A low-cost invasive microwave ablation antenna with a directional heating pattern

Microwave ablation(MWA) is a cancer treatment method. The tumor tissue absorbs electromagnetic energy, which heats and kills it. A microwave ablation antenna plays a critical role in this process. Its radiation field must completely cover the tumor but not the healthy tissue. At present, the radiation pattern of most invasive ablation antennas is spherical.However, in the clinic, the shape of some tumors may be asymmetrical or the antenna cannot be inserted into the center of the tumor for some other reason. In order to solve these problems, a directional heating antenna for microwave ablation is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna, operating at 2.45 GHz, consists of a monopole and a reflector. The feed is given by a substrate integrated coaxial line(SICL) and coplanar waveguide(CPW). The omnidirectional radiation field of the monopole is reflected by a reflector that is extended from the outer conductors of the SICL to form a directional radiation field. The impedance matching network is designed on SICL to match the antenna to 50 Ω. The antenna is fabricated using a mature printed circuit board(PCB). The reflection coefficient of the antenna in porcine liver tissue measured by a vector network analyzer shows good agreement with the simulations. Then, an ablation experiment in porcine liver is conducted with power of 10 W for 10 min, and the experimental results confirm the validity of the design.

Radiation heat transfer model for complex superalloy turbine blade in directional solidification process based on finite element method

For the sake of a more accurate shell boundary and calculation of radiation heat transfer in the Directional Solidification(DS) process, a radiation heat transfer model based on the Finite Element Method(FEM)is developed in this study. Key technologies, such as distinguishing boundaries automatically, local matrix and lumped heat capacity matrix, are also stated. In order to analyze the effect of withdrawing rate on DS process,the solidification processes of a complex superalloy turbine blade in the High Rate Solidification(HRS) process with different withdrawing rates are simulated; and by comparing the simulation results, it is found that the most suitable withdrawing rate is determined to be 5.0 mm·min^(-1). Finally, the accuracy and reliability of the radiation heat transfer model are verified, because of the accordance of simulation results with practical process.

Influence of Different Vortex Generators on Heat Transfer in Direct Air-Cooled Condensers

通过数值模拟研究了矩形小翼、三角小翼、梯形小翼、柱面梯形翼、柱面三角翼和柱面矩形翼等6种涡流发生器分别安装于直接空冷凝汽器单排蛇形翅片扁管中的压降和换热性能。Re数在600~1800范围内,涡流发生器采用相同高宽比、尾高、攻角以及安装位置。结果表明：矩形小翼的换热及压降增大最多,Re=1729时,相比平直翅片分别增加了14.27%和18.32%。Re=1 729时,柱面梯形翼的压力损失比矩形小翼少4.7%,换热低1.5%。当以（j/j0）/（f/f0）1/3作为综合换热性能评价标准时,柱面梯形翼的综合换热性能最好。另外,考察了柱面梯形翼倾角的影响（0°、6°、12°、20°、24°和26°）,相同工况下,倾角为12°的柱面梯形翼换热最好（较平直翅片增强4.29%~14.1%）、压降最小（增大7.5%~12.8%）且综合换热性能最好。柱面梯形翼因其迎流面积与斜边长度的匹配以及流线型柱面,具有良好的强化传热效果以及较小的压降。

Comprehensive Benefit Analysis of Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump System

Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump (DXGSHP) system directly extracts heat or cold energy from ground by consuming electricity to provide for space conditioning. Compared with the currently widely-used secondary loop Ground Couple Heat Pump (GCHP) system, it has higher energy efficiency, lower operating costs, and less environmental impact. A case study is carried out in this paper. The subject is a residential building located in Beijing, China. It is assumed that the building adopts the DXGSHP system and the GCHP system respectively. Annual loads and energy consumption are simulated and computed. Then the initial cost, operating cost and CO2 emission are calculated. The economic benefit is analyzed with the Payback Time method and the Dynamic Annual Cost Value method. The environmental benefit is discussed mainly by comparing the CO2 emission savings. The results show that the DXGSHP system has higher initial costs, but lower operating costs, and less greenhouse gas emissions. The DXGSHP system has better comprehensive benefits than the GCHP system.

The Characteristics of the Evaporator/Evaporator for Direct Expansion Solar Assisted Heat Pump System

Direct expansion solar assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP) technology is developed by combining solar energy heat utilization with heat pump energy saving technology. The experimental researches of the DX-SAHP hot water system are conducted in this paper, and overall performance of DX-SAHP is analyzed with three different structures of collectors/evaporators, namely a bare-plate collector, a glass-plate collector and double collectors/evaporators (a bare-plate collector and a glass-plate collector). The influence factors and overall performance are studied, which show that the overall performance of the system is mainly influenced by solar irradiation intensity and the collector area. Comparing with glass-plate collector in similar conditions, bare-plate collector system COP is higher. While increasing collector area is conducive to improve the system COP, but will reduce the collector efficiency and increase the workload of the compressor by comparing the bare-plate collector with double-plate collectors.

Analysis of Thermodynamic Characteristic Changes in Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump Using Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) Substituting for HFC-134a

HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze[E] have low global warming potential and zero ozone depletion potential. If they are used in the direct expansion ground source heat pump system substituting for HFC-134a, the system will be beneficial to mitigating climate change. This study aims to find out the thermodynamic characteristics of the direct expansion ground source heat pump system using HFO-1234yf or HFO-1234ze[E] by theoretical calculation. The results indicate that HFO-1234yf system in an actual cycle has the highest COP. HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze[E] have such smaller capacity per unit of swept volume that they need larger compression capacity if providing the same heating or cooling loads. For a given unit when HFC-134a is replaced with HFO-1234yf or HFO-1234ze[E], the capacity will decrease. More refrigerant charge is required in the HFO-1234yf or HFO-1234ze[E] system. The results also present that more refrigerant charge is required in the cooling mode than in the heating mode.

Global heat transfer model and dynamic ray tracing algorithm for complex multiple turbine blades of Nibased superalloys in directional solidification process

High-quality solidification microstructure during directional solidification relies on precise temperature gradient control, so accurate calculation of the temperature field is critical. In this study, a 3D transient global heat transfer model of directional solidification by the Bridgman method based on the finite difference method is developed. The radiation heat in this model is calculated by the discrete transfer method, and a modified method of external surface area for irregular geometric models is proposed to reduce the zigzag shape caused by finite difference grids. Considering the radiative heat transfer between any surface elements of all materials in the directional solidification furnace, a dynamic ray tracing algorithm is developed to simulate the entire process of directional solidification. Then, the simulated results are compared with the theoretical results and experimental results, respectively. Finally, based on the present model and method, the simulation program developed is applied to the directional solidification of actual castings. The simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental results, which indicate that the model and method developed in this study is effective and practical.

ALTERNATING-DIRECTION MULTISTEP PRECONDITIONED ITERATIVE METHODS FOR SEMICONDUCTOR PROBLEM WITH HEAT-CONDUCTION

The model of transient behavior of semiconductor with heat-conduction is an initial and boundary problem. Alternating-direction multistep preconditioned iterative methods and theory analyses are given in this paper. Electric potential equation is approximated by mixed finite element method, concentration and heat-conduction equations are approximated by Galerkin alternating-direction multistep methods. Error estimates of optimal order in L2 are demonstrated.

Transient Heat Transfer Study of Direct Contact Condensation of Steam in Spray Cooling Water

We conducted a transient experimental investigation of steam–water direct contact condensation in the absence of noncondensible gas in a laboratory-scale column with the inner diameter of 325 mm and the height of 1045 mm. We applied a new analysis method for the steam state equation to analyze the molar quantity change in steam over the course of the experiment and determined the transient steam variation. We also investigated the influence of flow rates and temperatures ofcooling water on the efficiency ofsteam condensation. Our experimental results show that appropriate increasing of the cooling water flow rate can significantly accelerate the steam condensation. We achieved a rapid increase in the total volumetric heat transfer coefficient by increasing the flow rate of cooling water, which indicated a higher thermal convection between the steam and the cooling water with higher flow rates. We found that the temperature ofcooling water did not play an important role on steam condensation. This method was confirmed to be effective for rapid recovering ofsteam.

Direct numerical simulation of viscoelastic-fluid-based nanofluid turbulent channel flow with heat transfer

Our previous experimental studies have confirmed that viscoelastic-fluid-based nanofluid(VFBN) prepared by suspending nanoparticles in a viscoelastic base fluid(VBF, behaves drag reduction at turbulent flow state) can reduce turbulent flow resistance as compared with water and enhance heat transfer as compared with VBF. Direct numerical simulation(DNS) is performed in this study to explore the mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement(HTE) and flow drag reduction(DR) for the VFBN turbulent flow. The Giesekus model is used as the constitutive equation for VFBN. Our previously proposed thermal dispersion model is adopted to take into account the thermal dispersion effects of nanoparticles in the VFBN turbulent flow. The DNS results show similar behaviors for flow resistance and heat transfer to those obtained in our previous experiments. Detailed analyses are conducted for the turbulent velocity, temperature, and conformation fields obtained by DNSs for different fluid cases, and for the friction factor with viscous, turbulent, and elastic contributions and heat transfer rate with conductive, turbulent and thermal dispersion contributions of nanoparticles, respectively. The mechanisms of HTE and DR of VFBN turbulent flows are then discussed. Based on analogy theory, the ratios of Chilton–Colburn factor to friction factor for different fluid flow cases are investigated, which from another aspect show the significant enhancement in heat transfer performance for some cases of water-based nanofluid and VFBN turbulent flows.

热处理对Ti-45.5Al-4Cr-2.5Nb合金组织和性能的影响

钛铝合金因其高比强度、高比弹性模量、良好的高温抗氧化性和优良的高温性能,已成为新一代高温材料的代表之一。然而,其较低的室温脆性和断裂韧性限制了其工程应用。本实验采用水冷铜坩埚真空感应熔炼炉(ISM)制备TiAl合金,在脉冲电流作用定向凝固后,采用OM、SEM以及万能材料试验机研究了热处理对电场作用下定向凝固Ti-45.5Al-4Cr-2.5Nb合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,热处理前后TiAl基合金组织的晶粒取向、排列基本一致,高温热处理使晶粒尺寸增大,晶粒平均偏离角和一次枝晶间距都有所增大,重结晶晶粒内由γ/B2片层变为γ/α_(2)全片层组织。高温热处理使B2相熔解,含量大幅减少,重新结晶组织转变为全片层组织,使TiAl合金抗拉强度、延伸率显著提高,相较于原始母合金,抗拉强度提高了92.7%,延伸率提高了189.3%。

Effect of Flow Directions on Multiphase Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Enhanced by Suspending Particles in a Circulating Evaporation System

A circulating fluidized bed evaporator(including down-flow, horizontal, and up-flow beds) was constructed to study the effect of flow directions on multiphase flow boiling heat transfer. A range of experimental investigations were carried out by varying amount of added particles(0-2%), circulation flow rate(2.15-5.16 m^3/h) and heat flux(8-16 kW/m^2). The comparison of heat transfer performance in different vertical heights of the horizontal bed was also discussed. Results reveal that the glass bead particle can enhance heat transfer compared with vapor-liquid two-phase flow for all beds. At a low heat flux(q = 8 kW/m), the heat-transfer-enhancing factor of the horizontal bed is obviously greater than those of the up-flow and down-flow beds. With the increase in the amount of added particles, the heat-transfer-enhancing factors of the up-flow and down-flow beds increase, whereas that of the horizontal bed initially increases and then decreases. However, at a high heat flux(q=16 kW/m), the heat-transfer-enhancing factors of the three beds show an increasing tendency with the increase in the amount of added particles and become closer than those at a low heat flux. For all beds, the heat-transfer-enhancing factor generally increases with the circulation flow rate but decreases with the increase in heat flux.

空气源热泵直接地板辐射供暖升温过程实验研究

空气源热泵直接地板辐射供暖系统以制冷剂为热媒直接加热地板,具有系统简单、传热效果好的优点。文中搭建空气源热泵直接地板辐射供暖实验装置,在0℃、-5℃和-10℃3种不同室外环境温度下,对毛细管地板辐射末端供暖升温过程进行实验研究。实验结果表明:室外温度为-5℃时,地板温度稳定基本需要120 min,同一根毛细管壁制冷剂蒸气入口端与出口端温差较小为1.55℃,而在20 mm厚水泥地板表面上其温差为1.73℃;室外温度为-10℃时,地板升温速度最慢为0.15℃/min,小室内空气升温速度为0.09℃/min,此时机组制热COP稳定在3.06。

微波参数对果蔬物料温度特性的影响

为提高微波加热效率和加热均匀性,应用有限元分析软件COMSOL Multiphysics建立微波干燥的电磁波-热传导双向耦合模型,模拟微波干燥果蔬样品的过程。探索微波参数对微波加热效率的影响,并采用脉冲微波方式,优化微波加热均匀性。结果表明,从X轴和Y轴方向同时入射0.5 kW微波时,物料温升最大,且比单微波温升最快时的加热效率高了9.3%;脉冲微波可将物料温度均匀性提高53.7%。探索微波干燥的均匀性规律,可为改善微波干燥均匀加热提供参考。

Al-Cu-Sc铝合金板材不同热处理状态下的组织和力学性能研究

以厚度为3 mm的Al-Cu-Sc铝合金板材为研究对象,利用EBSD技术对人工时效态(T6态)和退火态(O态)板材的微观组织进行分析;对T6态、O态、W态以及经过预拉伸变形和人工时效处理得到的T8态板材在室温下进行单向拉伸测试,研究不同热处理状态下板材的力学性能变化规律。结果表明:T6态和O态板材中都存在[001]方向的织构,且O态板材的织构更强。T6态板材的晶界以大角度晶界为主,O态板材的晶界以小角度晶界为主,且其晶粒尺寸远大于T6态板材。T6态和W态Al-Cu-Sc板材轧制方向与横向强度基本一样,而O态板材轧向强度明显高于横向。O态板材的强度最低,T6态板材的塑性最差,而W态板材具有最小的屈强比和最大的应变硬化指数n值,成形性能最好。此外,经过预拉伸和人工时效后得到的T8态板材强度显著提升,当预拉伸变形量为5%和7%时,T8态板材抗拉强度超过500 MPa。

T6热处理对多向锻态VWZ113K稀土镁合金微观组织及力学性能的影响

以多向锻造Mg-11Gd-3.6Y-2Zn-0.6Zr稀土镁合金为研究对象,利用扫描电镜、能谱分析、电子背散射衍射技术及室温拉伸实验分析了T5和T6热处理工艺对多向锻态稀土镁合金组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,T5热处理后合金为混晶组织,晶界分布有大尺寸长周期堆垛有序(LPSO)结构强化相,合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度及伸长率分别为241 MPa、357 MPa及13.0%;在T6热处理中,随着固溶温度的升高,静态再结晶逐渐形核并长大,促进了组织均匀性提升;但晶粒长大会消耗位错并降低位错强化效应;同时,升温加速了LPSO结构强化相回溶,晶界LPSO结构强化相变得更加细小弥散,促进了弥散强化作用;此外,固溶温度升高还会导致晶粒择优长大,促进织构强化;430℃、8 h+225℃、16 h是最佳热处理工艺,合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度及伸长率分别可达302 MPa、398 MPa及11.5%;多种强化机制均衡作用促使合金强塑性协同提升。

烟气余热蒸发处理锅炉脱硫废水技术的开发及应用

针对炼化企业污水“近零”排放难以消纳高盐高氨氮脱硫废水的问题,研发利用锅炉烟气余热在烟道直接蒸发脱硫废水的流态模型,开展废水液滴粒径、雾化角度、烟速、烟温等变量对液滴完全蒸发时间、蒸发距离的数值模拟研究和小试实验,完成烟道蒸发室的工业结构设计,并经过2个阶段的废水工业化试运行,验证了该技术的合理性和可行性。对试运行过程中出现的问题进行了客观的分析评价,提出了必要的整改措施,开创了脱硫废水低成本、低能耗环保处理的新途径。

基于“一维系统+三维CFD”耦合方法的快堆非能动余热排出系统自然循环特性的数值模拟

池式快堆采用了新型非能动堆内直接余热排出(DRACS)方式,提升了快堆的安全性。目前针对池式快堆自然循环开展的数值模拟研究中,系统程序难以准确预测池内复杂自然循环路径,难以准确模拟池内三维热工水力现象,如果采用三维CFD计算建模及网格划分难度较高,且所需计算资源较大。为此本文开发了“一维系统+三维CFD”耦合方法,用于快堆非能动余热排出系统自然循环特性计算分析。利用日本大型钠回路实验台架(PLANDTL)DRACS自然循环模式对该耦合方法进行验证,稳态工况关键位置参数相对误差小于3%,瞬态工况关键位置参数与实验值变化趋势吻合较好,相对误差小于10%,验证了该耦合方法的适用性和准确性。利用该耦合方法,开展了中国实验快堆(CEFR)自然循环及余热排出特性计算分析,识别了池内自然循环流动路径,揭示了池内温度分层以及盒间流现象。本文方法可为大型钠冷快堆自然循环三维瞬态特性分析提供重要数值方法。

型壳加热温度对单晶高温合金显微组织及“雀斑”形成的影响

利用所设计的阶梯试样进行定向凝固试验和模拟,研究定向凝固过程型壳加热温度对单晶高温合金铸件显微组织和“雀斑”形成的影响。分析糊状区的温度场及形貌。结果表明,升高型壳加热温度,一次和二次枝晶间距减小,糊状区液相的渗透率和对流通道的宽度降低,“雀斑”形成倾向性降低,“雀斑”宽度减小,“雀斑”区域枝晶碎片减少。此外,随着型壳加热温度的升高,糊状区液相冷却速率增加,糊状区熔体的冷却时间减少,液体流动对枝晶的破碎程度得到削弱,这进一步降低单晶高温合金铸件“雀斑”形成的倾向性。

激光直接沉积成形Ni_(3)Al合金的微观组织及热处理研究

研究了激光直接沉积成形高硼Ni_(3)Al合金的微观组织及热处理对合金的影响。结果表明,激光沉积Ni_(3)Al合金组织主要由γ+γ'共晶相、γ'相和硼化物组成。固溶处理时,形状不规则的γ'相和硼化物发生固溶,但随着固溶温度的升高,合金组织中会有β-NiAl相析出;时效过程中,γ'相和硼化物会从基体相中重新析出,新生γ'相和硼化物更加细小、弥散。经过1080℃×4 h,AC+900℃×10 h,AC固溶时效处理后,合金不仅获得了细小弥散的γ'相和硼化物强化组织,且有效抑制了β-NiAl相析出,使得合金力学性能得到了很好的改善。