A New Kind of Pilot Controlled Proportional Direction Valve with Internal Flow Feedback

Proportional direction valve is one of the most fundamental elements in electronic-hydraulic control technique. Its function is to control the operating speed, direction, position, and strength of output force of the hydraulic actuator continuously. Considering the different application and the cost, the existing technique mainly includes the internal feedback valve used in open loop system, and the electronic closed loop controlled valve used in closed loop system. Because of their different mechanical structure and the gre at different in performance, it brings inconvenience for customer to select, also inconvenience for enterprise to produce. Aiming at this problem, the idea of combining the above two kinds of valves into one body is proposed first, and then the new valve＇s structure to realize this target is designed. The idea intends to apply the displacement pilot flow feedback control principle in present 2-position 2-way valve system to the proportional direction valve of 3-position 4-way system. Newly designed feed forward controller can decouple the interference between the internal feedback and the electronic closed loop. Redundant conversion is designed to electronic switch mode. Experiment on dynamic and static characteristic of new proportional direction valve in internal feedback control mode and electronic closed loop control mode is discussed to prove the new theory is correct. Although the new valve is of excellent dynamic response characteristic, its steady control characteristic in open loop control mode needs to be improved further. The research results prepare one new fundamental element for electronic-hydraulic control technology.

溴化铈闪烁探测器双能定向γ辐射取样技术研究

定向获取放射性待测体中放射性元素含量或放射性活度是地质勘查和放射性污染调查的一项重要工作。在定向γ辐射取样过程中,非待测体区域γ射线对测量结果形成极大干扰。本文基于同一放射性衰变系列中高、低能量γ射线在溴化铈闪烁探测器铅屏蔽层中线性衰减系数的差异,设计了一种溴化铈闪烁探测器双能定向γ辐射取样探头。当以214Bi放出的0.609 MeV、1.764 MeV γ射线为探测对象时,使用蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo,MC)数值模拟得出双能定向γ辐射取样探头的最佳铅屏蔽层厚度为6 mm,定向比例系数为a=0.268、A=0.451。经4种干扰辐射体蒙特卡罗数值模拟和两个镭源物理实验验证表明,采用该定向比例系数得到的双能γ辐射探头铅屏蔽张角以内0.609 MeV的γ射线计数值与MC模拟值的平均相对误差为0.63%;经两个镭源物理实验验证表明,张角以内的0.609 MeVγ射线计数值与实测值的相对误差为±2.52%以内。在放射性混合标准模型和三个放射性模型上进行双能定向γ辐射取样结果表明,设计的新型双能定向γ辐射取样探头具有定向γ辐射取样功能,实测模型中铀含量与模型推荐值的相对误差均小于5%。

无人机攻击问题国际人道法研究

科技发展让无人机从单纯搜集情报的工具转变为一种武器,由于能够提供更多相关信息,无人机应更能区分战斗员与平民,更能符合比例原则。然而,处理信息能力的不足和评价具体攻击合法性标准的提高以及信息不公开,使得无人机攻击总是在挑战而不是遵守国际人道法。而且,平民操作者进行无人机攻击,理论上也会影响其在国际人道法中的权利。无人机目前是合法武器,但完全自主的发展趋势将使其具有某种程度的"主体"地位,从而给以人为逻辑前提的国际人道法造成根本挑战。在问题变得更棘手以前,应从增强预防措施规则的法律效力和强调指挥官责任入手,及时解决无人机攻击问题。

Methodology for expressing the flow coefficients of coupled throttling grooves in a proportional–directional valve

Calculating the flow coefficient of a spool-valve is complicated due to the coupling–throttling effect in the throttling grooves of a proportional–directional valve.In this paper,a methodology for expressing the flow coefficient of coupled throttling grooves is proposed to resolve that difficulty.With this purpose,an approach of a 3 D numerical simulation and an experimental bench were introduced based on the prototype of a commercial proportional valve.The results show consistency between the numerical simulation and the bench test.Based on that,the concept of‘saturation limit’is introduced to describe the value gap between the current and saturated flows,so that the flow-coefficient saturation limit of the prototype in the process can be deducted.Accordingly,an approximate flow coefficient suitable for coupled throttling grooves within finite variable space,which is based on three typical throttling structures(i.e.O-shape,U-shape,and C-shape)of the coupled throttling grooves,is obtained based on an orthogonal test.The model results are consistent with the numerical and experimental results,with maximum errors of less than 5.29%and 5.34%,respectively.This suggests that the proposed method is effective in approximating the flow coefficient.

Proportional directional valve based automatic steering system for tractors

Most automatic steering systems for large tractors are designed with hydraulic systems that run on either constant flow or constant pressure. Such designs are limited in adaptability and applicability. Moreover, their control valves can unload in the neutral position and eventually lead to serious hydraulic leakage over long operation periods. In response to the problems noted above, a multifunctional automatic hydraulic steering circuit is presented. The system design is composed of a 5-way-3-position proportional directional valve, two pilot-controlled check valves, a pressure-compensated directional valve, a pressurecompensated flow regulator valve, a load shuttle valve, and a check valve, among other components. It is adaptable to most open-center systems with constant flow supply and closed-center systems with load feedback. The design maintains the lowest pressure under load feedback and stays at the neutral position during unloading, thus meeting the requirements for steering. The steering controller is based on proportional-integral-derivative(PID) running on a 51-microcontroller-unit master control chip. An experimental platform is developed to establish the basic characteristics of the system subject to stepwise inputs and sinusoidal tracking. Test results show that the system design demonstrates excellent control accuracy, fast response, and negligible leak during long operation periods.

A differential control method for the proportional directional valve

For the proportional directional valve controlled by two proportional solenoids, the normal control method(NCM) energizes only one solenoid at a time. The performance of the valve is greatly influenced by the nonlinearity of the proportional solenoid, such as dead zone and low force gain with a small current, and this effect cannot be eliminated by a simple dead-zone current compensation. To avoid this disadvantage, we propose the differential control method(DCM). By employing DCM, the controller outputs differential signals to simultaneously energize both solenoids of the proportional valve, and the operating point is found by analyzing the force output of the two solenoids to make a minimum variation of the current force gain. The comparisons of the valve response characteristics are made between NCM and DCM by nonlinear dynamic simulation and experiments. Simulation and experimental results show that by using DCM, the frequency response of the valve is greatly enhanced, especially when the input is small, which means that the dynamic characteristics of the proportional valve are improved.

A unified model of bidirectional reflectance distribution function for the vegetation canopy

An accurate and operational bidirectional reflectance distribution function （BDRF） canopy model is the basis of quantitative vegetation remote sensing. The canopy reflectance should be approximated as the sum of the single scattering reflectance arising from the sun, pl, and the multiple scattering reflectance arising from the canopy, fin, as their directional characteristics are dramatically different. Based on the existing BRDF model, we obtain a new analytical expression of ρ1 and ρm in this paper, which is suitable for different illumination conditions and different vegetation canopies. According to the geometrical optic model at the leaf scale, the anisotropy of ρ1 can be ascribed to the geometry of the object, sun and the sensor, multiple scale clumping, and the fraction of direct solar radiation and diffuse sky radiation. Then, we parameterize the area ratios of four components： the sunlit foliage, sunlit ground, shadow foliage and shadow ground based on a Poisson distribution, and develop a new approximate analytical single scattering reflectance model. Assuming G=0.5, a recollision probability theory based scattering model is developed which considers the effects of diffuse sky radiation, scattering inside the canopy and rebounds between the canopy and soil. Validation using ground measurements of maize and black spruce forest proves the reliability of the model.

Observation and simulation of the diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance in the Polar Ocean

The three-stream radiation transfer model is used to investigate the fluctuation in the underwater diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance in the polar ocean with a high solar zenith angle and different direct radiation proportions.First,the applicability of the three-stream radiation model in the polar region is validated by using 18 in situ observation data from September to October 2009 in the Beaufort Sea.Statistics show that in the absence of sea ice,the average relative errors between the simulation and observation values for 490 nm downwelling irradiance (E_(d)(490)) and its diffuse attenuation coefficient (K_(d)(490)) are 7.04%and 9.88%,respectively.At the stations surrounded by sea ice,the radiation is relatively small due to ice blocking,and the average relative errors simulated by the model reach 15.89%and 15.55%,respectively.Second,simulations with different chlorophyll concentrations and different proportions of direct radiation reveal that a high solar zenith angle has a greater impact on K_(d)(490) in the surface water.K_(d)(490) is less affected by the light field (affected by the solar zenith angle and the proportion of direct radiation) at depths greater than 30 m,and meets the linear relationship with the inherent optical parameters(the sum of the absorption coefficient and backscattering coefficient).The surface K_(d)(490) is still consistent with that at a depth of more than 50 meters under a high solar zenith angle,implying that the surface K_(d)(490) can also be considered as an inherent optical parameter at a high solar zenith angle (greater than 60 degrees).The relative error of obtaining surface K_(d)(490) by using the linear relationship at the 50 m layer is found to be less than 8%in the seawater with chlorophyll concentration greater than0.05 mg m^(-3).The effect of the solar zenith angle and proportion of direct radiation can be ignored when measuring the diffuse attenuation coefficient in the polar region.Finally,the model can correct the ice-induced fluctuation in downward irradiance,allowing for optical research of seawater beneath the ice in the polar ocean.

论武装冲突中比例原则的适用

武装冲突中,比例原则旨在寻求军事利益与平民保护两种价值之间的平衡,在不脱离现实的同时,给予平民居民和民用物体最大限度的保护。由于在概念的理解上缺乏明确指南,比例原则在实践中的适用并不乐观:比例原则强调攻击必须具备"具体和直接的军事利益",对它的理解与评估是适用比例原则的关键;附带损害的范围界定在实践中最具代表性的挑战则是如何认定军民两用物体在攻击中受损害以及攻击所带来的衍生影响;而合比例性评估的问题上,主要是一种价值判断。

比例原则视野下犯罪工具没收的实质解释

属于绝对义务没收的“供犯罪所用的本人财物”之没收属于保安处分,便捷而合理地遵守比例原则的路径是刑法解释学。犯罪工具型“供犯罪所用的本人财物”应被限制解释为“直接且专门供犯罪使用的本人财物”。所谓“供犯罪使用”,是指直接或准备直接供犯罪使用;所谓“直接”,是指财物对犯罪的实施起到了决定性或促进性的作用。某种财物是否被行为人专门用于实施犯罪或准备实施犯罪,应当从使用次数、使用比例、财物获取难易程度、主观目的、财物数量、财物特殊性以及行为人的社会角色等方面进行类型化界定。由此经由实质解释合理限缩犯罪工具的没收范围,实现仅仅将值得刑法没收的被用于或准备用于实施犯罪的财物予以没收的正义结果。此类没收存在于故意与过失犯罪之中,对于不应没收但应限制的财物,可实施附有一定解除条件的查封、扣押、冻结等保安处分措施。