High-Precision DOA Estimation Method Based on Synthetic Aperture Technique

The existing direction-of-arrival(DOA)estimation methods only utilize the current received signals,which are susceptible to noise.In this paper,a method for DOA estimation based on a motion platform is proposed to achieve high-precision DOA estimation by utilizing past and present signals.The concept of synthetic aperture is introduced to construct a linear DOA estima-tion model.A DOA fine-tuning method based on the linear model is proposed to eliminate the lin-ear DOA variation,achieving a non-coherent accumulation of DOA estimations.Moreover,the baseband modulation and the phase modulation caused by the range history are compensated to achieve the coherent accumulation of all the DOA estimations.Simulation results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the DOA estimated accuracy at low signal-to-noise ratios(SNR).

MDTCNet:Multi-Task Classifications Network and TCNN for Direction of Arrival Estimation

The direction-of-arrival(DoA) estimation is one of the hot research areas in signal processing. To overcome the DoA estimation challenge without the prior information about signal sources number and multipath number in millimeter wave system,the multi-task deep residual shrinkage network(MTDRSN) and transfer learning-based convolutional neural network(TCNN), namely MDTCNet, are proposed. The sampling covariance matrix based on the received signal is used as the input to the proposed network. A DRSN-based multi-task classifications model is first introduced to estimate signal sources number and multipath number simultaneously. Then, the DoAs with multi-signal and multipath are estimated by the regression model. The proposed CNN is applied for DoAs estimation with the predicted number of signal sources and paths. Furthermore, the modelbased transfer learning is also introduced into the regression model. The TCNN inherits the partial network parameters of the already formed optimization model obtained by the CNN. A series of experimental results show that the MDTCNet-based DoAs estimation method can accurately predict the signal sources number and multipath number under a range of signal-to-noise ratios. Remarkably, the proposed method achieves the lower root mean square error compared with some existing deep learning-based and traditional methods.

Improved Capon Estimator for High-Resolution DOA Estimation and Its Statistical Analysis

Despite some efforts and attempts have been made to improve the direction-of-arrival(DOA)estimation performance of the standard Capon beamformer(SCB)in array processing,rigorous statistical performance analyses of these modified Capon estimators are still lacking.This paper studies an improved Capon estimator(ICE)for estimating the DOAs of multiple uncorrelated narrowband signals,where the higherorder inverse(sample)array covariance matrix is used in the Capon-like cost function.By establishing the relationship between this nonparametric estimator and the parametric and classic subspace-based MUSIC(multiple signal classification),it is clarified that as long as the power order of the inverse covariance matrix is increased to reduce the influence of signal subspace components in the ICE,the estimation performance of the ICE becomes equivalent to that of the MUSIC regardless of the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).Furthermore the statistical performance of the ICE is analyzed,and the large-sample mean-squared-error(MSE)expression of the estimated DOA is derived.Finally the effectiveness and the theoretical analysis of the ICE are substantiated through numerical examples,where the Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRB)is used to evaluate the validity of the derived asymptotic MSE expression.

Wideband direction-of-arrival estimation based on cubic spline function

A new direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation algorithm for wideband sources is introduced, The new method obtains the output of the virtual arrays in the signal bandwidth using cubic spline function interpolation techniques. The narrowband high- resolution algorithm is then used to get the DOA estimation. This technique does not require any preliminary knowledge of DOA angles. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.

Computationally efficient MUSIC based DOA estimation algorithm for FMCW radar

This paper proposes low-cost yet high-accuracy direction of arrival(DOA)estimation for the automotive frequency-modulated continuous-wave(FMcW)radar.The existing subspace-based DOA estimation algorithms suffer fromeither high computational costs or low accuracy.We aim to solve such contradictory relation between complexity and accuracy by using randomizedmatrix approximation.Specifically,we apply an easily-interpretablerandomized low-rank approximation to the covariance matrix(CM)and R∈C^(M×M)throughthresketch maties in the fom of R≈OBQ^(H).Here the approximately compute its subspaces.That is,we first approximate matrix Q∈C^(M×z)contains the orthonormal basis for the range of the sketchmatrik C∈C^(M×z)cwe whichis etrated fom R using randomized unifom counsampling and B∈C^(z×z)is a weight-matrix reducing the approximation error.Relying on such approximation,we are able to accelerate the subspacecomputation by the orders of the magnitude without compromising estimation accuracy.Furthermore,we drive a theoretical error bound for the suggested scheme to ensure the accuracy of the approximation.As validated by the simulation results,the DOA estimation accuracy of the proposed algorithm,eficient multiple signal classification(E-MUSIC)s high,closely tracks standardMUSIC,and outperforms the well-known algorithms with tremendouslyreduced time complexity.Thus,the devised method can realize high-resolutionreal-time target detection in the emerging multiple input and multiple output(MIMO)automotive radar systems.

Exploration on 2D DOA Estimation of Linear Array Motion:Uniform Linear Motion

Generally,due to the limitation of the dimension of the array aperture,linear arrays cannot achieve two-dimensional(2D)direction of arrival(DOA)estimation.But the emergence of array motion provides a chance for that.In this paper,a generalized motion scheme and a novel method of 2D DOA estimation are proposed by exploring the linear array motion.To be specific,the linear arrays are controlled to move along an arbitrary direction at a constant velocity and snap per fixed time delay.All the received signals are processed to synthesize the comprehensive observation vector for an extended 2D virtual aperture.Subsequently,since most of 2D DOA estimation methods are not universal to our proposed motion scheme and the reduced-dimensional(RD)method fails to handle the case of the coupled parameters,a decoupled reduced-complexity multiple signals classification(DRC MUSIC)algorithm is designed specifically.Simulation results demonstrate that:a)our proposed scheme can achieve underdetermined 2D DOA estimation just by the linear arrays;b)our designed DRC MUSIC algorithm has the good properties of high accuracy and low complexity;c)our proposed motion scheme with the DRC method has better universality in the motion direction.

Polynomial-rooting based fourth-order MUSIC for direction-of-arrival estimation of noncircular signals

A polynomial-rooting based fourth-order cumulant algorithm is presented for direction-of-arrival（DOA） estimation of second-order fully noncircular source signals, using a uniform linear array（ULA）. This algorithm inherits all merits of its spectralsearching counterpart except for the applicability to arbitrary array geometry, while reducing considerably the computation cost.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the previously developed closed-form second-order noncircular ESPRIT method, in terms of processing capacity and DOA estimation accuracy, especially in the presence of spatially colored noise.

Direction-of-arrival estimation based on direct data domain (D3) method

A direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation algorithm based on direct data domain （D3） approach is presented. This method can accuracy estimate DOA using one snapshot modified data, called the temporal and spatial two-dimensional vector reconstruction （TSR） method. The key idea is to apply the D3 approach which can extract the signal of given frequency but null out other frequency signals in temporal domain. Then the spatial vector reconstruction processing is used to estimate the angle of the spatial coherent signal source based on extract signal data. Compared with the common temporal and spatial processing approach, the TSR method has a lower computational load, higher real-time performance, robustness and angular accuracy of DOA. The proposed algorithm can be directly applied to the phased array radar of coherent pulses. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed technique.

DIRECTION-OF-ARRIVAL ESTIMATION IN THE PRESENCE OF MUTUAL COUPLING BASED ON JOINT SPARSE RECOVERY

A novel Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) estimation method is proposed in the presence of mutual coupling using the joint sparse recovery. In the proposed method, the eigenvector corresponding to the maximum eigenvalue of covariance matrix of array measurement is viewed as the signal to be represented. By exploiting the geometrical property in steering vectors and the symmetric Toeplitz structure of Mutual Coupling Matrix (MCM), the redundant dictionaries containing the DOA information are constructed. Consequently, the optimization model based on joint sparse recovery is built and then is solved through Second Order Cone Program (SOCP) and Interior Point Method (IPM). The DOA estimates are gotten according to the positions of nonzeros elements. At last, computer simulations demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed method.

Direction-of-arrival estimation of quasi-stationary signals using two-level Khatri-Rao subspace and four-level nested array

The Khatri-Rao(KR) subspace method is a high resolution method for direction-of-arrival(DOA) estimation.Combined with 2q level nested array,the KR subspace method can detect O(N2q) sources with N sensors.However,the method cannot be applicable to Gaussian sources when q is equal to or greater than 2 since it needs to use 2q-th order cumulants.In this work,a novel approach is presented to conduct DOA estimation by constructing a fourth order difference co-array.Unlike the existing DOA estimation method based on the KR product and 2q level nested array,the proposed method only uses second order statistics,so it can be employed to Gaussian sources as well as non-Gaussian sources.By exploiting a four-level nested array with N elements,our method can also identify O(N4) sources.In order to estimate the wideband signals,the proposed method is extended to the wideband scenarios.Simulation results demonstrate that,compared to the state of the art KR subspace based methods,the new method achieves higher resolution.

DIRECTION-OF-ARRIVAL ESTIMATION BY CONTINUATION METHOD

In this paper, the subspace fitting models for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is analyzed, an effective algorithmic approach is given. As the initialization value is so critical to the global convergence, the continuation theory is also used to develop a new framework which solves the initialization problem powerfully. Some numerical evidence will be given to show that the performance of the new algorithm is very promising.

Wideband Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Based on Deep Learning

The performance of traditional high-resolution direction-of-arrival(DOA)estimation methods is sensitive to the inaccurate knowledge on prior information,including the position of ar-ray elements,array gain and phase,and the mutual coupling between the array elements.Learning-based methods are data-driven and are expected to perform better than their model-based counter-parts,since they are insensitive to the array imperfections.This paper presents a learning-based method for DOA estimation of multiple wideband far-field sources.The processing procedure mainly includes two steps.First,a beamspace preprocessing structure which has the property of fre-quency invariant is applied to the array outputs to perform focusing over a wide bandwidth.In the second step,a hierarchical deep neural network is employed to achieve classification.Different from neural networks which are trained through a huge data set containing different angle combinations,our deep neural network can achieve DOA estimation of multiple sources with a small data set,since the classifiers can be trained in different small subregions.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method performs well both in generalization and imperfections adaptation.

Underdetermined DOA estimation and blind separation of non-disjoint sources in time-frequency domain based on sparse representation method

This paper deals with the blind separation of nonstation-ary sources and direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation in the under-determined case, when there are more sources than sensors. We assume the sources to be time-frequency （TF） disjoint to a certain extent. In particular, the number of sources presented at any TF neighborhood is strictly less than that of sensors. We can identify the real number of active sources and achieve separation in any TF neighborhood by the sparse representation method. Compared with the subspace-based algorithm under the same sparseness assumption, which suffers from the extra noise effect since it can-not estimate the true number of active sources, the proposed algorithm can estimate the number of active sources and their cor-responding TF values in any TF neighborhood simultaneously. An-other contribution of this paper is a new estimation procedure for the DOA of sources in the underdetermined case, which combines the TF sparseness of sources and the clustering technique. Sim-ulation results demonstrate the validity and high performance of the proposed algorithm in both blind source separation （BSS） and DOA estimation.

基于二阶统计特性的方向向量估计算法的DOA估计

为了减小天线阵流形误差对波达方向(DOA)估计结果的影响,以及克服基于传统盲源分离算法的DOA估计算法不能应用于少通道测向设备的不足,提出一种基于2阶统计特性的方向向量估计算法的DOA估计算法。首先,根据确定性最大似然(DML)估计算法谱函数的特征,构造关于协方差矩阵的酉约束下的优化问题;然后,通过优化该问题获得各个单信号的实际方向向量;最后,将各个单信号的实际方向向量输入到空间谱算法中实现DOA估计。由于将多信号的DOA估计转化为多个单信号的DOA估计,因此在天线阵列流形存在误差时,所提算法比传统的DOA方法具有更好的DOA估计性能。由于所提算法仅需使用协方差矩阵,因此所提算法可应用于少通道测向设备。由仿真实验结果可知,在阵列流形存在误差以及测向设备为少通道测向设备时,与传统DOA方法相比,所提算法的DOA估计的准确度、抗扰度以及分辨率更高。

A Decorrelating DOA Estimation Based on the Principal Eigenvector for CDMA Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

A novel decorrelating DOA estimation algorithm of multipath signals for CDMA frequency selective fading channels based only on the principal eigenvector of its corresponding covariance matrix is proposed. The proposed algorithm has the advantages that the DOAs of the multipath signals can be estimated independently and all the other resolved multipath signal interference is eliminated. Simulation results show that this algorithm estimates the DOAs of multipath signals efficiently and accurately.

Joint DOA Estimation and Phase Calibration for Synchronous CDMA with Decorrelator

A joint direction of arrival (DOA) estimation and phase calibration for synchronous CDMA system with decorrelator are presented. Through decorrelating processing DOAs of the desired users can be estimated independently and all other resolved signal interferences are eliminated. Emphasis is directed to applications in which sensor phases may be in error. It is shown that accurate phase calibration in conjunction with their use in high resolution DOA estimation can be achieved for the decoupled signals.

基于复合阵列的矩阵循环重构DOA估计算法

相干源角度估计一直是困扰雷达角度测量的一个重要难题,基于均匀阵列假设提出了模式空间解相干算法,一定程度上解决了相干干扰条件下的目标角度估计问题,但是上述算法对复合阵列的适应性较差。针对复合阵列下相干多源测角问题,本文提出一种基于模式空间循环重构的解相关算法,利用圆阵外其他任意天线赋形空域滤波特性,在信号源数多于阵元数时较好地解决相干源角度估计问题。仿真试验结果表明,该算法能较好地解决复合阵列天线下的相干源测角问题,并且其角分辨性能优于传统算法。

一种基于稀疏贝叶斯学习的离网DOA估计算法

本文提出一种基于稀疏贝叶斯学习的改进离网DOA估计算法,以提升非理想测向环境下在低信噪比、低快拍数时的DOA估计性能,称之为MOGSBL算法。本算法将信号源方位区间进行离散化,得到方位离散网格。为阵列接收信号建立稀疏贝叶斯模型,将网格节点修正量设为模型超参数。采用期望最大化算法迭代更新网格节点修正量,使更新后的网格节点更接近真实源信号方位。为了检验MOGSBL算法的性能,本文进行了大量的数值实验,并将MOGSBL算法的DOA估计结果与RSBL算法、OGSBL算法和L1-SVD算法进行对比。在不同信噪比和不同快拍数时,MOGSBL算法均能清晰分辨方位很接近的两个信号源,角度分辨率明显高于RSBL算法、OGSBL算法和L1-SVD算法。随着信噪比和快拍数的增加,4种算法的RMSE均逐渐减小。但MOGSBL算法的RMSE明显低于RSBL算法、OGSBL算法和L1-SVD算法,且RSBL算法、OGSBL算法优于L1-SVD算法。实验还分析了方向测试范围的离散网格节点数对DOA估计的影响,发现细密的离散网格可以提高DOA估计精度,但DOA估计的计算量会增加。且在任意网格节点数时,相比于RSBL算法、OGSBL算法和L1-SVD算法,本文的MOGSBL算法均具有最低的RMSE和最短的计算时间。

阵元失效下稀疏阵列的二维DOA估计算法

本文针对二维稀疏阵列在阵元失效条件下,因数据缺失导致虚拟阵列连续性被破坏及自由度下降的问题,提出了一种二维DOA估计算法。首先基于二维差分共阵构建虚拟阵列,然后利用解耦原子范数最小化理论,以矩阵填充的形式恢复协方差矩阵数据,实现对虚拟阵列中丢失虚拟阵元的内插,最后采用SS-MUSIC算法进行多信源的二维DOA估计。所提方法弥补了物理阵元失效所造成的影响,恢复了原始虚拟阵列的完整孔径特性,保持了虚拟阵列的自由度,从而确保了较高精度的二维DOA估计性能。仿真实验结果表明,在相同阵元数量及阵元失效情况下,本文提出的算法相比已有方法能有效地估计更多信源,并在小快拍数和低信噪比条件下表现出更高的稳健性,最大限度地保留并利用了稀疏阵列在二维DOA估计中的自由度优势。

大间距均匀阵列抗模糊DOA估计实验研究

在波达方向(DOA)估计中,当接收天线阵列的单元间距大于入射信号载波的半波长时,会出现阵列流形模糊,这对分辨真实的信号DOA带来了挑战。该文基于子阵级大间距均匀双线极化阵列,提出通过随机改变每个子阵中某个单元的极化状态,使不同子阵对应的导向矢量相互独立,从而打破大间距均匀阵列下导向矢量间的线性关系,并抑制阵列流形模糊。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法可有效去除多重信号分类(MUSIC)算法空间谱中的伪峰,实现高精度DOA估计。