This paper introduces the effects of cell operating temperature, methanol concentration and airflow rate, respectively, on the performance of direct methanol fuel cell （DMFC）. A novel method based on fuzzy neural ne...This paper introduces the effects of cell operating temperature, methanol concentration and airflow rate, respectively, on the performance of direct methanol fuel cell （DMFC）. A novel method based on fuzzy neural networks identification technique is proposed to establish the performance model of DMFC. Three dynamic performance models of DMFC under the influences of cell operating temperature, methanol concentration, and airflow rate are identified and established separately. Simulation results show that modeling using fuzzy neural networks identification is satisfactory with high accuracy. It is applicable to DMFC control systems.展开更多
Photocatalytic splitting of water was carried out in a two-phase system. Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide was used as photocatalyst and potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)/(II) as electron transporter. Generated hydrogen ...Photocatalytic splitting of water was carried out in a two-phase system. Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide was used as photocatalyst and potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)/(II) as electron transporter. Generated hydrogen was chemically stored by use of a 1,4-benzoquinone/1,4-hydroquinone system, which was used as a recyclable fuel in a commercialised direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The electrical output of the cell was about half compared to methanol. The conversion process for water splitting and recombination in a fuel cell was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy and compared to a simulated spectrum. Products of side reactions, which lead to a decrease of the overall efficiency, were identified based on UV-Vis investigations. A proof of principle for the use of quinoide systems as a recyclable hydrogen storage system in a photocatalytic water splitting and fuel cell cyclic process was given.展开更多
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used in fuel cell impedance analysis. However, for ohmic resistance (R Ω), EIS has some disadvantages such as long test period and complex data analysis with equ...Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used in fuel cell impedance analysis. However, for ohmic resistance (R Ω), EIS has some disadvantages such as long test period and complex data analysis with equivalent circuits. Therefore, the current interruption method is explored to measure the value of RΩ in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) at different temperatures and current densities. It is found that RΩ decreases as temperature increase, and decreases initially and then increases as current density increases. These results are consistent with those measured by the EIS technique. In most cases, the ohmic resistances with current interruption (R iR ) are larger than those with EIS (R EIS ), but the difference is small, in the range from –0.848% to 5.337%. The errors of R iR at high current densities are less than those of R EIS . Our results show that the R iR data are reliable and easy to obtain in the measurement of ohmic resistance in DMFC.展开更多
Supported PtRu/C catalysts used in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) were prepared by a new modified polyol method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammograms (CVs) were ...Supported PtRu/C catalysts used in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) were prepared by a new modified polyol method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammograms (CVs) were carried out to characterize the morphology, composition and the electrochemical properties of the PtRu/C catalyst. The results revealed that the PtRu nanoparticles with small average particle size (≈2.5 nm), and highly dispersed on the carbon support. The PtRu/C catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity and anti poisoned performance than that of the JM PtRu/C. It is imply that the modified polyol method is efficient for PtRu/C catalyst preparation.展开更多
Highly-dispersed platinum and platinum-based catalysts on a conductive support are commonly used as electrode materials in low-temperature fuel cells, particularly the hydrogen PEMFC and the direct methanol PEMFC. The...Highly-dispersed platinum and platinum-based catalysts on a conductive support are commonly used as electrode materials in low-temperature fuel cells, particularly the hydrogen PEMFC and the direct methanol PEMFC. The performance and durability/stability of these catalysts strongly depend on the characteristics of the support. Catalysts supported on high surface area carbon black are widely used in low-temperature fuel cells. However, the corrosion of carbon black has been recognized as one of major causes of performance degradation and durability issues of low-temperature fuel cells under high-potential conditions. So the need for alternative supports with outstanding physical and mechanical properties to carry out the successful reaction in catalyst layer and give a longer lifetime for the electrocatalysts is inevitable. The emergence of nanotechnology and development of nanostructure materials in recent years has opened up new avenues of materials development for low-temperature fuel cells. This paper presents the performance with a variety of carbon-based nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers (CNF), carbon aerogels, nanoplates of graphene, etc. So the present paper provides an overview of these nanostructured materials as low-temperature fuel cell catalyst supports. The improved characteristics of the nanostructured supports with respect to commercially used carbon black (Vulcan XC-72) and their effect on the electrochemical activity are highlighted. Additionally, it reviews the literature on the synthesis of nanostructured-supported Pt electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell catalyst loading reducing through the improvement of catalyst utilization and activity. The features of each synthetic method were also discussed based on the morphology of the synthesized catalysts.展开更多
This paper compared the degradation efficiency of sludge organic matters and electric-production by two typical microbial fuel cells——dual-chamber microbial fuel cell(DMFC)and single chamber air cathode microbial fu...This paper compared the degradation efficiency of sludge organic matters and electric-production by two typical microbial fuel cells——dual-chamber microbial fuel cell(DMFC)and single chamber air cathode microbial fuel cell(SAMFC),and the variations of sludge protein,polysaccharide and ammonia nitrogen within the systems were also investigated.The results showed that the concentration of sludge soluble chemical oxygen demand,protein and carbohydrate of DMFC are higher than these of SAMFC during the systems operation,while DMFC can achieve a better ammonia nitrogen removal than SAMFC.Under the same operation condition,the stable voltage output of DMFC and SAMFC is 0.61 V and 0.37 V;the maximum power density of DMFC and SAMFC is 2.79 W/m3and 1.25 W/m3;TCOD removal efficiency of DMFC and SAMFC is 34.14%and 28.63%for 12 d,respectively.Meanwhile,DMFC has a higher coulomb efficiency than SAMFC,but both are less than5%.The results showed that DMFC present a better performance on sludge degradation and electric-production.展开更多
Passive Direct methanol fuel cells(DMFC)are more suitable for charging small capacity electronic devices.In passive DMFC,the fuel and oxidant are supplied by diffusion and natural convection process on the anode and c...Passive Direct methanol fuel cells(DMFC)are more suitable for charging small capacity electronic devices.In passive DMFC,the fuel and oxidant are supplied by diffusion and natural convection process on the anode and cathode sides respectively.Current collectors(CC)play a vital importance in fuel cell performance.This paper presents the combined impact of perforated and wire mesh current collectors(WMCC)on passive DMFC performance.Three types of open ratios of perforated current collectors(PCC),such as 45.40%,55.40%and 63.40%and two types of wire mesh current collectors with open ratios of 38.70%and 45.40%were chosen for the experimental work.A combination of TaguchiL9 rule is considered.A combination of three PCC and two WMCC on both anode and cathode was used.Methanol concentration was varied from 1 mol·L^(-1)-5 mol·L^(-1)for nine combinations of PCC and WMCC.From the experimental results,it is noticed that the combination of PCC and WMCC with an open ratio of 55.40%and 38.70%incorporated passive DMFC produced peak power density at 5 mol·L^(-1)of methanol concentration.The passive DMFC performance was evaluated in terms of maximum power density and maximum current density.The combined current collectors of PCC and WMCC open ratios of 55.40%+38.70%have more stable voltage than single PCC of open ratio 63.40%at 4 mol·L^(-1)of methanol concentration.展开更多
Platinum/Carbon XC72R （Pt/C） nanocomposite was synthesized in-situ by polyol method. Precursor of hexahydrated chloroplatinic acid H2PtCI6-6H2O was reduced by EG （ethylene glycol） so as to form Pt nanoparticles wh...Platinum/Carbon XC72R （Pt/C） nanocomposite was synthesized in-situ by polyol method. Precursor of hexahydrated chloroplatinic acid H2PtCI6-6H2O was reduced by EG （ethylene glycol） so as to form Pt nanoparticles which were deposited on the surface of carbon. Pt/C composites （treated or untreated carbon） were synthesized at pH - 6.5 and pH = 11. The XRD pattern of Pt/C showed peaks assigned to the crystalline structure of Pt and carbon. TEM images showed that Pt nanoparticles on carbon were ultrafine spheres and the particles obtained sizes from 2 to 6 nm which are mostly concentrated on size of 3 nm. The electrocatalytic activity of Pt/C catalysts toward methanol oxidation was examined by CV （cyclic voltammetry）. Pt/treated XC72R （pH = 11） at potential （0.69 V） exhibited better electroactivity （628 mA/mg Pt）.展开更多
Aiming at on-line controlling of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell （DMFC） stack, an adaptive neural fuzzy inference technology is adopted in the modeling and control of DMFC temperature system. In the modeling process, an A...Aiming at on-line controlling of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell （DMFC） stack, an adaptive neural fuzzy inference technology is adopted in the modeling and control of DMFC temperature system. In the modeling process, an Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System （ANFIS） identification model of DMFC stack temperature is developed based on the input-output sampled data, which can avoid the internal complexity of DMFC stack. In the controlling process, with the network model trained well as the reference model of the DMFC control system, a novel fuzzy genetic algorithm is used to regulate the parameters and fuzzy rules of a neural fuzzy controller. In the simulation, compared with the nonlinear Proportional Integral Derivative （PID） and traditional fuzzy algorithm, the improved neural fuzzy controller designed in this paper gets better performance, as demonstrated by the simulation results.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National High-Technology Research and Development Program Foundation of China(Grant No.2003AA517020)
文摘This paper introduces the effects of cell operating temperature, methanol concentration and airflow rate, respectively, on the performance of direct methanol fuel cell （DMFC）. A novel method based on fuzzy neural networks identification technique is proposed to establish the performance model of DMFC. Three dynamic performance models of DMFC under the influences of cell operating temperature, methanol concentration, and airflow rate are identified and established separately. Simulation results show that modeling using fuzzy neural networks identification is satisfactory with high accuracy. It is applicable to DMFC control systems.
文摘Photocatalytic splitting of water was carried out in a two-phase system. Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide was used as photocatalyst and potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)/(II) as electron transporter. Generated hydrogen was chemically stored by use of a 1,4-benzoquinone/1,4-hydroquinone system, which was used as a recyclable fuel in a commercialised direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The electrical output of the cell was about half compared to methanol. The conversion process for water splitting and recombination in a fuel cell was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy and compared to a simulated spectrum. Products of side reactions, which lead to a decrease of the overall efficiency, were identified based on UV-Vis investigations. A proof of principle for the use of quinoide systems as a recyclable hydrogen storage system in a photocatalytic water splitting and fuel cell cyclic process was given.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China （2007AA05Z150） the National Natural Science Foundation of China （50911140287 50973055）
文摘Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used in fuel cell impedance analysis. However, for ohmic resistance (R Ω), EIS has some disadvantages such as long test period and complex data analysis with equivalent circuits. Therefore, the current interruption method is explored to measure the value of RΩ in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) at different temperatures and current densities. It is found that RΩ decreases as temperature increase, and decreases initially and then increases as current density increases. These results are consistent with those measured by the EIS technique. In most cases, the ohmic resistances with current interruption (R iR ) are larger than those with EIS (R EIS ), but the difference is small, in the range from –0.848% to 5.337%. The errors of R iR at high current densities are less than those of R EIS . Our results show that the R iR data are reliable and easy to obtain in the measurement of ohmic resistance in DMFC.
文摘Supported PtRu/C catalysts used in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) were prepared by a new modified polyol method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammograms (CVs) were carried out to characterize the morphology, composition and the electrochemical properties of the PtRu/C catalyst. The results revealed that the PtRu nanoparticles with small average particle size (≈2.5 nm), and highly dispersed on the carbon support. The PtRu/C catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity and anti poisoned performance than that of the JM PtRu/C. It is imply that the modified polyol method is efficient for PtRu/C catalyst preparation.
文摘Highly-dispersed platinum and platinum-based catalysts on a conductive support are commonly used as electrode materials in low-temperature fuel cells, particularly the hydrogen PEMFC and the direct methanol PEMFC. The performance and durability/stability of these catalysts strongly depend on the characteristics of the support. Catalysts supported on high surface area carbon black are widely used in low-temperature fuel cells. However, the corrosion of carbon black has been recognized as one of major causes of performance degradation and durability issues of low-temperature fuel cells under high-potential conditions. So the need for alternative supports with outstanding physical and mechanical properties to carry out the successful reaction in catalyst layer and give a longer lifetime for the electrocatalysts is inevitable. The emergence of nanotechnology and development of nanostructure materials in recent years has opened up new avenues of materials development for low-temperature fuel cells. This paper presents the performance with a variety of carbon-based nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers (CNF), carbon aerogels, nanoplates of graphene, etc. So the present paper provides an overview of these nanostructured materials as low-temperature fuel cell catalyst supports. The improved characteristics of the nanostructured supports with respect to commercially used carbon black (Vulcan XC-72) and their effect on the electrochemical activity are highlighted. Additionally, it reviews the literature on the synthesis of nanostructured-supported Pt electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell catalyst loading reducing through the improvement of catalyst utilization and activity. The features of each synthetic method were also discussed based on the morphology of the synthesized catalysts.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Key Foundation of China(Grant No.51206036)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.HIT.NSRIF.201192)+1 种基金State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and EnvironmentHarbin Institute of Technology(Grant No.2013DX04)
文摘This paper compared the degradation efficiency of sludge organic matters and electric-production by two typical microbial fuel cells——dual-chamber microbial fuel cell(DMFC)and single chamber air cathode microbial fuel cell(SAMFC),and the variations of sludge protein,polysaccharide and ammonia nitrogen within the systems were also investigated.The results showed that the concentration of sludge soluble chemical oxygen demand,protein and carbohydrate of DMFC are higher than these of SAMFC during the systems operation,while DMFC can achieve a better ammonia nitrogen removal than SAMFC.Under the same operation condition,the stable voltage output of DMFC and SAMFC is 0.61 V and 0.37 V;the maximum power density of DMFC and SAMFC is 2.79 W/m3and 1.25 W/m3;TCOD removal efficiency of DMFC and SAMFC is 34.14%and 28.63%for 12 d,respectively.Meanwhile,DMFC has a higher coulomb efficiency than SAMFC,but both are less than5%.The results showed that DMFC present a better performance on sludge degradation and electric-production.
基金Department of Science and Technology-Science and Enginering Research Board(DST-SERB)Government of India and Technical Education Quality Improvement-II-Centre of Excellence(TEQlP-II-CoE)National Institute of Technology Warangal,India.
文摘Passive Direct methanol fuel cells(DMFC)are more suitable for charging small capacity electronic devices.In passive DMFC,the fuel and oxidant are supplied by diffusion and natural convection process on the anode and cathode sides respectively.Current collectors(CC)play a vital importance in fuel cell performance.This paper presents the combined impact of perforated and wire mesh current collectors(WMCC)on passive DMFC performance.Three types of open ratios of perforated current collectors(PCC),such as 45.40%,55.40%and 63.40%and two types of wire mesh current collectors with open ratios of 38.70%and 45.40%were chosen for the experimental work.A combination of TaguchiL9 rule is considered.A combination of three PCC and two WMCC on both anode and cathode was used.Methanol concentration was varied from 1 mol·L^(-1)-5 mol·L^(-1)for nine combinations of PCC and WMCC.From the experimental results,it is noticed that the combination of PCC and WMCC with an open ratio of 55.40%and 38.70%incorporated passive DMFC produced peak power density at 5 mol·L^(-1)of methanol concentration.The passive DMFC performance was evaluated in terms of maximum power density and maximum current density.The combined current collectors of PCC and WMCC open ratios of 55.40%+38.70%have more stable voltage than single PCC of open ratio 63.40%at 4 mol·L^(-1)of methanol concentration.
文摘Platinum/Carbon XC72R （Pt/C） nanocomposite was synthesized in-situ by polyol method. Precursor of hexahydrated chloroplatinic acid H2PtCI6-6H2O was reduced by EG （ethylene glycol） so as to form Pt nanoparticles which were deposited on the surface of carbon. Pt/C composites （treated or untreated carbon） were synthesized at pH - 6.5 and pH = 11. The XRD pattern of Pt/C showed peaks assigned to the crystalline structure of Pt and carbon. TEM images showed that Pt nanoparticles on carbon were ultrafine spheres and the particles obtained sizes from 2 to 6 nm which are mostly concentrated on size of 3 nm. The electrocatalytic activity of Pt/C catalysts toward methanol oxidation was examined by CV （cyclic voltammetry）. Pt/treated XC72R （pH = 11） at potential （0.69 V） exhibited better electroactivity （628 mA/mg Pt）.
文摘Aiming at on-line controlling of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell （DMFC） stack, an adaptive neural fuzzy inference technology is adopted in the modeling and control of DMFC temperature system. In the modeling process, an Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System （ANFIS） identification model of DMFC stack temperature is developed based on the input-output sampled data, which can avoid the internal complexity of DMFC stack. In the controlling process, with the network model trained well as the reference model of the DMFC control system, a novel fuzzy genetic algorithm is used to regulate the parameters and fuzzy rules of a neural fuzzy controller. In the simulation, compared with the nonlinear Proportional Integral Derivative （PID） and traditional fuzzy algorithm, the improved neural fuzzy controller designed in this paper gets better performance, as demonstrated by the simulation results.
