Joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems

This paper introduces a joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation method for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems. The research results show that this method can reduce the walk- off effect and can therefore equalize the nonlinear impairments effectively. Compared with the only other existing nonlinearity pre-compensation method, the joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation method is not only suitable for low-dispersion optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing system, but also effective for high- dispersion optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing transmission system with higher input power but without optical dispersion compensation. The suggested solution does not increase computation complexity compared with only nonlinearity pre-compensation method. For 40 Gbit/s coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 20 × 80 km standard single-mode fibre system, the suggested method can improve the nonlinear threshold （for Q 〉 10 dB） about 2.7, 1.2 and 1.0 dB, and the maximum Q factor about 1.2, 0.4 and 0.3 dB, for 2, 8 and 16 ps/（nm.km） dispersion coefficients.

A High Spectral Efficient Frequency-Domain Channel-Estimation Method for the Polarization-Division-Multiplexed CO-OFDM-OQAM System

Contrary to the other multi-carrier modulation systems, the coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system with an offset quadrature amplitude modulation (CO-OFDM-OQAM) possesses inherent imaginary interference (IMI). This has an important impact on the channel estimation process. Currently, a variety of frequency-domain channel estimation methods have been proposed. However, there are various problems that still exist. For instance, in order to reduce the influence of IMI, it is necessary to insert more guard intervals between the training sequence and the payload, leading to the occupation of excessive spectrum resources. In order to address this problem, this work designs a high spectral efficient frequency-domain channel estimation method for the polarization-division-multiplexing CO-OFDM-OQAM systems. First, the working principle of the proposed method is described in detail. Then, its spectral efficiency, power peak-to-average ratio, and channel estimation performance are studied based on simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed method improves the spectral efficiency without worsening the power peak-to-average ratio. The channel estimation capability of this method is verified in three scenarios of long-distance transmissions, including back-to-back, 100 km, and 200 km transmissions. .

Vector mode based optical direct detection orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission in short-reach optical link

As one solution to implement the largecapacity space division multiplexing(SDM)transmission systems,the mode division multiplexing(MDM)has gained much attention recently.The vector mode(VM),which is the eigenmode of the optical fiber,has also been adopted to realize the optical communications including the transmission over free-space optical(FSO)and optical fiber links.Considering the concerns on the short-reach optical interconnects,the low cost and high integration technologies should be developed.Direct detection(DD)with higher-order modulation formats in combination of MDM technologies could offer an available trade-off in system performance and complexity.We review demonstrations of FSO and fiber high-speed data transmission based on the VM MDM(VMDM)technologies.The special VMs,cylindrical vector beams(CVB),have been generated by the q-plate(QP)and characterized accordingly.And then they were used to implement the VMDM transmission with direct-detection orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(DD-OFDM).These demonstrations show the potential of VMDM-DD-OFDM technology in the large-capacity short-reach transmission links.

Improved pilot data aided feed forward based on maximum likelihood for carrier phase jitter recovery in coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

Pilot data aided feed forward （PAFF） carrier recovery is essential for phase noise tracking in coherent optical receivers. This paper describes a new PAFF system based on new pilot arrangement and maximum likelihood （ML） to estimate the phase jitter in coherent receiver- induced by local oscillator＇s lasers and sampling clock errors. Square M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation （M-QAM） （4, 16, 64, and 256） schemes were used. A detailed mathematical description of the method was presented. The system performance was evaluated through numerical simulations and compared to those with noisefree receiver （ideal receiver） and feed forward without ML. The simulation results show that PAFF performs near the expected ideal phase recovery. Results clearly suggest that ML significantly improves the tolerance of phase error variance. From bit error rate （BER） sensibility evaluation, it was clearly observed that the new estimation method performs better with a 4-QAM （or quadrature phase shift keying （QPSK）） format compared to three others square QAM schemes. Analog to digital converter （ADC） resolution effect on the system performance was analyzed in terms of Q-factor. Finite resolution effect on 4-QAM is negligible while it negatively affects the system performance when M increases.

Decoupled estimation of frequency-dependent IQI and channel for OFDM systems with direct-conversion transceivers

The in-phase and quadrature-phase imbalance (IQI) is one of the major radio frequency impairments existing in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with direct-conversion transceivers. During the transmission of the communication signal, the impact of IQI is coupled with channel impulse responses (CIR), which makes the traditional channel estimation schemes ineffective. A decoupled estimation scheme is proposed to separately estimate the frequency-dependent IQI and wireless channel. Firstly, the generalized channel model is built to separate the parameters of IQI and wireless channel. Then an iterative estimation scheme of frequency-dependent IQI is designed at the initial stage of communication. Finally, based on the estimation result of IQI, the least square algorithm is utilized to estimate the channel-related parameters at each time of channel variation. Compared with the joint estimation schemes of IQI and channel, the proposed decoupled estimation scheme requires much lower training overhead at each time of channel variation. Simulation results demonstrate the good estimation performance of the proposed scheme.

Novel Low-Complexity Low-Latency Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Transmitter

Traditional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) transmitter is implemented by exploiting inverse fast Fourier transform(IFFT), up-sampling, and low pass shaping filter(LPSF) modules, which occupy a large number of hardware resources and severely lower down the operation speed. To address these limitations, we propose a novel OFDM transmitter architecture, by which the aforementioned modules can be discarded and replaced with some simple switches. In the proposed architecture, direct digital synthesis(DDS) method is employed to generate digital sub-carriers and to transform OFDM data from frequency domain to time domain. Through some sophisticated simplifications, the proposed architecture can avoid using multipliers and remarkably save hardware resources. Finally, comparative experiments are carried out on field programmable gate array(FPGA) platform which demonstrates that our DDS-based architecture saves more than half of the hardware resources and doubles the achievable maximum frequency compared with traditional structure.

Greater than 200 Gb/s Transmission Using Direct-Detection Optical OFDM Superchannel

In this paper, we propose directdetection optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing superchannel （DDOOFDMS） and optical multiband receiving method （OMBR） to support a greater than 200 Gb/s data rate and longer distance for direct-detection systems. For the new OMBR, we discuss the optimum carriertosideband power ratio （CSPR） in the cases of backtoback and post transmission. We derive the analytical form for CSPR and theoretically verify it. A low overhead training method for estimating I/Q imbalance is also introduced in order to improve performance and maintain high system throughput. The experiment results show that these proposals enable an unprecedented data rate of 214 Gb/s （190 Gb/s without overhead） per wavelength over an unprecedented distance of 720 km SSMF in greater than 100 Gb/s DDOFDM systems.

Flipped-Exponential Nyquist Pulse Technique to Optimize PAPR in Optical Direct-Detection OFDM Systems

In this paper, we describe a novel technique based on the flipped-exponential （FE） Nyquist pulse method for reducing peak-to-average power ratio （PAPR） in an optical direct-detection orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （DD-QFDM） system, The technique involves proper selection of the FE Nyquist pulses for shaping the different subcarriers of the OFDM. We apply this technique to a DD-OFDM transmission system to significantly reduce PAPR. We also investigate the sensitivity of a received OFDM signal with strong nonlinearity in a standard single-mode fiber （SMF）.

Signal Clipping at Transmitter and Receiver of O-OFDM for VLC under Optical Power Constraint

Visible light communications(VLC)is considered as an effective supplement technology for next-generation(6G)communications due to its abundant spectrum,high power efficiency and easy deployment.Optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(O-OFDM)is a common technology to obtain further promotion.In this paper,two typical O-OFDM schemes direct current biased O-OFDM(DCO-OFDM)and asymmetrically clipped O-OFDM(ACO-OFDM)are analyzed in terms of signal clipping at both transmitter and receiver under the constraints of maximum optical power and non-negative optical power.And effective electrical SNR models after signal clipping are proposed and verified by link simulation.Then a noise cancellation scheme is proposed based on received signal clipping and is proved to bring a significant gain for ACO-OFDM.By system simulation,we find that under a certain optical power limitation,most users can achieve above 4 Gbps in indoor scenario when modulation bandwidth of the light emit diode(LED)or laser diode(LD)is 1 GHz.Therefore,it can be expected that the throughput could reach tens Gbps when the LED/LD modulation bandwidth is increased and multiple LEDs/LDs are deployed.

Beyond 100 Gb/s Optical OFDM Transmitted in Optical Long-Haul System

100 G Ethernet is considered to become the next generation Ethernet standard for IP networks.Typical 100 Gb/s transmission systems and their performance are presented.Comparision and analysis for 100 Gb/s transmission systems have been discussed.It is demonstrated that optical OFDM can be used in future 100 Gb/s/ch and long-haul system.

Elastic Resource Allocation for Multi-Granularity Multicasting Traffic in OFDM-Based Optical Networks

With the increasing requirements of the multicast services in the whole data traffic service, the optical multicast technology becomes a key technology supporting wide bandwidth and high speed multicasting communication. The transmission efficiency, capacity and robustness of optical multicast network can be further improved by introducing network coding technology into optical multicast networks. Meanwhile, facing to demand of emerging rate-variable multi-granularity multicast service, a multi-path transmission scheme based on network coding for routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) is proposed. It can not only allocate spectrum resources effectively and flexibly for various-rate multicast traffic, but also balance the network load, improve network throughput and reduce transmission blocking rate. In this paper, RSA problem is decomposed into two subproblems, namely routing allocation based on network coding and spectrum allocation based on maximum spectrum first (MSF) strategy, which are solved sequentially. Simulation experiments are carried out to analyze transmission performance with proposed RSA scheme. The simulation results show that the proposed RSA mechanism can allocate spectrum resources efficiently and flexibly for multi-granularity multicast traffic. Compared with RSA schemes based on shortest path tree (SPT) and minimal spanning tree (MST), the proposed RSA scheme is more efficient for spectrum resource utilization and load balancing, and spectrum resource is saved more than 20%.

基于信息熵特征的正交频分复用无源光网络系统

越来越多的ONU接入无源光网络,易发生网络拥塞问题,信息传输延迟,数据丢包等现象出现,为此,设计了基于信息熵特征的正交频分复用无源光网络系统。由光线路终端(OLT)、光分配网络(ODN)和光网络单元(ONU)组成系统框架结构,采用分散分光形式设计系统组网结构,借助My SQL,设计系统数据库以及数据表。设计系统三个主要功能模块,即无源光信息收发模块、基于信息熵的ONU负载判断模块以及无源光网络带宽分配模块,通过合理分配带宽资源,提高无源光网络传输能力。结果表明:无源光网络系统5次轮询后传输时隙长度均在4 ms以下,无源光网络通信传输效率高,能够快速实现信息传递,极大避免时延问题。

Joint timing and frequency synchronization in coherent optical OFDM systems

In this paper,we review our joint timing and frequency synchronization algorithms in coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(CO-OFDM)systems.We first present a timing estimation method by designing the pattern of the training symbol,whose timing metric has a sharp and clear peak,to ensure accurate timing offset(TO)estimation performance.Then we provide both data-aided(DA)and blind(BL)approaches to estimate the carrier frequency offset(CFO).For the DA algorithm,we utilize the same training symbol structure as the timing estimation does,while for the BL algorithm,we utilize the zero-subcarrier power(ZSP)to achieve full-range CFO estimation.Note that our joint timing and frequency synchronization approaches require only one OFDM symbol,which ensure not only the data transmission efficiency,but also the TO and CFO estimation performance.A modified BL ZSP algorithm is proposed to further improve the CFO estimation performance by taking the power average over a series of OFDM symbols.The effectiveness of the TO estimation algorithm,and both the DA and BL CFO estimation algorithms are verified and demonstrated in both simulations and experiments.

可见光通信中HACO-OFDM系统的信道估计研究

针对可见光通信(VLC)中混合非对称幅度截断光正交频分复用(HACO-OFDM)系统中非视距路径(NLOS)信道会恶化可见光通信系统的误码性能,提出一种用于HACO-OFDM系统的信道估计方案。在该方案中,块状导频仅被添加到奇数子载波,通过联合最小二乘(LS)算法和三次样条插值获得完整的信道状态信息(CSI)。仿真结果表明,HACO-OFDM系统采用提出的信道估计方案后,显著改善了来自NLOS信道信号的误码性能。本方案实现简单,能够较准确的获取信道状态信息,可以提高NLOS场景下的可见光通信质量。

一种自适应O-OFDM符号分解串行传输系统接收机设计

自适应光正交频分复用符号分解串行传输(Adaptive Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Symbol Decomposition with Serial Transmission,O-OFDM-ASDST)可以抑制O-OFDM系统非线性失真,但在接收端将分解符号合并时会增大加性高斯白噪声(Additive White Gaussian Noise,AWGN),因此设计一种能够抑制AWGN的新型接收机.分析了O-OFDM分解符号的结构特征和可观测到的AWGN的最大偏移分量,基于此对接收分解符号进行预处理,尽可能恢复出原本等于限幅门限和零值的时域抽样值,再根据O-OFDM分解符号特征,重构接收分解符号.最后采用蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)误码率仿真方法,验证了接收机的有效性.

极化码在水下光通信系统中的应用研究

为了验证不同水质条件对水下光通信的影响,采用蒙特卡罗模拟算法模拟了水下光信道的离散冲激响应。在此基础上结合具有抗衰落优点的正交频分复用技术搭建了水下光通信系统,针对收发端已知信道状态信息前提下,采用16正交幅度调制方式,结合蒙特卡罗构造算法完成极化码的构造,译码端使用基于循环冗余校验辅助的串行抵消译码算法,设计并实现了基于正交频分复用技术的水下光通信系统中的极化码编译码方案。通过实验验证了不同水质条件下码长等参数对极化码性能的影响,证明了在高信噪比时,极化码相比同等码长的低密度奇偶校验码在不同水质下具有0.2 dB~0.6 dB左右的性能增益;随着水质环境越差,其渐进性能优势表现得越明显,且不会出现误码平层的问题。极化码的编码结构更加清晰简单,译码复杂度与低密度奇偶校验码相差不大,且在译码中不需要多次迭代。因此相比于其他编码方案,极化码具有较低的编译码复杂度,在水下光通信场景中具有很强的竞争力和应用潜力。

基于物理层加密的OFDM可见光通信系统安全传输方案

针对可见光通信(VLC)链路的数据传输安全性不高的问题。在正交频分复用(OFDM)VLC系统中,提出一种比特级、符号级和相位联合加密的三级物理层加密方案。首先,引入Logistic映射的混沌序列加密方法降低加密数据的相关性,提高加密数据的安全性和系统的传输性能;然后,提出基于S替换表的星座映射,根据不同的S替换表生成对应的星座映射关系,使得原始二进制比特数据和加密后生成的数字调制信号之间始终保持格雷映射的特性,保证格雷增益。仿真结果表明:相比现有的方案,提出的物理层加密方案不仅具有更高的安全性,还降低了OFDM VLC系统发送数据的峰均功率比,缓解了发光二极管(LED)发射端产生的非线性失真,提升了系统的误码率性能。

基于特征向量构建的相干正交频分复用无源光网络系统

设计基于特征向量构建的相干正交频分复用无源光网络系统,避免无源光网络受到码间串扰的影响。设置光梳状谱发生器作为系统光源,生成光波信号,利用波分复用器分离生成的光波信号,完成分离后信号传送至IQ调制器,IQ调制器利用正交频分复用信号调制与解调过程调制分离信号,通过波分复用器集合完成调制的两路光波,集合后光波利用传输光纤传送至光节点;光节点中的相干接收器接收光波信号后,利用光电二极管传送至SVM均衡器,SVM均衡器利用特征向量构建方案均衡光波信号,实现信号的高效传输。系统测试结果表明,驱动功率为11 dB、本振光功率为6 dBm时,系统具有最佳的通信性能,所设计系统可有效改善码间串扰情况,均衡通信信号。

基于离散哈特莱变换的LACO-OFDM低复杂度接收方法研究

在分层非对称限幅光正交频分复用(LACO-OFDM)中,采用离散哈特莱变换(DHT)可以弥补采用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)时存在的频谱效率不高的缺陷,但在接收端多层信号的分离仍存在计算复杂度高的问题。结合DHT-LACO-OFDM信号的时域对称和反对称特性,提出一种基于时域重构的分层信号接收方法,在时域把叠加的信号进行分层接收。研究结果表明,相比于传统的时频域结合的迭代接收方式,基于时域重构的分层信号接收方法在误比特性能上与传统的迭代接收方式几乎相同,但计算复杂度约降低为原来的一半。

基于压缩感知的MIMO-DCO-OFDM VLC信道估计研究

为了改善可见光通信(VLC)带宽受限的问题,利用多输入多输出直流偏置光正交频分复用技术(MIMO-DCO-OFDM)优化VLC系统以提高传输速率,构建了一个室内4×4 MIMO-DCO-OFDM VLC系统。同时提出了一种改进的分段弱正交匹配追踪(ISWOMP)算法用于VLC系统的信道估计以降低导频开销。仿真结果表明,在4×4 MIMO-DCO-OFDM VLC系统中,与传统最小二乘法相比,该算法具有较低的导频开销和更好的估计精度。在不同信噪比的情况下,ISWOMP算法均比传统CS正交匹配追踪算法(OMP)具有更高的估计精度,同时该方法无需提前获取信号稀疏度,比OMP更具有现实应用的可能性。