This article’s primary objective is to answer the question of what is the semantic language of identity and interests of Turkey and Georgia?In addition,it analyzes the connotative quotes that exchanged between the tw...This article’s primary objective is to answer the question of what is the semantic language of identity and interests of Turkey and Georgia?In addition,it analyzes the connotative quotes that exchanged between the two countries during diplomatic visits.Because the article concentrated on the remarks that were stressed during visits and meetings that took place between the years 2002 and 2022,it was necessary to search through 150 news on civil.ge site and filter down to 35 news before applying the content analysis.The AntConc corpus analysis was used in order to comprehend the nature of the political conversation between both countries.According to the findings,the constructivism of core theme that claim states view each other via the identity through interaction was verified.The purpose of the research is to provide a contribution to the study of the identities and interests of Georgia and Turkey who are good neighbors.展开更多
With the development of the major country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics,diplomatic discourse,as an important part of building China’s international discourse power,has attracted much attention.Personificatio...With the development of the major country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics,diplomatic discourse,as an important part of building China’s international discourse power,has attracted much attention.Personification is a common means in diplomatic discourse.By giving anthropomorphic expressions to countries,regions,institutions and policies,the purpose of building national identity and establishing national image can be achieved.Based on conceptual metaphor theory and national identity theory,this paper focuses on personification in diplomatic discourse with a case study of the regular press conference of Ministry of Foreign Affairs.It is found that the spokesperson skillfully constructed China’s positive national identity,such as peace-loving,openness and inclusiveness by using a large number of body metaphor,kinship metaphor and role metaphor.展开更多
Linguistics classifies question methods into certain types. There are kinds of question methods, such as alternative question method, yes-no question method, specific question method, direct question method, indirect ...Linguistics classifies question methods into certain types. There are kinds of question methods, such as alternative question method, yes-no question method, specific question method, direct question method, indirect question method, echo question method, tag question method, miracle question method and so on. And this paper will set the characteristic discourses of protagonists in the drama of Antigone by the ancient Greek tragedian Sophocles as a research example, so as to analyze the protagonist's pragmatics motivation in the conversation strategies when communicating with three people in different social identity, that is to say, this paper will analyze the way that the selected question and answer methods used by the protagonist to achieve the effect of being recognized as king identity but not as a tyrant in fact. According to the dramatic text, this paper tends to make a further research on the characters' self-identity construction ground on the discourse characteristic of the characters. And from the perspective of modem linguistic, it is the analysis of the motivation in question methods, and the advantage and disadvantage on the discourse right implied in answer methods, that contribute to the further research on how the social identity construction and the classic character image are successfully made.展开更多
With the rapid development of science and technology,video has become a very important way to demonstrate the city itself.This paper,based on Fairclough's three-dimensional conception of discourse to the video of ...With the rapid development of science and technology,video has become a very important way to demonstrate the city itself.This paper,based on Fairclough's three-dimensional conception of discourse to the video of Xitang,analyzes the on-screen titles of this video to reveal the ideology behind it.Through the analysis,it points out that this video,while protecting Xitang's own unique traditional characteristics,it tries to cater for the needs not only Chinese people but also foreigners.To some extent,it tries to promote Xitang itself.展开更多
In daily social communication,people mainly construct their own and others'identities through discourse,and the most representative and widely used of identity-constructing discourse is address forms.In this paper...In daily social communication,people mainly construct their own and others'identities through discourse,and the most representative and widely used of identity-constructing discourse is address forms.In this paper,we focus on the identity-constructing function of address formsand the cognitive collaboration of their subordinate categories at the conceptual level,where different forms of address formshave obvious selection preferences in expressing specific discourse functions.Addressing has a discourse function other than the referential function,and inter-subjectivityis its underlying motivation.展开更多
Post-colonial literary studies, as a significant academic field, have recently garnered widespread attention from scholars due to their integration with critical discourse analysis. This study explores the application...Post-colonial literary studies, as a significant academic field, have recently garnered widespread attention from scholars due to their integration with critical discourse analysis. This study explores the application of critical discourse analysis in post-colonial literary research, focusing on how this method reveals implicit power relations, identity construction, and cultural conflicts within texts. Through in-depth analysis of representative works, this study demonstrates how critical discourse analysis provides new perspectives and methodological tools for post-colonial literary studies. The research finds that critical discourse analysis can effectively deconstruct colonial discourse in texts, reveal authors’ ideological positions, and offer profound insights into understanding the complexity of post-colonial societies. This study not only enriches the methodology of post-colonial literary research, but also provides valuable references for interdisciplinary studies.展开更多
The current study investigates a group of Chinese undergraduates’perceptions of Chinese culture.It examines the discourses that the students drew on to assign meaning to Chinese culture and how the students used thes...The current study investigates a group of Chinese undergraduates’perceptions of Chinese culture.It examines the discourses that the students drew on to assign meaning to Chinese culture and how the students used these discourses in constructing their Chinese cultural identity.A qualitative study was conducted collecting written self-reflective reports on critical intercultural incidents from 39 Chinese undergraduates at a university in Beijing.Questions designed to evoke reports from the students had them describe incidents in their past intercultural experiences that made them acutely aware of themselves“being Chinese”and specify aspects of Chinese culture that they felt such awareness could be attributed to.A discourse analysis reveals the multiplicity and contextuality of the students’notions of Chinese culture.The findings raise important considerations for contemporary Chinese undergraduates’cultural identity and their much debated“identity crisis.”展开更多
David Henry Hwang is the first and the only Asian American playwright ever to win Tony Award for Best Play.His latest play Yellow Face combines signs,representation and the issue of identity on the stage with those in...David Henry Hwang is the first and the only Asian American playwright ever to win Tony Award for Best Play.His latest play Yellow Face combines signs,representation and the issue of identity on the stage with those in the real life,vividly interpreting the fluidity of identity.Therefore,this essay attempts to concentrate on a semiotic study of Yellow Face from the perspective of Stuart Hall's Cultural Studies,especially the discursive approach.Through the analysis of various signs in the plays to be discussed and how these signs construct meaning to represent culture,this essay explores the relationships between symbolic representations and cultural identity,shedding a new light on Yellow Face.展开更多
This paper deals with thematization as a fundamental step towards the determination of photography image discourses in order to index them. It deals with questions related to photographic reality, polysemy, denotation...This paper deals with thematization as a fundamental step towards the determination of photography image discourses in order to index them. It deals with questions related to photographic reality, polysemy, denotation and connotation, whose comprehension is fundamentally important for the interpretation of photography discourses. It also approaches aspects that have influenced photography analysis towards its thematization, such as the characterization of an image bank, the functions performed by photos, as well as technical and visual quality.展开更多
The present study shall be mainly concerned with logic flow and its expressions in academic paper. It examines Law, Law, What Law? and intends to focus on two research goals: (1) to identify logic flow among claus...The present study shall be mainly concerned with logic flow and its expressions in academic paper. It examines Law, Law, What Law? and intends to focus on two research goals: (1) to identify logic flow among clause complexes; (2) to figure out meanings and intentions of those logic expressions. The description and analysis shall demonstrate how the logic flow is achieved on two aspects of textual cohesive devices: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Any reader or translator ignores such devices of cohesion may not only get lost in the maze of language but miss subtle touches of irony, hence misreading the author's points of view.展开更多
It has been more than four decades since "European Identity" first appeared in EEC document in 1973.Therefore,the discursive construction of the notion has undergone a long and complex process.While the repr...It has been more than four decades since "European Identity" first appeared in EEC document in 1973.Therefore,the discursive construction of the notion has undergone a long and complex process.While the representative documents of EU are the legitimate underlying file to demonstrate "European Identity" discourse pf which the systematic research is relatively barely noticed.From the horizon of "social discourse" theories,this paper focuses on sorting out the representative documents of EU,and analyses the word frequency and diachronic evolution derived from "European Identity" perception,in order to reveal the discursive legitimate progress of "European Identity" and the issues triggered from it.展开更多
Based on the English version of the Sustainability Report of China Mobile and the Annual Report of AT&T published in 2019 to 2020,this paper uses discourse analysis framework Discourse-Historical Approach.It expla...Based on the English version of the Sustainability Report of China Mobile and the Annual Report of AT&T published in 2019 to 2020,this paper uses discourse analysis framework Discourse-Historical Approach.It explains and analyses the identity of China Mobile and AT&T and discusses the ideological factors behind their images through the analysis of referential strategy,strategies of perspectivation and strategies of intensification and mitigation.By combining the use of corpus,this paper also analyses the identity of China Mobile and AT&T from the perspective of the use of high-frequency content words,modal verbs and their concordance.By doing so,the research shows that the identity created by the English version of China Mobile’s Sustainability Report is mainly authentic and practical,focusing on management and sustainable development as well as the development of technology.While the identity of AT&T is people-friendly,concerning about equity of female,male and black people,and focusing on diversity and inclusion.展开更多
This paper focuses on how the implementation of a single regional political instrument is perceived, understood and communicated. Designed as a regional political instrument, the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Co...This paper focuses on how the implementation of a single regional political instrument is perceived, understood and communicated. Designed as a regional political instrument, the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications started a pilot project: "Driver education as a part of upper secondary school in district Norway". The focal point in this paper is to explore how the professional participants understand and interpret the project as a regional political instrument in order to maintain the local community, identity and local belonging. The theoretical approach is based on Giddens's actor/structure theory, while the analysis based on discourse analysis, in the analysis we separated the arguments used in the professional discourse. We detected different categories of argument in the discourses among the professionals. In addition to the professional discourse, we became aware of a personal discourse. In both discourses the political instrument was perceived to be important in order to maintain the local community, create equality and maintain local identity and a sense of belonging.展开更多
Language use can reflect social identities and the way a person is presenting himself or herself to other people. As to show how gender identities can be reflected from the discourse, a casual conversation was recorde...Language use can reflect social identities and the way a person is presenting himself or herself to other people. As to show how gender identities can be reflected from the discourse, a casual conversation was recorded and analyzed topic, amount of talking, and other language usage features.展开更多
This paper sets out from the view of discourse analysis and illustrates the approach with an analysis of discursive as-pects of consumer discourse in contemporary China,specifically in housing market.It includes a the...This paper sets out from the view of discourse analysis and illustrates the approach with an analysis of discursive as-pects of consumer discourse in contemporary China,specifically in housing market.It includes a theoretical account of CDA,a fra-mework for analyzing discursive events as well as analysis of samples of the Ads of Chinese housing market.This paper concludes with a discussion of the value of critical discourse analysis as a method in social economical field.展开更多
This article aims to provide an adequate interpretation for the dynamic construction of identity in private setting context in China. Naturally occurring conversations between single mother and daughter were examined ...This article aims to provide an adequate interpretation for the dynamic construction of identity in private setting context in China. Naturally occurring conversations between single mother and daughter were examined by using discourse analysis. The result shows that participants in spoken interaction do not always communicate with each other through the expected/default identities. Rather they sometimes deviate from the identities that they are expected to construct.展开更多
With a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, this essay reveals four types of discourses: discourse of examination, instruction, technology and regulation. Based on the analysis of power relation among those discourse...With a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, this essay reveals four types of discourses: discourse of examination, instruction, technology and regulation. Based on the analysis of power relation among those discourses, a vivid picture of teachers' identity at training-school has been clearly sketched. That is, teacher at training-school is a puppet acting as not only the transmitter of specific knowledge, but also the supervisor of rules and spokesman of institution.展开更多
This study aimed to find the typical features of e-discourse of Chinese which are different from other literacy practices.It examined how younger groups of Chinese interact online through online chatting software(QQ) ...This study aimed to find the typical features of e-discourse of Chinese which are different from other literacy practices.It examined how younger groups of Chinese interact online through online chatting software(QQ) and studies the discursive linguistic strategies and features involved. The findings demonstrated how they adopted and adapted English to interact creatively and playfully in a context with spatio- temporal constraints(Werry 1996) in maintaining and establishing social contact, and to express their cultural identity through code- switching. The speech modifications and linguistic features provided evidence that within the context of Chinese e-discourse can be considered as important attributes of cultural identity.展开更多
This paper deals with the derivation of a series of seemingly simple but ignored relations, and presents several identities for fluids never obtained before (relations of integrals over different sets of independent v...This paper deals with the derivation of a series of seemingly simple but ignored relations, and presents several identities for fluids never obtained before (relations of integrals over different sets of independent variables and connected by an invertible mapping). These identities are based on mass conservation and a mathematical transform with no restriction on dynamics. They are, however, crucial to some fundamental concepts and the interpretation of results from dynamics. The identity for momentum is of most importance and, when averaged over time, yields a relationship between the spatially integrated and time averaged Lagrangian momentum and the spatially integrated and time averaged Eulerian momentum. For a constant density fluid, the averaged identity reduces to a relation between the integrated mean displacement of the particles and the integrated mean Eulerian velocity. For an exactly oscillatory flow in an Eulerian description this identity yields a zero integrated mean displacement of particles. In the case of a progressive surface gravity wave, which is periodic but not exactly oscillatory in an Eulerian description such that there are no particles above the trough during part of the period, the mean momentum identity ensures that the integrated mean Eulerian momentum is equal to the integrated mean momentum of the particles. Therefore, there is essentially no superiority as to which description gives a better estimate of the total momentum or total transport at the same order of approximation. The widely used relation, that the Lagrangian velocity equals the Eulerian velocity plus the Stokes velocity, is not based on a 1 to 1 invertible mapping and is therefore ambiguous. This relation is not valid where there is a discontinuity, particularly above the wave trough. It can therefore give an incorrect result on the Lagrangian velocity. The Generalized Lagrangian Mean (GLM) theory uses a mapping between the mean positions of particles and the particles themselves and apparently avoids the non invertibility. However, this mapping is actually not invertible in general because different particles may have the same mean position.展开更多
文摘This article’s primary objective is to answer the question of what is the semantic language of identity and interests of Turkey and Georgia?In addition,it analyzes the connotative quotes that exchanged between the two countries during diplomatic visits.Because the article concentrated on the remarks that were stressed during visits and meetings that took place between the years 2002 and 2022,it was necessary to search through 150 news on civil.ge site and filter down to 35 news before applying the content analysis.The AntConc corpus analysis was used in order to comprehend the nature of the political conversation between both countries.According to the findings,the constructivism of core theme that claim states view each other via the identity through interaction was verified.The purpose of the research is to provide a contribution to the study of the identities and interests of Georgia and Turkey who are good neighbors.
文摘With the development of the major country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics,diplomatic discourse,as an important part of building China’s international discourse power,has attracted much attention.Personification is a common means in diplomatic discourse.By giving anthropomorphic expressions to countries,regions,institutions and policies,the purpose of building national identity and establishing national image can be achieved.Based on conceptual metaphor theory and national identity theory,this paper focuses on personification in diplomatic discourse with a case study of the regular press conference of Ministry of Foreign Affairs.It is found that the spokesperson skillfully constructed China’s positive national identity,such as peace-loving,openness and inclusiveness by using a large number of body metaphor,kinship metaphor and role metaphor.
文摘Linguistics classifies question methods into certain types. There are kinds of question methods, such as alternative question method, yes-no question method, specific question method, direct question method, indirect question method, echo question method, tag question method, miracle question method and so on. And this paper will set the characteristic discourses of protagonists in the drama of Antigone by the ancient Greek tragedian Sophocles as a research example, so as to analyze the protagonist's pragmatics motivation in the conversation strategies when communicating with three people in different social identity, that is to say, this paper will analyze the way that the selected question and answer methods used by the protagonist to achieve the effect of being recognized as king identity but not as a tyrant in fact. According to the dramatic text, this paper tends to make a further research on the characters' self-identity construction ground on the discourse characteristic of the characters. And from the perspective of modem linguistic, it is the analysis of the motivation in question methods, and the advantage and disadvantage on the discourse right implied in answer methods, that contribute to the further research on how the social identity construction and the classic character image are successfully made.
文摘With the rapid development of science and technology,video has become a very important way to demonstrate the city itself.This paper,based on Fairclough's three-dimensional conception of discourse to the video of Xitang,analyzes the on-screen titles of this video to reveal the ideology behind it.Through the analysis,it points out that this video,while protecting Xitang's own unique traditional characteristics,it tries to cater for the needs not only Chinese people but also foreigners.To some extent,it tries to promote Xitang itself.
文摘In daily social communication,people mainly construct their own and others'identities through discourse,and the most representative and widely used of identity-constructing discourse is address forms.In this paper,we focus on the identity-constructing function of address formsand the cognitive collaboration of their subordinate categories at the conceptual level,where different forms of address formshave obvious selection preferences in expressing specific discourse functions.Addressing has a discourse function other than the referential function,and inter-subjectivityis its underlying motivation.
文摘Post-colonial literary studies, as a significant academic field, have recently garnered widespread attention from scholars due to their integration with critical discourse analysis. This study explores the application of critical discourse analysis in post-colonial literary research, focusing on how this method reveals implicit power relations, identity construction, and cultural conflicts within texts. Through in-depth analysis of representative works, this study demonstrates how critical discourse analysis provides new perspectives and methodological tools for post-colonial literary studies. The research finds that critical discourse analysis can effectively deconstruct colonial discourse in texts, reveal authors’ ideological positions, and offer profound insights into understanding the complexity of post-colonial societies. This study not only enriches the methodology of post-colonial literary research, but also provides valuable references for interdisciplinary studies.
基金This research was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China under Grant No.3162020ZYKC05Beijing Social Science Funds under Grant No.19YYC017.
文摘The current study investigates a group of Chinese undergraduates’perceptions of Chinese culture.It examines the discourses that the students drew on to assign meaning to Chinese culture and how the students used these discourses in constructing their Chinese cultural identity.A qualitative study was conducted collecting written self-reflective reports on critical intercultural incidents from 39 Chinese undergraduates at a university in Beijing.Questions designed to evoke reports from the students had them describe incidents in their past intercultural experiences that made them acutely aware of themselves“being Chinese”and specify aspects of Chinese culture that they felt such awareness could be attributed to.A discourse analysis reveals the multiplicity and contextuality of the students’notions of Chinese culture.The findings raise important considerations for contemporary Chinese undergraduates’cultural identity and their much debated“identity crisis.”
文摘David Henry Hwang is the first and the only Asian American playwright ever to win Tony Award for Best Play.His latest play Yellow Face combines signs,representation and the issue of identity on the stage with those in the real life,vividly interpreting the fluidity of identity.Therefore,this essay attempts to concentrate on a semiotic study of Yellow Face from the perspective of Stuart Hall's Cultural Studies,especially the discursive approach.Through the analysis of various signs in the plays to be discussed and how these signs construct meaning to represent culture,this essay explores the relationships between symbolic representations and cultural identity,shedding a new light on Yellow Face.
文摘This paper deals with thematization as a fundamental step towards the determination of photography image discourses in order to index them. It deals with questions related to photographic reality, polysemy, denotation and connotation, whose comprehension is fundamentally important for the interpretation of photography discourses. It also approaches aspects that have influenced photography analysis towards its thematization, such as the characterization of an image bank, the functions performed by photos, as well as technical and visual quality.
文摘The present study shall be mainly concerned with logic flow and its expressions in academic paper. It examines Law, Law, What Law? and intends to focus on two research goals: (1) to identify logic flow among clause complexes; (2) to figure out meanings and intentions of those logic expressions. The description and analysis shall demonstrate how the logic flow is achieved on two aspects of textual cohesive devices: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Any reader or translator ignores such devices of cohesion may not only get lost in the maze of language but miss subtle touches of irony, hence misreading the author's points of view.
基金funded by young teachers'foundation project in Southwest University for Nationalities 2015 European identity construction in social discursive perspective(NO.2015SZYQ N110)Humanities and Social Sciences of Sichuan Education Department 2014 on the European identity'discursive construction of EU's official transcript"(NO.14SB0604)
文摘It has been more than four decades since "European Identity" first appeared in EEC document in 1973.Therefore,the discursive construction of the notion has undergone a long and complex process.While the representative documents of EU are the legitimate underlying file to demonstrate "European Identity" discourse pf which the systematic research is relatively barely noticed.From the horizon of "social discourse" theories,this paper focuses on sorting out the representative documents of EU,and analyses the word frequency and diachronic evolution derived from "European Identity" perception,in order to reveal the discursive legitimate progress of "European Identity" and the issues triggered from it.
文摘Based on the English version of the Sustainability Report of China Mobile and the Annual Report of AT&T published in 2019 to 2020,this paper uses discourse analysis framework Discourse-Historical Approach.It explains and analyses the identity of China Mobile and AT&T and discusses the ideological factors behind their images through the analysis of referential strategy,strategies of perspectivation and strategies of intensification and mitigation.By combining the use of corpus,this paper also analyses the identity of China Mobile and AT&T from the perspective of the use of high-frequency content words,modal verbs and their concordance.By doing so,the research shows that the identity created by the English version of China Mobile’s Sustainability Report is mainly authentic and practical,focusing on management and sustainable development as well as the development of technology.While the identity of AT&T is people-friendly,concerning about equity of female,male and black people,and focusing on diversity and inclusion.
文摘This paper focuses on how the implementation of a single regional political instrument is perceived, understood and communicated. Designed as a regional political instrument, the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications started a pilot project: "Driver education as a part of upper secondary school in district Norway". The focal point in this paper is to explore how the professional participants understand and interpret the project as a regional political instrument in order to maintain the local community, identity and local belonging. The theoretical approach is based on Giddens's actor/structure theory, while the analysis based on discourse analysis, in the analysis we separated the arguments used in the professional discourse. We detected different categories of argument in the discourses among the professionals. In addition to the professional discourse, we became aware of a personal discourse. In both discourses the political instrument was perceived to be important in order to maintain the local community, create equality and maintain local identity and a sense of belonging.
文摘Language use can reflect social identities and the way a person is presenting himself or herself to other people. As to show how gender identities can be reflected from the discourse, a casual conversation was recorded and analyzed topic, amount of talking, and other language usage features.
文摘This paper sets out from the view of discourse analysis and illustrates the approach with an analysis of discursive as-pects of consumer discourse in contemporary China,specifically in housing market.It includes a theoretical account of CDA,a fra-mework for analyzing discursive events as well as analysis of samples of the Ads of Chinese housing market.This paper concludes with a discussion of the value of critical discourse analysis as a method in social economical field.
文摘This article aims to provide an adequate interpretation for the dynamic construction of identity in private setting context in China. Naturally occurring conversations between single mother and daughter were examined by using discourse analysis. The result shows that participants in spoken interaction do not always communicate with each other through the expected/default identities. Rather they sometimes deviate from the identities that they are expected to construct.
文摘With a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, this essay reveals four types of discourses: discourse of examination, instruction, technology and regulation. Based on the analysis of power relation among those discourses, a vivid picture of teachers' identity at training-school has been clearly sketched. That is, teacher at training-school is a puppet acting as not only the transmitter of specific knowledge, but also the supervisor of rules and spokesman of institution.
文摘This study aimed to find the typical features of e-discourse of Chinese which are different from other literacy practices.It examined how younger groups of Chinese interact online through online chatting software(QQ) and studies the discursive linguistic strategies and features involved. The findings demonstrated how they adopted and adapted English to interact creatively and playfully in a context with spatio- temporal constraints(Werry 1996) in maintaining and establishing social contact, and to express their cultural identity through code- switching. The speech modifications and linguistic features provided evidence that within the context of Chinese e-discourse can be considered as important attributes of cultural identity.
文摘This paper deals with the derivation of a series of seemingly simple but ignored relations, and presents several identities for fluids never obtained before (relations of integrals over different sets of independent variables and connected by an invertible mapping). These identities are based on mass conservation and a mathematical transform with no restriction on dynamics. They are, however, crucial to some fundamental concepts and the interpretation of results from dynamics. The identity for momentum is of most importance and, when averaged over time, yields a relationship between the spatially integrated and time averaged Lagrangian momentum and the spatially integrated and time averaged Eulerian momentum. For a constant density fluid, the averaged identity reduces to a relation between the integrated mean displacement of the particles and the integrated mean Eulerian velocity. For an exactly oscillatory flow in an Eulerian description this identity yields a zero integrated mean displacement of particles. In the case of a progressive surface gravity wave, which is periodic but not exactly oscillatory in an Eulerian description such that there are no particles above the trough during part of the period, the mean momentum identity ensures that the integrated mean Eulerian momentum is equal to the integrated mean momentum of the particles. Therefore, there is essentially no superiority as to which description gives a better estimate of the total momentum or total transport at the same order of approximation. The widely used relation, that the Lagrangian velocity equals the Eulerian velocity plus the Stokes velocity, is not based on a 1 to 1 invertible mapping and is therefore ambiguous. This relation is not valid where there is a discontinuity, particularly above the wave trough. It can therefore give an incorrect result on the Lagrangian velocity. The Generalized Lagrangian Mean (GLM) theory uses a mapping between the mean positions of particles and the particles themselves and apparently avoids the non invertibility. However, this mapping is actually not invertible in general because different particles may have the same mean position.