A Review of Shipowner＇s ＆ Charterer＇s Obligations in Various Types of Charter

The charterparty is a legal contract of employing a vessel. In shipping matters, it is a highly important document since it allocates obligations, rights, duties, liabilities, risks, earnings, costs and profits between the contracted parties, namely, the shipowner and the charterer. The interpretation of the above mentioned matters, as well as the understanding of charterparty terms, is considered of critical importance in chartering practice. Therefore, this paper constitutes a review of the most important aspects arising from charterparties in the main types of charter. The present study is based on shipping practices followed in accordance with the English Common Law throughout the chartering process （pre-fixture, fixture, execution of the charter, post fixture）. This is a synopsis about the distribution of the liabilities and expenses between the shipowner and the charterer in the most representative types of charter. The analysis is seen from a commercial stand point. Therefore, it is mostly addressed to the shipping practitioners, maritime economists, academics, students and researchers who seek to form a comprehensive view on the subject. It may also form a basis for further study on chartering aspects （legal, economic, managerial and practical）.

Does a deviation between the rights and obligations of the board and controlling shareholders affect firm value？

This study examines the association between firm value and ownership structure, when board and controlling stockholders＇ voting rights deviate from obligations. The measurement of the corporate governance variables is different from prior research. The author further investigates whether monitoring mechanisms can alleviate the agency problem due to percentage of outside directors. The empirical results show that the higher board voting rights-obligations is deviated, which means the weaker relation with the firm value. The author also finds the monitoring from outside directors can reduce the agency problems from board＇s deviation and thus can improve firm value. But the results of the controlling stockholders＇ deviation are mixed or insignificant. This research has implications for Taiwan＇s regulators who are striving to improve the information, transparency, and corporate governance of board and controlling shareholders＇ voting rights-obligations deviation.

董事ESG监督义务的法理逻辑与规范构造

ESG风险已经成为公众公司当前与未来面临的重大挑战。设置董事ESG监督义务不仅是应对ESG风险的重要制度安排,而且契合新时代公司目的的转向,有助于预防化解重大ESG风险,并能够弥补其他ESG促进机制的不足,因而具有充分正当性。尽管ESG属于新兴事物,但根据董事监督义务适用范围的双阶框架,设置董事ESG监督义务具有坚实法理基础。我国应在《公司法》等法律法规中明确设置董事ESG监督义务,并阐明其内涵。具体而言,董事负有ESG风险识别、建立和维护ESG风险信息和报告系统、事后调查处置ESG风险等义务。同时我国还应对董事ESG监督义务进行体系化构建,要求公众公司分别在董事会、经理层、部门、员工、利益相关者等维度构建落实董事ESG监督义务的组织体系。

Bellini’s Norma and the Challenge of Regieoper

Despite the universal messages of Bellini’s Norma,the attempts at translating and adapting it to a modern context in the revisionist spirit of Regieoper(the director’s opera)encounter serious difficulties,as indicated by recent productions.The present paper focuses on these difficulties by examining in detail what appear to be the most challenging,innovative and thought-provoking among those productions which,despite remarkable merits,suffer from acute shortcomings:inter alia certain incompatibilities with the libretto,cultural dissonances,and problems of inner-coherence and verisimilitude.The detailed analysis of specific productions is followed by a general discussion(through a comparative approach)of Norma’s adaptability to Regieoper,which is shown to be extremely difficult,among other reasons because the terms of reference to the dimensions of the historical context(and the inherent mores)in its libretto are by far less flexible than those of other operas.Norma’s universal messages and its dualities of“foreign”versus“familiar,”with their vast semantic ambit,would seem to be better understood by meticulously delving into the subtleties of the text(and subtext)of Romani’s sophisticated libretto.Inner-coherence and compatibility with the libretto are essential for any attempt at creating an appropriate analogy running parallel to the original narrative.A fully convincing production of Norma in a modernizing spirit,if at all possible,remains an artistic challenge.

Action Plan to Promote All-Round Progress in China's Human Rights Cause——An Interview with Wang Chen,director of the State Council Information Office

EDITOR＇S NOTE： The National Human Rights Action Plan of China （2009-2010） has won favorable comments in China and abroad since its publication by the Information Office of the State Council on April 13, 2009. Here is a transcript of an interview given to our reporters by Wang Chen, director of the Office, on the Action Plan, which we hope will help our readers gain a better understanding of China＇s human rights cause and its development.

Achievements in Safeguarding Disabled People's Rights——An Interview with Shen Zhifei,deputy general director of the China Disabled Persons' Federation

There are about 83 million disabled people in China, accounting for 6.34% of the total population, according to a national survey in 2006. As a disadvantaged group, the rights and interests of the disabled are arousing more concerns from all walks of society in the country. Following is Human Rights＇ interview with Shen Zhifei, deputy general director of the China Disabled Persons＇ Federation, on the legal guarantee of the special group＇s rights and interests, their rehabilitation, education and employment.

新《公司法》中的股东出资义务

新《公司法》以强化股东出资义务为导向,对公司出资制度进行了修改,新增了董事会核查和催缴、股东失权制度以及加速到期制度。这些新增制度在实践中如何适用,需进一步研究和探索。股东违反出资义务需要承担补足和赔偿责任,其他股东和董事也可能承担相应责任。

董事辞职留任规则的制度逻辑

新《公司法》勾画了董事辞职规则的基本框架,但仍需通过公司法理论研究进行细节填充以满足司法裁判需求。董事与公司之间是以委托合同为基础而具有公司法特色的法律关系。董事和公司均有权根据自身意思自治提出辞职(解任)要求,而无须相对方同意。董事辞职导致董事会人数低于法定下限的,触发法定的留任义务以确保公司的经营持续,并为公司股东会选任新董事预留充分时间。董事辞职后无论是否发生法定留任,其兼任的法定代表人职务均应解除。董事留任期间内,公司股东会应尽快考察、选举新任董事。

论证券虚假陈述中独立董事违反勤勉义务的责任承担

保证上市公司披露信息的真实、准确和完整是独立董事应负的勤勉义务,但实务中因法律依据不足导致的行为判定抵牾与责任承担混乱的问题时有发生,具体表现为审查标准不明、免责事由不详、责任类型不分等,故而有必要从赋予法官以释明权、增强行为的实质性审查、构建职责统一的行为判定标准、辨明独立董事的主观状态和责任形态方面展开讨论。

网络暴力刑法治理中平台义务之研究

近年来严重网络暴力事件频繁发生,社会公众对采用法律治理尤其是刑法治理网络暴力的呼声越来越高。对施暴者的事后惩戒固然不可或缺,但网络服务提供者在网络暴力治理中的作用同样需要重视。拒不履行信息网络安全管理义务罪自设立以来就极少适用,其不作为属性与义务内容均需加以明确。拒不履行信息网络安全管理义务罪作为纯正不作为犯,其义务应当源于法律的明文规定,并且需要对义务进行类型化配置,避免网络服务提供者负担过重。在网络暴力刑法治理中,信息网络安全管理义务应当在一般性规定的基础上进一步细化,同时通过控制能力的实质判断与构成要件的严格认定,避免入罪范围的不当扩大。

基于Director的工程图学习题解答系统的开发

Director能够对3D对象自由操作的特性非常适合于工程图学习题解答系统。介绍基于Director的工程图学习题解答系统的开发,包括系统架构的设计、素材的准备、程序的编制、系统的打包和发布等。

S波段高增益Vivaldi天线设计

本文设计了一种工作在S波段超宽带、高增益的Vivaldi天线。该天线以传统Vivaldi天线为出发点,设计主辐射贴片结构为槽线渐变辐射器,引入开槽设计和三角形引向器进一步提高天线的整体辐射性能。馈电结构采用易于加工的渐变微带线转槽线耦合结构进行馈电,实现不平衡结构到平衡结构的转变。合理选择了介电常数为3.66的Rogers RO4350C介质基板材料,天线的总体尺寸为100mm×80mm×1.5mm。仿真结果表明,在2~4GHz的带宽内驻波比小于1.5,增益达到6.7 d B,且方向图的一致性较好。

网管员有奖征文之六十五、六十六 共享利器——NFS网络文件系统经验谈

我行BAIS储蓄会计集成系统原在一台主机上运行,后因为资源紧张就将一部分数据移入另一台主机,但两台主机都需要对共享数据进行操作,为保证共享数据的一致性、完整性,只能将共享数据放在一台主机上,另一台主机以共享方式操作这部分数据。经反复论证决定采用NFS(Network File System)网络文件系统来实现数据共享。

The effects of corporate governance compliance on market valuation in Malaysia

This study investigates the effects of corporate governance compliance on market valuation in Malaysia using a sample of 164 companies listed on the Main Board in Bursa Malaysia from 5 different industries （consumer, trading ＆ services, industrial, constructions and properties） within 2001 to 2005. Throughout, this study will use correlation and regression analysis in the SPSS software to determine the effects of corporate governance practices on Market Valuation. In analyzing firms＇ market valuation, we will use the Tobin＇s Q formula and for the corporate governance compliance, we will look at 4 criteria to compare with market valuation, which are （1） Board of Director＇s composition, （2） Board of Director＇s remuneration （salaries）, （3） Board of Director＇s training and development, （4） Board of Director＇s meeting. In order to determine the effects between the corporate governance compliance and market valuation, we will use regression analysis. Based on the correlation analysis, the first null hypothesis must be rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, in which dependent variable and independent variables are significantly correlated with BOD remuneration and BOD training availability. Overall, there is a significant relationship between Tobin＇s Q and independent variables （BOD remuneration and BOD training）. This study also recommends that for the company who did not comply with the code, they should follow the best practice because it will be a pivotal weapon in facing with the fierce competition in era globalization.

The Whaling in the Antarctic Case, Applying the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling as a Self-contained Regime

The Whaling in the Antarctic Case (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) decided by the International Court of Justice (hereinafter "ICJ" or "the Court") on 31 March 2014 dealt with the interpretation of specific provisions of the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), in particular Article VIII.1, and its complementary instruments, i.e., the Schedule and the Annexes of the International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee. The decision of the Court was a remarkable good one. However, its rigorous reasoning focused almost exclusively on the required purpose of "scientific research" of the JARPA II Programme1 permits as set out in the ICRW, approaching the convention as an autonomous self-contained regime which leaves aside other additional grounds. Nonetheless, it would be beneficial for further jurisdictional developments to strengthen the scope of the ICWR system with the applicable provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and other treaties and institutions impinging on whales and whaling, e.g., CITES, Bonn Convention, Antarctic Treaty System, among others. The query remains concerning the unexplored sources of international law ruling Antarctic spaces and species which are absent in the judgment of the Court but may allow an evolutive interpretation of the ICRW.

Meridian Director D／A解码器

Meridian似乎与便携式D／A解码器“扛”上了。继去年发布Explorer后。现在又推出新款的Director。Director支持USB和S／PDIF输入以及立体声模拟输出，内置Cirrus Logic 192kHz／24bit精度的CS4353，后者还兼容DSD的解码。

Small Production,Big Impact

IT'S the local characters and landscape that I usually find most interesting about Chinese films. But it was the plot of Tuya's Marriage that captured my attention, regardless of its being Chinese." This comment by a German critic is possibly the best compliment Wang Quan'an, director of Tuya's Marriage, could hope for. He and other young Chinese film makers have been doing their utmost to produce works that touch the Western soul rather than presenting a visual oriental feast.

McDATA在SNW上展示新的4Gb／s技术

在SNW（Storage Networking World）春季会议上，McDATA在展示其全线产品的同时还预览了其新的4Gb／s Sphereon光纤交换机。该产品采用了McDATA独具创新的FlexPort技术。McDATA的Intrepid 10000、6140和6064，将可以无缝地升级到4Gb／s技术。通过将4Gb／s功能添加到Sphereon光纤交换机和Intrepid Director中，McDATA将这些数据中心品质的功能带给了使用SAN的小型用户，以及那些希望扩大现有存储光纤的较大型企业。

董事义务的代理结构完善研究——从发挥信义理论的补充作用出发

我国董事义务建立于代理制基础上的民事合同与侵权理论,在体系和内容设计方面上深受德国、日本等国家公司法的影响,但是在商事语境下,并没有体现出商事制度中代理的特殊性应用,从商事角度考察,在突出商事活动特别是公司法范畴下代理的特殊性上还有不足,这一现象也多体现于公司法的修改中,英美法系国家董事义务建立在信义义务的基础,更加着眼于突出董事的个人属性。我国未来的立法可在代理制基础上,内嵌信托理论与信义义务,实现董事义务代理框架下的信义优化。