RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BASED ON DIRECTIONAL VECTOR SIMULATION TECHNIQUE

The new improved directional vector simulation method foranalyzing the reliability of struc- tural systems failure probabilityis researched. This paper also points out the defects of generaldirectional vector simulation, and gives rise to a new higheraccuracy approximate integral formula of structural systems failureprobability. A new geometric meaning of characteristic function isobtained. A new simple method of generating uniformly distributedrandom vector sample sin n-dimensional unit hyper-spherical surfaceis put forward and strictly proved. This method is easy to put intopractice. Numerical examples are given to show the applicability andeffectiveness of the suggested approach to structural systemsreliability problems.

Monte Carlo方法在定向凝固模拟中的应用

应用MonteCarlo方法模拟了定向凝固条件下微观组织的形成过程 ,同时还模拟了双向凝固 ,四边由表面向中心凝固及整体凝固的微观组织形成过程 ,模拟结果与实际情况非常接近。

混凝土界面百分比计算的Monte Carlo法

基于混凝土细观结构模拟技术,提出用于计算界面面积百分比的MonteCarlo法.计算结果表明,对于给定的骨料面积百分比,界面面积百分比随着骨料最小直径的减小而增大;对于给定的骨料最小直径,界面面积百分比随着骨料面积百分比的增大而增大.应用数学拟合,给出了界面面积百分比的简单计算公式.

有限平板绕流Monte-Carlo方法仿真

本文采用直接仿真Monte-Carlo方法求解有限长平板绕流等问题。本方法是通过计算机跟踪仿真分子的运动来实现数值模拟的。仿真分子间的碰撞计算由统计抽样确定。碰撞模型分别选用了硬球分子模型和负幂律分子模型。仿真分子与固壁作用采用由完全扩散反射和镜面反射按比例混合组成的模型。为了检验方法的可靠性,还计算了激波结构和Rayleigh问题等一维流动,二维计算采用同步并行程序。数值结果表明直接仿真Monte-Carlo方法能够较好地模拟稀薄气体力学中的一些问题。对于二维计算,所花费的机时和所需的内存均在国内机器所允许的范围内。

直流辉光放电氮原子离子的Monte Carlo模拟研究

采用氮直流辉光放电等离子体中快电子和离子(N+2,N+)混合的蒙特卡罗模型,模拟研究了e-+N2N++N+2e和N+2+N2N++N+N2过程离子N+的产生率轴向分布随放电参数的变化规律及其轰击阴极的能量分布.结果表明,两种离解过程中氮原子离子(N+)的产生率均随气压和电压的增加而增大,随放电气体温度的升高而降低;但N+2-N2离解碰撞主要发生在阴极附近.在电压较高时,阴极处的N+主要由N+2-N2离解过程产生;在电压较低时,N+2-N2离解过程可忽略.

电子束曲面直写的Monte Carlo仿真与实验

电子束直写技术具有分辨率高、操作简单等优势,是制备微纳米曲面器件的一种理想工具。光刻胶的吸收能量沉积密度分布直接决定了直写后图形的精度和分辨率,由于曲面直写时吸收能量沉积密度分布非对称,因而现有的平面直写工艺不再适用于曲面直写。本文采用基于立方体计算微元的Monte Carlo方法计算不同直写参数变化下的吸收能量沉积密度分布。仿真结果表明:随着入射能量或入射角度的增加,直写点的椭圆度也在增加;而减小束斑和薄胶层可以提升曲面直写的分辨率。实验结果表明:在其他参数不变下,以入射能量(5、10、15 keV)和入射角度(5°、10°、15°)进行单一变量实验,直写点的长宽比分别为1.458、2.323、2.924和1.014、1.113、1.173。可以看出,入射能量对椭圆度地增加更为明显。实验与仿真有了较好地验证,本文结果为曲面直写工艺参数选择提供理论依据。

Joint Model of Wind Speed and Corresponding Direction Based on Wind Rose for Wind Energy Exploitation

As a common and extensive datum to analyze wind,wind rose is one of the most important components of the meteorological elements.In this study,a model is proposed to establish the joint probability distribution of wind speed and direction using grouped data of wind rose.On the basis of the model,an algorithm is presented to generate pseudorandom numbers of wind speed and paired direction data.Afterward,the proposed model and algorithm are applied to two weather stations located in the Liaodong Gulf.With the models built for the two cases,a novel graph representing the continuous joint probability distribution of wind speed and direction is plotted,showing a strong correlation to the corresponding wind rose.Moreover,the joint probability distributions are utilized to evaluate wind energy potential successfully.In cooperation with Monte Carlo simulation,the model can approximately predict annual directional extreme wind speed under different return periods under the condition that the wind rose can represent the meteorological characters of the wind field well.The model is beneficial to design and install wind turbines.

Biasing transition rate method based on direct MC simulation for probabilistic safety assessment

Direct Monte Carlo(MC) simulation is a powerful probabilistic safety assessment method for accounting dynamics of the system.But it is not efficient at simulating rare events.A biasing transition rate method based on direct MC simulation is proposed to solve the problem in this paper.This method biases transition rates of the components by adding virtual components to them in series to increase the occurrence probability of the rare event,hence the decrease in the variance of MC estimator.Several cases are used to benchmark this method.The results show that the method is effective at modeling system failure and is more efficient at collecting evidence of rare events than the direct MC simulation.The performance is greatly improved by the biasing transition rate method.

稀薄流高超声速钝化前缘逆向射流流场特征研究

为准确预测稀薄过渡区逆向射流对稀薄大气的干扰流动特征,本文采用直接蒙特卡洛算法(DSMC),在自由流马赫数为7的情况下,对稀薄流中逆向射流干扰下的高超声速流动进行了数值模拟。计算中考虑了60~90 km高度的典型大气环境,研究了压比和自由流克努森数对压力、剪切力和热流密度的影响规律。结果表明,逆向射流改变了流场结构,且具有明显的热防护性能,但减阻效果不明显。逆向射流对高超声速稀薄来流的影响随压比的增加明显增强,形成的马赫盘大小也随之增加。高度的增加伴随稀薄效应不断增强,自由流克努森数增大,导致弓形激波厚度随高度增加而增加,壁面处的回流区范围不断减小至消失。这项研究初步揭示了稀薄流中逆向射流/高超声速流动相互作用的机制。

Differentially weighted direct simulation Monte Carlo method for particle collision in gas-solid flows

In gas-solid flows, particle-particle interaction （typical, particle collision） is highly significant, despite the small particles fractional volume. Widely distributed polydisperse particle population is a typical characteristic during dynamic evolution of particles （e.g., agglomeration and fragmentation） in spite of their initial monodisperse particle distribution. The conventional direct simulation Monte Carlo （DSMC） method for particle collision tracks equally weighted simulation particles, which results in high statistical noise for particle fields if there are insufficient simulation particles in less-populated regions. In this study, a new differentially weighted DSMC （DW-DSMC） method for collisions of particles with different number weight is proposed within the framework of the general Eulerian-Lagrangian models for hydrodynamics. Three schemes （mass, momentum and energy conservation） were developed to restore the numbers of simulation particle while keeping total mass, momentum or energy of the whole system unchanged respectively. A limiting case of high-inertia particle flow was numerically simulated to validate the DW-DSMC method in terms of computational precision and efficiency. The momentum conservation scheme which leads to little fluctuation around the mass and energy of the whole system performed best. Improved resolution in particle fields and dynamic behavior could be attained simultaneously using DW-DSMC, compared with the equally weighted DSMC. Meanwhile, computational cost can be largely reduced in contrast with direct numerical simulation.

Spacecraft aerodynamics and trajectory simulation during aerobraking

This paper uses a direct simulation Monte Carlo （DSMC） approach to simulate rarefied aerodynamic characteristics during the aerobraking process of the NASA Mars Global Surveyor （MGS） spacecraft. The research focuses on the flowfield and aerodynamic characteristics distribution under various free stream densities. The vari- ation regularity of aerodynamic coefficients is analyzed. The paper also develops an aerodynamics-aeroheating-trajectory integrative simulation model to preliminarily calculate the aerobraking orbit transfer by combining the DSMC technique and the classical kinematics theory. The results show that the effect of the planetary atmospheric density, the spacecraft yaw, and the pitch attitudes on the spacecraft aerodynamics is significant. The numerical results are in good agreement with the existing results reported in the literature. The aerodynamics-aeroheating-trajectory integrative simulation model can simulate the orbit transfer in the complete aerobraking mission. The current results of the spacecraft trajectory show that the aerobraking maneuvers have good performance of attitude control.

Effect of unequal injection rates on asymmetric exclusion processes with junction

In this paper, we investigate the effect of unequal injection rates on totally asymmetric simple exclusion processes （TASEPs） with a 2-input 1-output junction and parallel update. A mean-field approach is developed to deal with the junction that connects two sub-chains and the single main chain. We obtain the stationary particle currents, density profiles and phase diagrams. Interestingly, we find that the number of stationary-state phases is changeable depending on the value of a1 （a1 is the injection rate on the first sub-chain）. When a1 〉 1/3, there are seven stationary-state phases in the system, however when a1 〈 1/3, only six stationary-state phases exist in the system. The theoretical calculations are shown to be in agreement with Monte Carlo simulations.

Theoretical investigation of total-asymmetric simple exclusion processes with attachment and detachment

In this paper, traffic systems with attachment and detachment have been studied by total-asymmetric simple exclusion processes （TASEPs）. Attachment and detachment in a one-dimensional system is a type of complex geometry that is relevant to biological transport with the random update rule. The analytical results are presented and have shown good agreement with the extensive Monte Carlo computer simulations.

DSMC: Fast direct simulation Monte Carlo solver for the Boltzmann equation by Multi-Chain Markov Chain and multicore programming

Direct Simulation Monte Carlo(DSMC)solves the Boltzmann equation with large Knudsen number.The Boltzmann equation generally consists of three terms:the force term,the diffusion term and the collision term.While the first two terms of the Boltzmann equation can be discretized by numerical methods such as the finite volume method,the third term can be approximated by DSMC,and DSMC simulates the physical behaviors of gas molecules.However,because of the low sampling efficiency of Monte Carlo Simulation in DSMC,this part usually occupies large portion of computational costs to solve the Boltzmann equation.In this paper,by Markov Chain Monte Carlo(MCMC)and multicore programming,we develop Direct Simulation Multi-Chain Markov Chain Monte Carlo(DSMC3):a fast solver to calculate the numerical solution for the Boltzmann equation.Computational results show that DSMC3 is significantly faster than the conventional method DSMC.

Convergence Detection in Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Calculations for Steady State Flows

A new criterion is presented to detect global convergence to steady state,and to identify local transient characteristics,during rarefied gas flow simulations performed using the direct simulation Monte Carlo(DSMC)method.Unlike deterministic computational fluid dynamics(CFD)schemes,DSMC is generally subject to large statistical scatter in instantaneous flow property evaluations,which prevents the use of residual tracking procedures as are often employed in CFD simulations.However,reliable prediction of the time to reach steady state is necessary for initialization of DSMC sampling operations.Techniques currently used in DSMC to identify steady state convergence are usually insensitive to weak transient behavior in small regions of relatively low density or recirculating flow.The proposed convergence criterion is developed with the goal of properly identifying such weak transient behavior,while adding negligible computational expense and allowing simple implementation in any existing DSMC code.Benefits of the proposed technique over existing convergence detection methods are demonstrated for representative nozzle/plume expansion flow,hypersonic blunt body flow and driven cavity flow problems.

Probability and reliability analysis of pillar stability in South Africa

A deterministic approach is frequently used in engineering design. In this quantitative design methodology, a safety factor, which is typically a strength-to-stress ratio, is derived as an index for the stability assessment of the engineering design. In underground coal mining applications such as pillar design,however, the inputs of pillar design are variables. This is widely overlooked in the deterministic approach. A probabilistic approach assessing the probability of failure or reliability of a system might be an alternative to the conventional quantitative methodology. This approach can incorporate the degree of uncertainty and deviations of variables and provide more versatile and reliable results. In this research, the reliability of case histories from stable and failed pillars of South Africa presented by Merwe and Mathey is examed. The updated Salamon and Munro strength formula(S-M formula) and Merwe and Mathey strength formula(M-M formula) are evaluated through a probabilistic approach. It is concluded that stable pillar cases have a reliability value greater than 0.83 while the reliability value of failed pillar cases are slightly larger than 0.50. There seems to be a positive relation between safety factor and reliability. The reliability of a pillar increases with pillar width but decreases with depth of cover, pillar height and entry width. The reliability analysis also confirms that M-M strength formula has a better distinction between the stable and failed pillar cases.

An Empirical Method for Prediction of Hypersonic Rarefied Flow-Field Structure

Numerical simulations are presented about the effects of gas rarefaction on hypersonic flow field.Due to the extremely difficult experiment,limited wind-tunnel conditions and high cost,most problems in rarefied flow regime are investigated through numerical methods,in which the direct simulation Monte-Carlo(DSMC)method is widely adopted.And the unstructured DSMC method is employed here.Flows around a vertical plate at a given velocity 7 500 m/s are simulated.For gas rarefaction is judged by the free-stream Knudsen number(Kn),two vital factors are considered:molecular number density and the plate′s length.Cases in which Kn varies from 0.035 to13.36 are simulated.Flow characters in the whole rarefied regime are described,and flow-field structure affected by Knis analyzed.Then,the dimensionless position D*of a certain velocity in the stagnation line is chosen as the marker of flow field to measure its variation.Through flow-field tracing and least-square numerical method analyzing,it is proved that hypersonic rarefied flow field expands outward linearly with the increase of 1/2Kn.An empirical method is proposed,which can be used for the prediction of the hypersonic flow-field structure at a given inflow velocity,especially the shock wave position.

宽进气道电子回旋共振离子源电磁场和中性粒子计算研究

传统10cm电子回旋共振离子推力器(ECRIT)离子源的进气道进气面积小、压强损失大,无法直接应用于吸气式电推进系统(ABEP)。针对该问题,本文提出了抗流槽和栅格两种宽面积进气道方案,基于多物理场仿真软件COMSOL、直接蒙特卡洛模拟(DSMC)方法,研究了不同进气道离子源内的微波电磁场分布、中性粒子分布,并通过实验验证了方案的可行性。研究结果表明:抗流槽和栅格进气道的最优结构分别为抗流槽中段长度4mm、栅格厚度2mm,最优结构下,两者离子源放电室微波能量均不低于传统离子源;传统离子源和栅格进气道离子源的推进剂供给压强均随流量线性增加,传统离子源所需供给压强约为栅格进气道离子源的3.86倍;当推进剂流量为2cm^(3)/min时,栅格进气道离子源可正常工作,所需的推进剂供给压强为0.14Pa;对比相近工况下传统氮工质10cm ECR离子源,栅格进气道离子源工作性能未见明显衰减。

基于DSMC方法的超低轨道卫星阻力特性分析

为向工程中卫星结构设计提供载荷依据,基于直接模拟蒙特卡洛仿真方法,采用Maxwell漫反射和镜面反射联合模型,对一典型超低轨道卫星的阻力特性进行研究.分析了结构网格密度、卫星头锥、星体长细比等参数对阻力特性的影响,并通过算例与文献结果对比以验证方法的准确性.结果表明,卫星阻力主要由迎风面投影面的压差阻力和卫星侧面的切向摩擦阻力组成.针对268 km典型超低轨道卫星模型,相同迎风面投影面积下,较尖的头锥结构能略微降低平飞阻力.卫星星体的长细比每增加1,阻力提升约5%~8%.全动尾翼通过改变攻角可以获得升力,升阻比为0.10~0.34.