Percolation transitions in edge-coupled interdependent networks with directed dependency links

We propose a model of edge-coupled interdependent networks with directed dependency links(EINDDLs)and develop the theoretical analysis framework of this model based on the self-consistent probabilities method.The phase transition behaviors and parameter thresholds of this model under random attacks are analyzed theoretically on both random regular(RR)networks and Erd¨os-Renyi(ER)networks,and computer simulations are performed to verify the results.In this EINDDL model,a fractionβof connectivity links within network B depends on network A and a fraction(1-β)of connectivity links within network A depends on network B.It is found that randomly removing a fraction(1-p)of connectivity links in network A at the initial state,network A exhibits different types of phase transitions(first order,second order and hybrid).Network B is rarely affected by cascading failure whenβis small,and network B will gradually converge from the first-order to the second-order phase transition asβincreases.We present the critical values ofβfor the phase change process of networks A and B,and give the critical values of p andβfor network B at the critical point of collapse.Furthermore,a cascading prevention strategy is proposed.The findings are of great significance for understanding the robustness of EINDDLs.

Phase and direction dependence of photorefraction in a low-frequency strong circular-polarized plane wave

Contrary to the superposition principle, it is well known that photorefraction exists in the vacuum with the presence of a strong static field, a laser field, or a rotational magnetic field. Different from the classical optical crystals, the refractive index also depends on the phase of the strong electromagnetic field. We obtain the phase and direction dependence of the refractive index of a probe wave incident in the strong field of a circular-polarized plane wave by solving the Maxwell equations corrected by the effective Lagrangian. It may provide a valuable theoretical basis to calculate the polarization evolution of waves in the strong electromagnetic circumstances of pulsar or neutron stars.

A Mach-Zehnder interferometer electro-optic switch with ultralow voltage-length product using poled-polymer/silicon slot waveguide

By using poled-polymer/silicon slot waveguides in the active region and the Pockels effect of the poled-polymer,we propose a kind of Mach-Zehnder interferometer(MZI) electro-optic(EO) switch operated at 1 550 nm.Structural parameters are optimized for realizing normal switching function.Dependencies of switching characteristics on the slot waveguide parameters are investigated.For the silicon strip with dimension of 170 nm×300 nm,as the slot width varies from 50 nm to 100 nm,the switching voltage can be as low as 1.0 V with active region length of only 0.17–0.35 mm,and the length of the whole device is only about 770–950 μm.The voltage-length product of this switching structure is only 0.17–0.35 V·mm,and it is at least 19–40 times smaller than that of the traditional polymer MZI EO switch,which is 6.69 V·mm.Compared with our previously reported MZI EO switches,this switch exhibits some superior characteristics,including low switching voltage,compact device size and small wavelength dependency.

Prospects and Analysis of FDI in China

Since China’s opening and reform began, China has attracted a large inflow of foreigndirect investment (FDI). This is largely due to the stable development of the economy,preferential policies, rich resources, cheap labor, and bright market prospects. The amountof FDI actually used by China in 2004 reached US$60.63 billion, maintaining the growthmomentum that started in 2000, ranking China as second in the world. FDI’s positions inindustrial production, in industrial structure upgrade, and in import/export have beenstrengthened. The technical level has continued to rise and the number of R&D centers setup in China has been increasing. The increasing role of FDI in China’s economy hasaroused growing concern from all quarters. 2004 was a year that witnessed the mostextensive discussion among economists and other circles on the advantages anddisadvantages of FDI in China. Is the amount of FDI too much? Have foreign-fundedenterprises introduced advanced technologies? Have they produced an overflowing effect?Is there a monopoly on the domestic market by foreign capital? And does it affect economicstability and national security? (Guo Hong, 2004)