Characterization and quantification of multi-field coupling in lithium-ion batteries under mechanical constraints

The safety and durability of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical constraints depend significantly on electrochemical,thermal,and mechanical fields in applications.Characterizing and quantifying the multi-field coupling behaviors requires interdisciplinary efforts.Here,we design experiments under mechanical constraints and introduce an in-situ analytical framework to clarify the complex interaction mechanisms and coupling degrees among multi-physics fields.The proposed analytical framework integrates the parameterization of equivalent models,in-situ mechanical analysis,and quantitative assessment of coupling behavior.The results indicate that the significant impact of pressure on impedance at low temperatures results from the diffusion-controlled step,enhancing kinetics when external pressure,like 180 to 240 k Pa at 10℃,is applied.The diversity in control steps for the electrochemical reaction accounts for the varying impact of pressure on battery performance across different temperatures.The thermal expansion rate suggests that the swelling force varies by less than 1.60%per unit of elevated temperature during the lithiation process.By introducing a composite metric,we quantify the coupling correlation and intensity between characteristic parameters and physical fields,uncovering the highest coupling degree in electrochemical-thermal fields.These results underscore the potential of analytical approaches in revealing the mechanisms of interaction among multi-fields,with the goal of enhancing battery performance and advancing battery management.

Oscillation of Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction driven by weak electric fields

Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction(DMI) is under extensive investigation considering its crucial status in chiral magnetic orders, such as Néel-type domain wall(DW) and skyrmions. It has been reported that the interfacial DMI originating from Rashba spin–orbit coupling(SOC) can be linearly tuned with strong external electric fields. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate that the strength of DMI exhibits rapid fluctuations, ranging from 10% to 30% of its original value, as a function of applied electric fields in Pt/Co/MgO heterostructures within the small field regime(< 10-2V/nm). Brillouin light scattering(BLS) experiments have been performed to measure DMI, and first-principles calculations show agreement with this observation, which can be explained by the variation in orbital hybridization at the Co/MgO interface in response to the weak electric fields. Our results on voltage control of DMI(VCDMI) suggest that research related to the voltage control of magnetic anisotropy for spin–orbit torque or the motion control of skyrmions might also have to consider the role of the external electric field on DMI as small voltages are generally used for the magnetoresistance detection.

Multi-Body Dynamics Modeling of Heavy Goods Vehicle-Rail Interaction

Based on the principle of vehicle-track coupling dynamics, SIMPACK multi-body dynamics software is used to establish a C80 wagon line-coupled multi-body dynamics model with 73 degrees of freedom. And the reasonableness of the line-coupled dynamics model is verified by using the maximum residual acceleration, the nonlinear critical speed of the wagon. The experimental results show that the established vehicle line coupling dynamics model meets the requirements of vehicle line coupling dynamics modeling.

Electron Momentum Spectroscopy of Valence Orbitals of n-Propyl Iodide： Spin-Orbit Coupling Effect and Intramolecular Orbital Interaction

The binding energy spectrum and electron momentum distributions for the outer valence orbitals of n-propyl iodide molecule have been measured using the electron momentum spectrometer employing non-coplanar asymmetric geometry at impact energy of 2.5 keV plus binding energy. The ionization bands have been assigned in detail via the high accuracy SACCI general-R method calculation and the experimental momentum profiles are compared with the theoretical ones calculated by Hartree-Fock and B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ（C,H）6-311G？？（I）. The spin-orbit coupling effect and intramolecular orbital interaction have been analyzed for the outermost two bands, which are assigned to the iodine 5p lone pairs, using NBO method and non-relativistic as well as relativistic calculations. It is found that both of the interactions will lead to the observed differences in electron momentum distributions. The experimental results agree with the relativistic theoretical momentum profiles, indicating that the spin-orbit coupling effect dominates in n-propyl iodide molecule.

The influences of dipole-dipole interaction and detuning on the sudden death of entanglement between two atoms in the Tavis-Cummings model

The influences of dipole-dipole interaction and detuning on the entanglement between two atoms with different initial tripartite entangled W-like states in the Tavis Cummings model have been investigated by means of Wootters＇ concurrence, respectively. The results show that the entanglement between the two atoms can be enhanced via appropriately tuning the strength of dipole-dipole interaction of two atoms or the detunings between atom and cavity, and the so-called sudden death effect can he weakened simultaneously.

Effect of annealing time on the exchange coupling interactions and microstruc-ture of nanocomposite Pr_(7.5)Dy_1Fe_(71)Co_(15)Nb_1B_(4.5) ribbons

The influence of annealing time on the magnetic properties and microstructure of nanocomposite Pr7.5Dy1Fe71Co15Nb1B4.5 ribbons was systematically investigated by the methods of vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and high resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）. Interaction domains derived from strong exchange coupling interactions between hard and soft magnetic grains were imaged using magnetic force microscopy （MFM）. Maximum remanence, intrinsic coercivity, and maximum energy product values were obtained in the ribbons annealed at 700℃ for 15 min, which were composed of Pr2（Fe, Co）14B, α-（Fe, Co）, and slight Pr2（Fe, CO）17 phases. Although Jr, Hci, and （Bn）max decreased gradually with further increase of annealing time, it is emphasized that comparatively high Jr and Hci and （BH）max were obtained in a wide annealing time period of 15 to 360 min. The shape of initial magnetization curves and hysteresis loops change as a function of annealing time, indicating different magnetization reversal routes, which can be fully explained by the corresponding microstructure.

Position-dependent property of resonant dipole-dipole interaction mediated by localized surface plasmon of an Ag nanosphere

We use the photon Green-function method to study the quantum resonant dipole-dipole interaction（RDDI） induced by an Ag nanosphere（ANP）.As the distance between the two dipoles increases,the RDDI becomes weaker,which is accompanied by the influence of the higher-order mode of the ANP on RDDI declining more quickly than that of the dipole mode.Across a broad frequency range（above 0.05 eV）,the transfer rate of the RDDI is nearly constant since the two dipoles are fixed at the proper position.In addition,this phenomenon still exists for slightly different radius of the ANPs.We find that the frequency corresponding to the maximum transfer rate of RDDI exhibits a monotonic decrease by moving away one dipole as the other dipole and the ANP are kept fixed.In addition,the radius of ANP has little effect on this.When the two dipoles are far from the ANP,the maximum transfer rate of the RDDI takes place at the frequency of the dipole mode.In contrast,when the two dipoles are close to the ANP,the higher-order modes come into effect and they will play a leading role in the RDDI if they match the transition frequency of the dipole.Our results may be used in a biological detector and have a certain guiding significance for further application.

Improved frequency modeling and solution for parallel liquid-filled pipes considering both fluid-structure interaction and structural coupling

The dynamic characteristics of a single liquid-filled pipe have been broadly studied in the previous literature.The parallel liquid-filled pipe(PLFP)system is also widely used in engineering,and its structure is more complex than that of a single pipe.However,there are few reports about the dynamic characteristics of the PLFPs.Therefore,this paper proposes improved frequency modeling and solution for the PLFPs,involving the logical alignment principle and coupled matrix processing.The established model incorporates both the fluid-structure interaction(FSI)and the structural coupling of the PLFPs.The validity of the established model is verified by modal experiments.The effects of some unique parameters on the dynamic characteristics of the PLFPs are discussed.This work provides a feasible method for solving the FSI of multiple pipes in parallel and potential theoretical guidance for the dynamic analysis of the PLFPs in engineering.

Effects of dipole-dipole interaction on entanglement transfer

A system consisting of two different atoms interacting with a two-mode vacuum, where each atom is resonant only with one cavity mode, is considered. The effects of dipole-dipole （dd） interaction between two atoms on the atom-atom entanglement and mode--mode entanglement are investigated. For a weak dd interaction, when the atoms are initially separable, the entanglement between them can be induced by the dd interaction, and the entanglement transfer between the atoms and the modes occurs efficiently; when the atoms are initially entangled, the entanglement transfer is almost not influenced by the dd interaction. However, for a strong dd interaction, it is difficult to transfer the entanglement from the atoms to the modes, but the atom-atom entanglement can be maintained when the atoms are initially entangled.

Coupling interaction between a single emitter and the propagating surface plasmon polaritons in a graphene microribbon waveguide

The coupling interaction between an individual optical emitter and the propagating surface plasmon polaritons in a graphene microribbon （GMR） waveguide is investigated by numerical calculations, where the emitter is situated above the GMR or in the same plane of the GMR, The results reveal a multimode coupling mechanism for the strong interaction between the emitter and the propagating plasmonic waves in graphene. When the emitter is situated in the same plane of the GMR, the decay rate from the emitter to the surface plasmon polaritons increases more than 10 times compared with that in the case with the emitter above the GMR.

Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Flexible Plate with Partitioned Coupling Method

The development and rapid usage of numerical codes for fluid-structure interaction(FSI) problems are of great relevance to researchers in many engineering fields such as civil engineering and ocean engineering. This multidisciplinary field known as FSI has been expanded to engineering fields such as offshore structures, tall slender structures and other flexible structures applications. The motivation of this paper is to investigate the numerical model of two-way coupling FSI partitioned flexible plate structure under fluid flow. The adopted partitioned method and approach utilized the advantage of the existing numerical algorithms in solving the two-way coupling fluid and structural interactions. The flexible plate was subjected to a fluid flow which causes large deformation on the fluid domain from the oscillation of the flexible plate. Both fluid and flexible plate are subjected to the interaction of load transfer within two physics by using the strong and weak coupling methods of MFS and Load Transfer Physics Environment, respectively. The oscillation and deformation results have been validated which demonstrate the reliability of both strong and weak method in resolving the two-way coupling problem in contribution of knowledge to the feasibility field study of ocean engineering and civil engineering.

The entanglement of two dipole-dipole coupled atoms interacting with a thermal field via a two-photon process

This paper studies entanglement between two dipole-dipole coupled atoms interacting with a thermal field via a two-photon process. It shows that the entanglement is dependent on the mean photon number of the thermal field and the dipole-dipole interaction. The results also show that the atom-atom entanglement through the two-photon process is larger than that through the one-photon process and a remarkable amount of entanglement between the atoms still remains at certain times even for a very highly noisy thermal field.

Running Coupling Constants in N-N Interaction

The scalar and vector running coupling constants are derived using the renormalization group method in the σ-ω model. The numerical values of the two running coupling constants are obtained and the physical meaning of the result is discussed.

Coupling effects of depletion interactions in a three-sphere colloidal system

In a three-sphere system, the middle sphere is acted upon by two opposite depletion forces from the other two spheres. It is found that, in this system, the two depletion forces are coupled with each other and result in a strengthened depletion force. So the difference of the depletion forces of the three-sphere system and its corresponding two two-sphere systems is introduced to describe the coupling effect of the depletion interactions. The numerical results obtained by Monte- Carlo simulations show that this coupling effect is affected by both the concentration of small spheres and the geometrical confinement. Meanwhile, it is also found that the mechanisms of the coupling effect and the effect on the depletion force from the ~eometry factor are the same.

Critical Property of the Geometric Phase in the Dicke Model with the Dipole-dipole Interactions

We obtained the ground-state energy level and associated geometric phase in the Dicke model with the dipoledipole interactions analytically by the Holstein-Primakoff transformation and the boson expansion approach in the thermodynamic limit. The nonadiabatic geometric phase induced by the photon field was derived with the time-dependent unitary transformation. It is shown that dipole-dipole interactions have a deep influence on scaled behavior of the geometric phase at the critical point.

COUPLING PATTERNS OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION AT MIDDLE & LOWER LATITUDES AND THEIR INTERDECADAL OSCILLATION

Diagnostic studies have been done of the seasonal and interdecadal variations of the coupling patterns for the air-sea interactions in the northern Pacific region, by using 500-hPa geopotential height field of the Northern Hemisphere and monthly mean SST field of northern Pacific Ocean (1951 ~ 1995) and with the aid of the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) technique. The results show that: (1) The distribution patterns of SVD, which link with the El Ni駉 (or La Ni馻) events, are important in the interaction between the atmosphere and ocean while the atmosphere, coupling with it, varies like the PNA teleconnection does. The coupling of air-sea interactions is the highest in the winter (January), specifically linking the El Ni駉 event with the PNA pattern in the geopotential height field. Of the four seasons, summer has the poorest coupling when the 500-hPa geopotential height field corresponding to the La Ni馻 event displays patterns similar to the East Asian-Pacific one (PJ). The spring and autumn are both transitional and the coupling is less tight in the autumn than in the spring. (2) Significant changes have taken place around 1976 in the pattern of air-sea coupling, with the year抯 winter having intensified PNA pattern of 500-hPa winter geopotential height field, deepened Aleutian low that moves southeast and the summer following it having outstanding PJ pattern of 500-hPa geopotential height field, which is not so before 1976.

Dynamic Dipole-Dipole Magnetic Interaction and Damped Nonlinear Oscillations

Static dipole-dipole magnetic interaction is a classic topic discussed in electricity and magnetism text books. Its dynamic version, however, has not been reported in scientific literature. In this article, the author presents a comprehensive analysis of the latter. We consider two identical permanent cylindrical magnets. In a practical setting, we place one of the magnets at the bottom of a vertical glass tube and then drop the second magnet in the tube. For a pair of suitable permanent magnets characterized with their mass and magnetic moment we seek oscillations of the mobile magnet resulting from the unbalanced forces of the anti-parallel magnetic dipole orientation of the pair. To quantify the observed oscillations we form an equation describing the motion of the bouncing magnet. The strength of the magnet-magnet interaction is in proportion to the inverse fourth order separation distance of the magnets. Consequently, the corresponding equation of motion is a highly nonlinear differential equation. We deploy Mathematica and solve the equation numerically resulting in a family of kinematic information. We show our theoretical model with great success matches the measured data.

Methodology for Comparing Coupling Algorithms for Fluid-Structure Interaction Problems

The multi-physics simulation of coupled fluid-structure interaction problems, with disjoint fluid and solid domains, requires one to choose a method for enforcing the fluid-structure coupling at the interface between solid and fluid. While it is common knowledge that the choice of coupling technique can be very problem dependent, there exists no satisfactory coupling comparison methodology that allows for conclusions to be drawn with respect to the comparison of computational cost and solution accuracy for a given scenario. In this work, we develop a computational framework where all aspects of the computation can be held constant, save for the method in which the coupled nature of the fluid-structure equations is enforced. To enable a fair comparison of coupling methods, all simulations presented in this work are implemented within a single numerical framework within the deal.ii [1] finite element library. We have chosen the two-dimensional benchmark test problem of Turek and Hron [2] as an example to examine the relative accuracy of the coupling methods studied;however, the comparison technique is equally applicable to more complex problems. We show that for the specific case considered herein the monolithic approach outperforms partitioned and quasi-direct methods;however, this result is problem dependent and we discuss computational and modeling aspects which may affect other comparison studies.

Coupling Effects of Depletion Interactions in Colloidal Suspensions

The depletion interactions of the three-sphere system in which the three spheres are on one line are studied by Monte Carlo simulations. The depletion interactions are determined by ARM, and the coupling effect was proved by the numerical result that the depletion interactions in the three-sphere system are larger than that of the corresponding two-sphere system. Furthermore, we find that the mechanisms of the coupling effect and the effect on depletion force from the geometry factor are the same. In addition, the numerical results also show that this coupling effect will be affected by both the volume fraction and separation of three-sphere system.