT灰度均值增高,煤岩组合体波速线性增加;③煤岩组合体的密度随CT灰度均值增加线性增高,其动态弹性模量及剪切模量则与CT灰度均值均呈三阶多项式关系,并随CT灰度均值增高趋于增大;④层理倾角与煤岩含量相比,组合体波速对煤岩含量的敏感性更高,煤岩含量相近则波速受层理倾角响变化最大。

倾斜煤层厚硬顶板切顶留巷关键参数优化研究

为解决回采巷道倾斜厚硬顶板应力集中问题,降低顶板覆岩突然垮落的冲击扰动风险及提高倾斜厚硬顶板切顶留巷围岩控制效果,以长城六矿1301N运输巷切顶留巷为工程背景,综合采用理论分析、数值模拟及现场监测的研究方法开展倾斜煤层厚硬顶板切顶留巷关键参数优化研究。首先,基于岩石碎胀系数、砌体梁理论及现场地质资料,推导计算了1301N运输巷切顶高度和切顶角度的理论最小值。其次,为进一步验证并优化理论推导结果,利用PFC^(2D)数值软件建立了1301N工作面切顶留巷模型,采用控制变量法分析了不同切顶高度和切顶角度下留巷顶板应力、位移及组构张量响应特征。分析结果表明:切顶高度与卸压效果之间存在底数大于1的对数增长关系,即随着切顶高度增加,卸压效果逐渐增强但其增长幅度逐渐减小;切顶角度与卸压效果之间存在“S”型增长关系,即随着切顶高度增加,卸压效果先增强后减弱。卸压参数与卸压效果之间的变化规律揭示了切顶高度选择存在最适值,切顶角度选择存在最优解。综合理论分析、经济收益及数值模拟结果,确定长城六矿1301N运输巷倾斜厚硬顶板切顶留巷过程中最适切顶高度为13 m,最优切顶角度为10°。现场监测获得该切顶参数下围岩控制效果较好,留巷围岩变形量较小,可有效满足下一工作面开采需求,验证了优化切顶参数的有效性,为类似地质条件切顶留巷参数的选取提供理论依据和实践参考。

大倾角工作面飞矸冲击破碎特征研究

飞矸灾害长期威胁大倾角、急倾斜煤层长壁工作面人员和设备安全,单一飞矸迁移过程碰撞破碎衍生出大量“子矸”,其动力损害具有突发性,揭示冲击载荷作用下煤岩体破碎特征是准确掌握飞矸动力损害的重要前提。综合运用分离式霍普金森压杆试验、数值SHPB试验和物理模拟开展冲击载荷作用下煤岩体破碎特征与碎裂机制研究,得到以下主要结论:高速冲击作用下煤岩破坏模式分为相对完整、单一劈裂和完全粉碎,破碎程度随着加载应变率增加而增加,分形维数D与应变率呈对数函数关系。相同应变率水平,煤岩抗压强度越小分形破碎程度越高;煤岩分形维数D与其几何尺度负相关;圆盘和立方体煤岩分形维数D与应变率均呈对数函数关系。立方体煤岩累积碰撞作用下内部节理裂隙发育,应力波传播呈现弥散性,在边缘应力集中并诱发破坏,即不规则形状煤岩外缘易率先与主体破坏分离从而导致其球形度增加。相反,飞矸运动过程棱角处更易受到碰撞而承受直接应力冲击而产生局部崩解。研究成果可为大倾角、急倾斜煤层飞矸灾害防控实践中挡矸网形状以及网格大小的选择提供一定的科学指导。飞矸涉及材料、几何等多源不确定因素,内部层理、裂隙分布及发育程度受开采扰动影响较大,其破碎分形特征更加趋于复杂,下一步将考虑以上因素对飞矸破碎特征的影响。

大倾角煤层覆岩应力非对称传递时空演化特征

【目的】大倾角煤层安全高效开采的关键是对围岩的有效控制,而发现并揭示覆岩应力传递路径的时空演化特征是围岩稳定性控制的基础。【方法】以新疆某矿25221工作面为例,采用现场实测、物理相似模拟实验和数值计算相结合的研究方法,在综合厘定工作面矿压显现特征、覆岩变形破坏规律基础之上,构建以切应力与正应力为主的应力特征量,研究覆岩应力传递路径时空演化特征。【结果和结论】结果显示:工作面回采过程中,顶板倾向围岩结构呈中上部垮落高度较大、下部垮落高度较小的非对称分布特征,顶板走向围岩结构则随工作面推进呈周期性演化规律。受此影响,顶板采动应力随工作面推进呈现倾向非对称、走向对称的传递演化特征。在工作面倾向与走向剖面内,顶板应力特征量以切应力分界线为界沿采空区四周煤体传递,其传递路径呈现出“m”形分布特征。随着工作面推进距离的增加,应力传递路径由“m”形向中部相连的双“n”形转变,采空区两侧煤体支承压力峰值呈现增大→稳定的演化趋势。在平行煤层剖面内,顶板应力分界线为“w”形分布特征,应力分界线至采空区中心处,顶板应力呈单向传递特征,分界线至煤壁处,顶板应力呈双向传递特征。且随着顶板层位的增加,应力分界线演化至“v”形,研究结果揭示了大倾角煤层顶板应力非对称传递时空演化特征,对丰富大倾角煤层岩层控制理论具有重要意义。

瓦斯氛围下煤-水界面润湿特性及其影响机制

煤层注水被广泛用于煤层瓦斯治理,其治理瓦斯的效果关键在于水分对含瓦斯煤体的润湿效果,然而高瓦斯煤层中瓦斯严重干扰着水分对煤体的润湿。为弄清瓦斯氛围下水分对煤体的润湿特性,采用自研的瓦斯氛围下煤-水接触角测试装备及自开发的瓦斯氛围下水的表面张力测试软件,研究了瓦斯氛围下煤-水界面润湿参数,阐释了瓦斯氛围下煤-水界面的润湿特性,并揭示了其影响机制。研究结果表明:瓦斯氛围下随着瓦斯压力的增加,水的表面张力、煤的表面能及黏附功逐渐减小,煤-水接触角及煤-水界面能逐渐增加,水对煤的润湿效果变差;基于煤的工业分析、元素分析及微光谱图分析,建立了无烟煤的分子结构模型,分子式为C_(99)H_(54)N_(2)O_(3)S,煤分子模型的桥碳比为0.61,其与^(13)C-NMR谱图的桥碳比一致;瓦斯氛围下煤水微观润湿体系中,煤水交界面以下,水分子的相对浓度随着瓦斯压力的增大而减小;煤水交界面以上,瓦斯压力越大,水分子相对浓度峰值越大;瓦斯氛围下煤水微观润湿体系中,随着瓦斯压力的增加,水分子的吸附程度减弱,煤中瓦斯被置换的程度减小,甲烷分子的扩散系数减小,水分子分散程度增加,聚集程度减弱,水分子的扩散系数增加。

大倾角采场围岩应力分布及矸石充填特征的倾角效应研究

煤层倾角是造成大倾角采场采动力学行为呈现复杂性、特殊性,诱发众多灾害事故的重要因素之一,为揭示煤层倾角对大倾角采场围岩控制及矿压显现特征的影响规律,采用物理相似模拟和数值计算相结合的研究方法,在综合分析了大倾角工作面顶板破断运移及矸石滑滚充填特征的基础上,利用有限元−离散元(FLAC2DPFC2D)耦合算法建立了不同倾角的大倾角采场耦合数值模型,研究了大倾角采场围岩应力分布及矸石充填特征的倾角效应。结果表明:①采动作用下,大倾角采场顶底板内围岩应力均呈非对称拱形分布,随着煤层倾角增大,拱形垂直应力释放区范围和向上部偏移程度逐渐增大,但水平应力释放区范围和应力值逐渐减小,无论是垂直应力还是水平应力都易在工作面上下端头顶板处出现应力集中,但最大集中应力会随煤层倾角的增大而减小;大倾角工作面顶底板内应力大小和传递方向均存在非对称特征,随着煤层倾角增大,工作面顶底板应力拱高逐渐降低,围岩应力的传递方向以围岩涌向采出空间为主,由初始近似竖直方向逐渐偏转趋于工作面垂向。②工作面顶板破断及矸石的滑滚充填具有时序性和分区演化特性,并随煤层倾角的改变而呈现一定的倾角效应。随着煤层倾角增大,直接顶的初次破断位置将逐渐向工作面倾向上部区域转移,同时由于重力沿工作面倾向的分力变大,矸石沿倾向的充填程度更为密实,但充填长度减小,工作面中上部区域高位岩层的破碎程度和空洞范围增大。③采空区内矸石对围岩的作用机制主要体现在提供侧向应力和竖向支撑2个方面,且受矸石重力作用影响较大,会随煤层倾角改变呈现较强的倾角效应。