Three-phase AC-DC Converter for Direct-drive PMSG-based Wind Energy Conversion System

In this paper,a wind energy conversion system(WECS)is presented for the electrification of rural areas with wind energy availability.A three-phase AC-DC converter based on a bridgeless Cuk converter is used for power extraction from the permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG).The bridgeless topology enables the elimination of the front-end diode bridge rectifier(DBR).Moreover,the converter has fewer components,simple control,and high efficiency,making it suitable for a small-scale WECS.A squirrel cage induction motor(SCIM)is used to emulate a MOD-2 wind turbine to implement the PMSG-based WECS.A direct-drive eight-pole PMSG is used in this study;thus,a low-input-voltage system is designed.The converter is designed to operate in the discontinuous inductor current mode(DICM)for inherent power factor correction(PFC)and the maximum power point tracking(MPPT)is achieved through the tip-speed ratio(TSR)following.The performance of the developed system is analyzed through simulation,and a 500 W hardware prototype is developed and tested in different wind speed conditions.

The Least Order Observer Based Sensorless Control of PMSG in Direct-Drive Wind Turbines

Permanent magnet synchronous Generator （PMSG） based direct-drive wind energy conversion system （WECS） has been attracting wide attentions. For the special application, sensorless control for PMSG is desired. By widely studying the previous contributes, a novel estimator based on back-EMF is proposed. The estimator is composed of back-EMF observer and a phase-lock-loop （PLL） control to get the rotor-flux speed and position. The estimator not only can be used for interior and surface permanent magnet synchronous generators, but also has a compact and symmetrical structure, which makes it be beneficial for implementation. Compared with previous strategies, the EMF observer is independent of the PLL control, which would simplify the observer design. Meanwhile, the proposed estimator is less sensitive to parameter variations. Based on mathematic models of PMSG, the proposed estimator was analyzed in detail, and the realizing process was also presented. To validate the proposed estimator, the important experiment results are reported.

考虑频率耦合特性的D-PMSG复数域阻抗建模及其特征分析

阻抗分析法因其简单有效被广泛用于含电力电子变换器的互联系统稳定性研究。然而,采用传统方法对频域序阻抗建模时,需通过非线性变换(Park变换及其反变换)进行坐标系转换,这会导致不同周期分量的卷积运算及相应的频移,其过程较为烦琐。针对上述问题,基于复向量时域微分算子,提出了永磁直驱同步发电机(D-PMSG)等效阻抗建模方法。该方法在时域周期系统稳定运行轨迹的邻域内直接进行小信号线性化,并采用指数旋转因子灵活反映系统受扰后的时变特性,结合时域微分算子等效表征互联系统控制环节的动态特性,避免了频域阻抗建模时坐标系的反复变换,大幅降低了解析建模的复杂度。此外,所提方法能够更加清晰地阐释互联系统受到扰动时D-PMSG并网逆变器产生频率耦合现象的物理意义;同时,能够说明基频电压初始相位对耦合分量相频特性的影响。最后,利用仿真验证了所提算法的有效性。

The Study of Optimal Structure and Value of Dump Resistance in Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators

This paper studied the direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous machine (permanent magnet synchronous generator, PMSG) Chopper optimal topology and resistance value. Compared the different Chopper circuit low voltage ride-through capability in the same grid fault conditions in simulation. This paper computes the dump resistance ceiling according to the power electronic devices and over-current capability. Obtaining the dump resistance low limit according to the temperature resistance allows, and calculating the optimal value by drop voltage in the DC-Bus during the fault. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is verified by simulation results.

Submersible direct-drive progressing cavity pump rodless lifting technology

Submersible electrical motor direct-drive progressing cavity pump (PCP) rodless lifting was studied to solve the traditional rod-drive pump problems, such as rod-tubing wearing, low efficiency and short running time. The theoretical researches and laboratory experiments of key tools such as submersible motor and the construction technology of lifting system were introduced. The field application and economic benefit were analyzed and compared with the traditional rod pumping unit. A new low speed and large torque permanent magnet synchronous motor was developed. This motor was used to drive PCP without gear reducer, which improved the reliability and feasibility. It can run at the speed from 50 to 500 r/min with stepless speed regulation, and it can perform high efficiency and large torque. Besides, other key supporting tools, such as motor protector and flex shaft, were developed. The submersible electrical motor direct- drive PCP technology can be used in a 139.7 mm (5.5 in) casing well, with daily output ranging from 5 to 50 m3. Until now, the technology has been deployed more than 100 wells. The field application results show that it eliminates the rod-tubing wearing and saves electric energy by more than 30% compared with the traditional rod pumping unit. And it also makes the oil produced in a safe and environmental friendly way.

Research on Slot-pole Combination in High-power Direct-drive PM Vernier Generator for Fractional Frequency Transmission System

Offshore wind energy is an important part of clean energy,and the adoption of wind energy to generate electricity will contribute to the implementation of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.The combination of the fractional frequency transmission system(FFTS) and the direct-drive wind turbine generator will be beneficial to the development of the offshore wind power industry.The use of fractional frequency in FFTS is beneficial to the transmission of electrical energy,but it will also lead to an increase in the volume and weight of the generator,which is unfavorable for wind power generation.Improving the torque density of the generator can effectively reduce the volume of the generators.The vernier permanent magnet machine(VPM) operates on the magnetic flux modulation principle and has the merits of high torque density.In the field of electric machines,the vernier machine based on the principle of magnetic flux modulation has been proved its feasibility to reduce the volume and weight.However,in the field of low-speed direct-drive machines for high-power fractional frequency power generation,there are still few related researches.Therefore,this paper studies the application of magnetic flux modulation in fractional frequency and high-power direct-drive wind turbine generators,mainly analyzes the influence of different pole ratios and different pole pairs on the generator,and draws some conclusions to provide reference for the design of wind turbine generators.

基于PMSG-WECS的双自适应虚拟惯性控制方法研究

基于提高电网的频率响应能力的目的,该文提出了一种基于永磁同步发电机(PMSG)的风力发电系统的双自适应虚拟惯性控制方法。通常情况下,采用虚拟惯性常数来模拟同步发电机,其释放的能量完全依赖于频率变化率(ROCOF)。然而,仅依赖于ROCOF并不能充分利用风机的惯性。为了获得更好的系统频率响应,该方法充分利用风力发电机(WT)的转子动能和风力发电系统(WECS)的直流链电容能量作为系统频率的支撑,并根据电网频率和电网频率变化率(ROCOF)自适应调节虚拟惯性参数,加速系统频率的恢复过程。通过仿真分析可知,提出的控制方法能更有效地利用风机动能和直流链电容的能量,减小了频率偏差和频率变化率。

First polar direct-drive exploding-pusher target experiments on the ShenGuang laser facility

Low density and low convergence implosion occurs in the exploding-pusher target experiment, and generates neutrons isotropically to develop a high yield platform.In order to validate the performance of ShenGuang(SG) laser facility and test nuclear diagnostics, all 48-beam lasers with an on-target energy of 48 kJ were firstly used to drive room-temperature, DT gas-filled glass targets.The optimization has been carried out and optimal drive uniformity was obtained by the combination of beam repointing and target.The final irradiation uniformity of less than 5% on polar direct-drive capsules of 540 μm in diameter was achieved, and the highest thermonuclear yield of the polar direct-drive DT fuel implosion at the SG was 1.04 × 10^(13).The experiment results show neutron yields severely depend on the irradiation uniformity and laser timing,and decrease with the increase of the diameter and fuel pressure of the target.The thin CH ablator does not impact the implosion performance, but the laser drive uniformity is important.The simulated results validate that the cos γ distribution laser design is reasonable and can achieve a symmetric pressure distribution.Further optimization will focus on measuring the symmetry of the hot spot by self-emission imaging, increasing the diameter, and decreasing the fuel pressure.

改进移相控制下PMSG-PET系统回流功率的优化

针对电力电子变压器作为风电系统并网接口系统存在回流功率的问题,通过优化电力电子变压器的控制方法,改进传统的双重移相控制方法,在传统双重移相控制的基础上,改变移相比D1、D2,使二者的组合达到最优,能够降低系统中的回流功率,提高系统效率,在Matlab中对改进控制方法后的系统进行建模与仿真。结果表明,改进前输出功率最小值大约为-5 kW,将改进后的移相控制方法应用到PMSG-PET系统中,改进后输出功率最小值大约为-1.5 kW。该控制方法能够有效降低系统回流功率,证明了改进移相控制方法的有效性。

批次化生产管理实践中如何高效使用PMSG

孕马血清促性腺激素(Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin,PMSG),又称马绒毛膜促性腺激素,是妊娠40~120d的母马“子宫内膜杯状结构”分泌的糖蛋白类激素,具有类似促卵泡激素(FSH)和促黄体素(LH)的双重活性,即较强的促卵泡生长作用,在规模化猪场主要用于诱导母猪发情、超数排卵等处理,及治疗母猪乏情、安静发情或者不排卵等。

PMSG+HCG的定时输精方案在经产母猪中试验研究

为探索定时输精中PMSG+HCG对断奶母猪受胎率、产仔数以及母猪分娩后断奶发情是否存在的影响,试验将120头经产二元杂母猪,胎次在2胎及以上,且体况良好、无阴道炎症的母猪随机分成2组,每组60头。对照组不进行激素处理,采用自然发情鉴定后配种;试验组采用采用PMSG+HCG定时输精程序处理,统计分析2组的参繁母猪受胎率、产仔数和断奶后发情情况。结果表明,对照组的参繁受胎率为78.33%,试验组参繁受胎率为91.67%,2组间的参繁受胎率差异显著。对照组分娩总仔数为581头,窝均产仔数(12.36±3.40)头,试验组分娩总仔数为691头,窝均产仔数(12.79±3.38)头,2组间的窝均产仔数差异不明显,但试验组窝均产仔数t值大于对照组,说明试验组在窝均产仔数比对照组存在优势。对照组断奶后自然发情率为88.89%,试验组断奶后自然自情率为90.38%,试验组与对照组均无明显差异。

批次化生产中合理运用PMSG建立后备母猪初情期

本文调查统计了国内19家规模化猪场通过运用孕马血清促性腺激素(pregnant mare serum gonadotropin,PMSG)诱导初情期前的后备母猪建立初情期的数据,为规模化猪场完善后备母猪初情期管理,提早初情期年龄,从而为降低后备母猪初配年龄提供参考依据。

利用孕酮栓+PMSG+PG法对羊同期发情效果的试验研究

利用孕酮栓+PMSG+PG法对大群体羊进行同期发情处理,比较不同季节、地区、埋栓时间及品种对同期发情效果的影响。结果表明:该方法在春季、秋季和冬季对山羊均可获得较好的同期发情效果,并且发情时间主要集中于处理结束后的0～24 h和25～48 h;对于山区及平原的山羊,0—24 h及25—48 h同期率差异不显著(P>0.05);埋栓时间长短对于山羊在0—24 h、25～48 h及0～72 h的同期率差异均不显著(P>0.05);绵羊同期效果显著低于山羊(P<0.05)。

孕激素+PMSG对羊同期发情的试验研究

采用孕激素+PMSG方法对绵羊、山羊进行同期发情试验,结果表明:绵羊同期发情率达93.88%,山羊同期发情率达91.89%。说明这种方法可在养羊业生产中人工授精、胚胎移植技术上推广使用。

PMSG提高初产母猪繁殖力的研究

７０头初产断奶母猪随机分为两组，试验组于断奶当日颈部肌肉注射１０００Ⅰ．Ｕ．ＰＭＳＧ；对照组只注射等容量生理盐水（注射用水），以观察初产母猪断奶后发情配种和２胎产仔的情况。结果表明：试验组母猪断奶发情配种的时间比对照组显著提前（Ｐ＜０．０１）；２胎产仔数增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而两组母猪发情配种的受胎率差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。

不同剂量PMSG对未性成熟小鼠卵巢发育的影响

探讨了不同剂量PMSG对20-21日龄未性成熟小鼠卵巢发育的影响，结果表明，PMSG处理后小鼠卵巢出现增大现象，其中20IU、15IU、10IU、6IU组处理的小鼠卵巢增重最明显，且组问差异不显著；卵巢内生长卵泡数量差异不显著，随激素作用量的上升，有腔卵泡数和有腔卵泡所占比例而增大。

抗 PMSG 血清在人工诱导黄牛双胎中的作用

52头正常母牛于发情周期第9天肌注孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)1800～2000iu,48小时后再注射 PGF_(2α)3ml,其中23头于发情开始时肌注抗 PMSG 血清2ml(Ⅰ组),其余29头不予注射(Ⅱ组)。结果发现,Ⅰ组母牛的发情持续时间(26小时)比Ⅱ组(48小时)短(P<0.05),配种后第4天的雌二醇含量显著降低(Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别为53和128pg/ml),配种后第9天的黄体数显著增加(Ⅰ和Ⅱ组分别为4.6和3.0),大卵泡数显著减少(分别为1.2和3.8)。抗 PMSG 血清使母牛超排后卵巢恢复速度加快,避免了孕酮浓度的剧烈上升。Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组母牛的情期受胎率分别为65%,52%和60%;双胎妊娠率分别为53%,20%和0%。研究结果表明,发情开始时注射抗 PMSG 血清可以稳定母牛子宫内环境,提高用PMSG 诱导黄牛双胎的效果。

PMSG诱导新疆军垦细毛羊、哈萨克羊、湖羊同期发情的研究

为了取得良好的同期发情效果和排卵率以提高母羊受孕率,在准噶尔盆地南部山地用PMSG诱导了新疆军垦细毛羊、哈萨克羊、湖羊的同期发情,观察了3个品种羊的排卵情况,并统计了卵巢黄体的平均数目。试验结果表明,哈萨克羊同期发情率最高(90.6%),显著高于新疆军垦细毛羊(84.7%)和湖羊(83.12%)(P<0.05);哈萨克羊、新疆军垦细毛羊和湖羊的排卵率分别为94.28%、95.08%和98.46%,其中,哈萨克羊和新疆军垦细毛羊间差异不显著,而湖羊的排卵率显著高于哈萨克羊和新疆军垦细毛羊(P<0.05);哈萨克羊、新疆军垦细毛羊和湖羊卵巢上黄体生成的平均个数分别为1.192、1.233和3.172个。相比而言,地理环境和气候条件对不同品种母羊发情的影响较大,对排卵率的影响并不明显。

PMSG+APMSG对山羊超排效果的研究

在山羊繁殖季节，对１７只关中奶山羊应用ＰＭＳＧ（对照组，ｎ＝９）或ＰＭＳＧ及其抗血清（ＡＰＭＳＧ）（试验组，ｎ＝８）进行了超排处理，并对超排前后血浆１７β－雌二醇（１７β－Ｅ２）和孕酮（Ｐ４）变化进行了监测。结果表明，试验组山羊发情后１２ｈ给予ＡＰＭＳＧ，可以显著改善ＰＭＳＧ的超排效果。

发情间期注射PMSG对猪卵泡发育及颗粒细胞凋亡影响的研究

为探讨孕马血清促性腺激素 (PMSG)对猪卵泡发育和闭锁及颗粒细胞凋亡的影响 ,实验采用性成熟肥育母猪为实验材料 ,对在情期第 11d(发情当日为 0 d)注射 PMSG后 2 4 ,4 8,72和 96 h的猪卵巢表面各类卵泡数量、颗粒细胞凋亡比例以及外周血浆中类固醇激素浓度等进行了研究。结果表明 ,注射 PMSG后 2 4 h卵巢表面卵泡总数、小卵泡 (直径 <3mm)数和中等卵泡 (直径 3～ 5 m m)数分别为 :5 9,32和 2 5 .5个 /卵巢 ,明显多于同期对照组 (情期第 12 d)猪的数量 ;注射 PMSG72和 96 h卵巢表面大卵泡 (直径≥ 5 m m)数量分别为 7和 6个 /卵巢 ,明显多于对照组 (情期第 14和第 15 d) ,而此时卵汇总数却明显低于对照组。大卵泡颗粒细胞的凋亡比例在注射 PMSG后与对照组相比无显著差异 ,而小卵泡和中等卵泡的颗粒细胞的凋亡比例在注射 PMSG后 2 4 h(6 .4 %和 7.8% )显著 (P<0 .0 5 )降低 ;中等卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡比例到 PMSG后 72 h回升至与对照组无显著差异 ,小卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡比例于 PMSG后 96 h回升至与对照组无显著差异。血清中雌二醇浓度在 PMSG注射后明显升高 ,在 PMSG注射后72 h时达最高值 (72 .3pg· m L- 1 ) ,显著高于对照组 (10 .8pg· m L- 1 )。孕酮的浓度在 PMSG注射后无明显变化。以上结果表明 。