Numerical Simulations of Snow Accumulation in the Bogie Region of a Train Considering Snow Particle Rotation

To investigate the influence of snow particle rotational motion on the accumulation of snow in the bogie region of high-speed trains,an Euler‒Lagrange numerical approach is adopted.The study examines the effects of snow particle diameter and train speed on the ensuing dynamics.It is shown that considering snow particle rotational motion causes significant deviation in the particle trajectories with respect to non-rotating particles.Such a deviation increases with larger snow particle diameters and higher train speeds.The snow accumulation on the overall surface of the bogie increases,and the amount of snow on the vibration reduction device varies greatly.In certain conditions,the amount of accumulated snow can increase by several orders of magnitudes.

Mechanism of cross-level settlements and void accumulation of wide and conventional sleepers in railway ballast

The cross-level and twist irregularities are the most dangerous irregularity types that could cause wheel unloading with the risk of derailments and additional maintenance expenses.However,the mechanism of the irregularities initiation and development is unclear.The motivation of the present study was the previous experimental studies on the application of wide sleepers in the ballasted track.The long-term track geometry measurements with wide sleepers show an enormous reduction of the vertical longitudinal irregularities compared to the conventional track.However,wide sleepers had higher twist and cross-section level irregularities.The present paper aims to explain the phenomenon by discrete element method(DEM)modeling the development process of sleeper inhomogeneous support at cross-level depending on the sleeper form.The DEM simulations show that the maximal settlement intensity is up to 3.5 times lower for a wide sleeper in comparison with the conventional one.Nevertheless,the cross-level differential settlements are almost the same for both sleepers.The particle loading distribution after all loading cycles is concentrated on the smaller area,up to the half sleeper length,with fully unloaded zones under sleeper ends.Ballast flow limitation under the central part of the sleeper could improve the resilience of wide sleepers to the development of cross-level irregularities.The mechanism of initiation of the cross-level irregularity is proposed,which assumes the loss of sleeper support under sleeper ends.The further growth of inhomogeneous settlements along the sleeper is assumed as a result of the interaction of two processes:ballast flow due to dynamic impact during void closing and on the other side high pressure due to the concentration of the pressure under the middle part of the sleeper.The DEM simulation results support the assumption of the mechanism and agree with the experimental studies.

The dating and temperature measurement technologies for carbonate minerals and their application in hydrocarbon accumulation research in the paleouplift in central Sichuan Basin, SW China

A new method for reconstructing the geological history of hydrocarbon accumulation is developed, which are constrained by U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope((35)47) temperature of host minerals of hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions. For constraining the time and depth of hydrocarbon accumulation by the laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope temperature, there are two key steps:(1) Investigating feature, abundance and distribution patterns of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon inclusions with optical microscopes.(2) Dating laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and measuring clumped isotope temperature of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions. These technologies have been applied for studying the stages of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Sinian Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin. By dating the U-Pb isotope age and measuring the temperature of clumped isotope((35)47) of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions in dolomite, three stages of hydrocarbon accumulation were identified:(1) Late Silurian: the first stage of oil accumulation at(416±23) Ma.(2) Late Permian to Early Triassic: the second stage of oil accumulation between(248±27) Ma and(246.3±1.5) Ma.(3) Yanshan to Himalayan period: gas accumulation between(115±69) Ma and(41±10) Ma. The reconstructed hydrocarbon accumulation history of the Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin is highly consistent with the tectonic-burial history, basin thermal history and hydrocarbon generation history, indicating that the new method is a reliable way for reconstructing the hydrocarbon accumulation history.

Analysis on the Changes of Accumulated Temperature,Initial and Terminal Dates and Duration Days of Main Boundary Temperature in Zhangjiakou City

Global warming has become a topic of widespread attention. The climate change will affect the change of agricultural climate resource,thereby affecting the agricultural planting structure,the grain yield,etc. Based on the daily temperature of Zhangjiakou from 1960 to 2011,the temporal changes of ≥0 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperatures were analyzed by using the methods of linear trend estimation and M-K mutation test. The results indicated that(1) the annual average temperature showed an increasing trend with the linear warming rate of 0. 42 ℃ /10 a in the past 52 years. In 1982,the annual average temperature had abrupt change,especially after 1983,the warming trend increased significantly.(2) In the past 52 years,≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature showed an increasing trend with the warming rate of 89. 4 ℃ /10 a. Mutation point of ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature appeared in 1983,and after 1985,≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature increased sharply. At the same time,the ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature had abrupt change in 1983,especially from 1987 to 1995 and after 1986,the warming trend increased sharply.(3) The initial date of ≥0 ℃ presented significant advancing trend,and that of ≥10 ℃ had little change,while their terminal dates presented delaying trend,so the sustained days of ≥0 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ increased significantly.(4) In the past 52 years,the delay of the terminal dates of ≥0 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ was greater than the advancing of the initial dates,and ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature had a greater increase than ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature.

Restoration of reservoir diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation process by calcite in-situ U-Pb dating and fluid inclusion analysis: A case study on Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation in Gaoquan Structure, southern Junggar Basin, NW China

The complexity of diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation in the deep reservoirs in southern Junggar Basin restricts hydrocarbon exploration in the lower reservoir assemblage. The lithofacies and diagenesis of reservoirs in the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation in the Gaoquan structure of the Sikeshu Sag, southern Junggar Basin were analyzed. On this basis, the thermal history was calibrated using calcite in-situ U-Pb dating and fluid inclusion analysis to depict the hydrocarbon accumulation process in the Gaoquan structure. The results show that the Qingshuihe reservoir experienced two phases of calcite cementation and three phases of hydrocarbon charging. The calcite cements are dated to be (122.1±6.4) Ma, (14.4±1.0) Ma - (14.2±0.3) Ma. The hydrocarbon charging events occurred at around 14.2-30.0 Ma (low-mature oil), 14.2 Ma (mature oil), and 2 Ma (high-mature gas). The latter two phases of hydrocarbon charging contributed dominantly to the formation of reservoir. Due to the S-N compressive thrust activity during the late Himalayan period since 2 Ma, the traps in the Gaoquan structure were reshaped, especially the effective traps which developed in the main reservoir-forming period were decreased significantly in scale, resulting in weak hydrocarbon shows in the middle-lower part of the structure. This indicates that the effective traps in key reservoir-forming period controlled hydrocarbon enrichment and distribution in the lower reservoir assemblage. Calcite U-Pb dating combined with fluid inclusion analysis can help effectively describe the complex diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation process in the central-west part of the basin.

Sediment accumulation of Dianchi Lake determined by ^(137)Cs dating

The water quality of Dianchi Lake declines quickly and the eutrophication is getting serious. To identify the internal pollution load of Dianchi Lake it is necessary to evaluate its sediment accumulation. Sedimentation rates of Dianchi Lake are determined by ^137Cs dating. However, ^137Cs vertical distribution in sediment cores of Dianchi Lake has special characteristics because Dianchi Lake is located on the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Kunming quasi-stationary front is over the borders of Yunnan and Guizhou where the specific precipitation is distributed. Besides 1954, 1963 and 1986 ^137Cs marks can be determined in sediment cores, a ^137Cs mark of 1976 representing the major period of ^137Cs released from China unclear test can be determined and used for an auxiliary dating mark. Meanwhile Dianchi Lake is divided into seven sections based on the water depth, basin topography, hydrological features and supplies of silt and the lakebed area of each section is calculated. The mean annual sedimentation rates for seven sections are 0.0810, 0.1352, 0.1457, 0.1333, 0.0904, 0.1267 and 0.1023 g/cm^2 a in 1963-2003, respectively. The gross sediment accumulation of the lake is 26.18×10^4 t/a in recent 17 years and 39.86×10^4t/a in recent 50 years.

Analysis on Absorption,Utilization and Transfer Efficiency of Nitrogen in High-yield Wheat Cultivars at Different Sowing Dates

This study aimed to analyze the absorption, utilization and transfer char- acteristics of nitrogen in high-yield winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） cultivars at dif- ferent sowing dates, so as to determine the optimum sowing dates for different high-yield wheat cultivars. A field experiment was conducted in the Shajiang black soil of Anhui Province with Jimai 22, Wanrnai 52 and Zhoumai 22, and the effects of early sowing （October 3）, optimum sowing （October 12） and late sowing （October 30） on wheat plant N content and accumulation, pre-and post-anthesis N accumula- tion （NA） of total plant, nitrogen remobUization to grain （NR）, N remobilization effi- ciency （NRE）, contribution of N remobilized to grain （NRC）, grain yield, N use effi- ciency （NUE） and N harvest index （NHI） of different wheat cultivar were investigat- ed. The results showed that sowing date had an impact on N content, absorption and utilization in wheat plants at various growth stages. The NA, NR and NRC of aboveground vegetative organs of wheat before anthesis were higher than those af- ter anthesis. Under the condition of late sowing, the grain N accumulation mainly depended on the N absorption by vegetative organs before anthesis. Under the conditions of optimum and early sowing, the absorbed N after anthesis accounted for a large proportion in grain N accumulation. The N uptake intensity and relative cumulative rate differed greatly among different growth stages and different-genotype wheat cultivars, and the pre-anthesis NA, pre-anthesis NR, pre-anthesis NRE, post- anthesis N assimilation amount and post-anthesis NRC showed significant differ- ences among different wheat cultivars. The grain yields of different wheat cultivars under the early and optimum sowing were all higher than those under the late sowing. The NHI and grain N accumulation were highest under the optimum sow- ing, and the latter significantly decreased with the delay of sowing dates. In con- trast, the NUE was highest under the late sowing, reaching 35.95%-41.32%. It indi- cated that under the condition of late sowing, most of the nitrogen was not ab- sorbed by wheat, but the use efficiency of the absorbed nitrogen significantly in- creased. In overall, the three high-yield wheat cultivars were all suitable for early and optimum sowing. Under the condition of late sowing, the yield of Zhoumai 22 showed the smallest differences with those under early and optimum sowing, and its NUE was significantly improved. Therefore, among the three high-yield wheat culti- vars, Zhoumai 22 was most suitable for late sowing.

Optimization of sowing date and seeding rate for high winter wheat yield based on pre-winter plant development and soil water usage in the Loess Plateau,China

Sowing date and seeding rate are critical for productivity of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).A three-year field experiment was conducted with three sowing dates(20 September(SD1),1 October(SD2),and 10 October(SD3)) and three seeding rates(SR67.5,SR90,and SR112.5) to determine suitable sowing date and seeding rate for high wheat yield.A large seasonal variation in accumulated temperature from sowing to winter dormancy was observed among three growing seasons.Suitable sowing dates for strong seedlings before winter varied with the seasons,that was SD2 in 2012–2013,SD3 in 2013–2014,and SD2 as well as SD1 in 2014–2015.Seasonal variation in precipitation during summer fallow also had substantial effects on soil water storage,and consequently influenced grain yield through soil water consumption from winter dormancy to maturity stages.Lower consumption of soil water from winter dormancy to booting stages could make more water available for productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages,leading to higher grain yield.SD2 combined with SR90 had the lowest soil water consumption from winter dormancy to booting stages in 2012–2013 and 2014–2015; while in 2013–2014,it was close to that with SR67.5 or SR112.5.For productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages,SD2 with SR90 had the highest soil water consumption in all three seasons.The highest water consumption in the productive growth period resulted in the best grain yield in both low and high rainfall years.Ear number largely contributed to the seasonal variation in grain yield,while grain number per ear and 1 000-grain weight also contributed to grain yield,especially when soil water storage was high.Our results indicate that sowing date and seeding rate affect grain yield through seedling development before winter and also affect soil water consumption in different growth periods.By selecting the suitable sowing date(1 October) in combination with the proper seeding rate of 90 kg ha–1,the best yield was achieved.Based on these results,we recommend that the current sowing date be delayed from 22 or 23 September to 1 October.

1960-2020年黄河流域农业热量资源时空演变特征

[目的]气候变暖将改变农业热量资源的时空分布,对黄河流域农业热量指标进行分析,可为区域合理利用农业气候资源提供依据。[方法]基于1960-2020年黄河流域89个气象站点逐日气象资料,运用线性趋势估计和Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法分析了黄河流域年平均气温,≥0℃和≥10℃的初终日、持续日数和有效积温的时空变化特征及其影响因素。[结果]近61 a黄河流域平均气温、≥0℃和≥10℃有效积温分别以0.29℃·(10 a)^(-1)、70.23℃·d·(10 a)^(-1)和34.50℃·d·(10 a)^(-1)的倾向率呈上升趋势,≥0℃和≥10℃持续日数呈增加趋势,倾向率分别为3.33 d·(10 a)^(-1)和2.78 d·(10 a)^(-1)。≥0℃和≥10℃初日呈提前趋势,倾向率分别为—2.16 d·(10 a)^(-1)和—2.14 d·(10 a)^(-1),≥0℃和≥10℃终日呈延迟趋势,倾向率分别为1.16 d·(10 a)^(-1)和0.63 d·(10 a)^(-1),≥0℃和≥10℃初日提前的幅度大于终日推迟的幅度,≥0℃初终日和持续日数变化幅度大于≥10℃相应指标变化幅度。近61 a黄河流域年平均气温、≥0℃和≥10℃有效积温分别于1996、2003和1997年发生突变。黄河流域上、中、下游地区各热量指标变化趋势与流域整体变化一致,上游地区变化幅度相对较大。从空间分布来看,由上游、中游到下游地区年平均气温逐渐增加,≥0℃和≥10℃有效积温逐渐增加,初日逐渐提前,终日逐渐推迟,持续日数逐渐延长。[结论]黄河流域农业热量资源呈增加趋势,热量指标主要受海拔高度和年平均气温影响。西太平洋副高强度指数、太平洋副高强度指数和东大西洋遥相关型指数是影响近61 a黄河流域农业热量指标变化的主要大气环流因子。

长江流域迟播甘蓝型油菜播种期和播种量优化配置研究

为解决长江流域稻油茬口矛盾,提高冬闲田利用率,亟须迟播油菜(10月25日之后播种)配套技术研究。本研究以早熟品种‘华油杂137’为材料,在湖北武汉进行2年播种期(10月25日至11月15日间,各播种期间隔3 d,用S1~S8表示)和播种量(2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0和12.5 kg hm^(-2),用R1~R5表示)单因素试验,考察生育期、成苗动态、农艺性状、产量和倒伏指标,统计有效积温,通过线性回归和平滑曲线拟合分析,优化播种期和播种量的配置参数,为迟播油菜生产提供技术支撑。结果表明,(1)播种期推迟,迟播油菜的生育期缩短、根颈粗降低、分枝数减少、产量降低且茎秆倒伏指数增加;4个生育期中,苗期和花期有效积温与产量呈极显著正相关。(2)播种量增加,各生育期成苗数和收获密度提高,但生育期缩短、有效积温减少,角果层厚度降低、倒伏指数先降后增、产量呈先增后降趋势。(3)2年不同播种期产量数据回归分析表明,播种期推迟至S3~S4时,越冬前有效积温保持在317.1℃以上,苗期有效积温达401.1℃,终花35 d收获产量可达2700.0 kg hm^(-2),倒伏指数为1.5左右;2年不同播种量产量数据平滑曲线拟合分析表明,不同播种量下收获密度与产量呈抛物线关系,收获密度为64.2×10^(4)株hm^(-2)时终花35 d收获产量达峰值,为2948.5 kg hm^(-2),而倒伏指数为1.6。综上,配置7.5~10.0 kg hm^(-2)的播种量确保收获密度达64.2×10^(4)株hm^(-2),抢时播种确保冬前有效积温达317.1℃,可显著提高迟播油菜产量与抗倒性。

土壤-水稻前茬离散元仿真参数标定及其旋耕轨迹分析

在进行稻油轮作区域水稻收获后旋耕作业中的前茬运动、受力仿真分析时,由于缺乏可靠的离散元仿真参数难以准确计算土壤-水稻前茬运动规律和相互间受力。该研究采用EDEM软件对土壤-水稻前茬混合物内部各物质的物理与接触参数进行离散元仿真标定。首先测定了土壤-水稻前茬混合物内各物质物理与相互间接触参数,以堆积角作为评价指标,利用仿真试验进行了显著因素筛选、最优水平取值范围确定及二阶回归模型下最佳参数寻优,对参数进行了标定,得到土壤-水稻前茬混合物模型极显著参数的最优组合为土壤-土壤恢复系数0.407、土壤-土壤动摩擦系数0.123、土壤-水稻前茬静摩擦系数0.596、土壤表面能1.860 J,此时与试验堆积角误差为0.58%。并进行了土壤-水稻前茬间的直剪试验与仿真,得到了稳定后不同垂直应力下试验与仿真的直剪切应力误差分别为:5.4%(50 kPa),4.1%(100 kPa),3.1%(150 kPa)。最后在最优参数组合下,开展了基于MBD-DEM的旋耕土壤-水稻前茬轨迹分析试验,前茬跟随旋耕刀及直接被掩埋两种埋覆场景下仿真与土槽试验轨迹的Spearman秩相关系数分别为0.91、0.84,验证了仿真模型标定参数的准确性。研究结果可为水稻前茬旋耕轨迹调控过程的离散元仿真分析提供可靠的接触参数。

基于WMAIP集成模型的华北冬小麦适宜播期与冬前积温下限研究

为明确气候变暖和“双晚技术”背景下华北地区冬小麦的适宜播期,基于WMAIP集成模型,对华北地区冬小麦适宜播期、冬前积温下限及最迟播期进行了分析。研究结果表明,华北地区晚播减产幅度由南向北增大,南部晚播减产幅度最小(<19.5%),中部晚播减产幅度在26.4%以内,北部晚播减产幅度最大,最高可达32.0%。华北地区北部、中部和南部的适宜播期分别在9月25日—10月5日之间、9月30日—10月20日之间和10月10日—11月5日之间。华北地区冬小麦基于高产和高水分利用效率的适宜冬前积温下限分别在497~629℃·d和344~581℃·d之间,并由南部向北部递增。在高产和高水分利用效率条件下,河北、山东、河南大部分地区的最迟播期分别为10月1—13日、10月10—16日、10月22—28日和10月7—19日、10月16—22日、10月31日—11月12日。研究结果可为气候变暖背景下华北地区“双晚技术”的推广和应用提供参考。

气候变化背景下西藏高原地区界限温度时空变化特征

受全球气候变化影响,农牧业生产面临较大风险,研究界限温度时空变化对调整农业种植结构,实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义。利用近40a(1981-2020年)西藏38个气象站点逐日平均气温观测数据,采用线性倾向估计、Person系数、Mann-Kendall、优势分析等方法,分析了气候变暖背景下近40a西藏≥0℃、≥5℃和≥10℃界限温度(初日、终日、持续日数和活动积温)的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)西藏≥0℃、≥5℃和≥10℃界限温度分布总体上表现为自东南向西北初日推迟、终日提早、持续日数缩短和积温减少的特征,并具有明显的海拔垂直地带性特征。1991-2020年与1981-2010年平均值比较,西藏各站三种积温均增加,以≥10℃积温增幅较大;绝大部分站点初日偏早、终日偏晚、持续日数偏多。(2)近40a西藏≥0℃、≥5℃和≥10℃初日、终日和持续日数的变幅以≥0℃最大,平均每10a初日提早3.2d、终日推迟3.5d、持续日数延长5.4d;积温增幅以≥10℃最大,为86.1℃·d·10a^(-1)。≥0℃、≥5℃持续日数增加是由于初日明显提早造成的,而≥10℃持续日数的增加因终日显著推迟导致。(3)≥0℃界限温度的线性倾向率(LTR),低海拔地区明显大于高海拔地区;≥5℃初日、积温LTR的最大值在低海拔地区,终日、持续日数LTR的最大值在中高海拔地区(3500-4000m);≥10℃初日LTR在中高海拔地区最大,终日、持续日数和积温LTR最大值出现在海拔4000-4500m地区。(4)20世纪80年代≥0℃、≥5℃和≥10℃初日偏晚、终日偏早、持续日数偏短、积温偏低;90年代初日、终日和持续日数正常,积温仍偏低;进入21世纪后,初日偏早、终日偏晚、持续日数增加、积温明显偏高,以21世纪10年代最明显。(5)≥5℃终日突变最早,发生在20世纪90年代初;≥10℃终日突变最晚,在21世纪10年代中期;初日、积温的突变分别出现在20世纪90年代中后期和21世纪初,持续日数突变点发生在20世纪90年代后期至21世纪中前期。

深层—超深层走滑断裂带储层流体来源与油气成藏过程研究——以塔里木盆地富满油田为例

以富满油田北部走滑断裂带深部储层孔洞缝充填脉体为研究对象,基于脉体的岩相学特征、微区稀土元素和Sr(锶)同位素、油包裹体荧光光谱、显微热力学和碳酸盐岩U-Pb同位素定年进行分析。结果表明:富满油田北部走滑断裂带发育2期方解石脉体,脉体来源于中下奥陶统海源地层水,未见氧化性流体侵入,表明深层—超深层油气晚期具有良好的封闭性。通过包裹体测温投点埋藏史结合碳酸盐岩低U-Pb同位素定年技术,厘定塔里木盆地富满油田北部走滑断裂带深层奥陶系存在3期油气充注过程,分别对应于距今(459±7.2)Ma(加里东中期)、(348±18)Ma(海西早期)和268Ma(海西晚期),富满油田北部深层—超深层碳酸盐岩油气成藏关键期为海西早期,且油气充注与断裂活动有较好的对应关系。

适用于多旋回叠合盆地的油气成藏年代学研究进展

我国多旋回叠合盆地在多期构造运动的背景下具备多期生烃、多期充注、多期成藏和改造的特征,厘定不同期次油气的成藏时间一直是多旋回叠合盆地油气成藏研究亟待解决的难题。综述国内外油气成藏年代学的研究现状和发展趋势,剖析了不同油气成藏年代学方法的主要特点和局限性,认为油气成藏年代学研究经历了从早期传统的油气成藏年代学方法到现今油气成藏同位素测年法的发展,实现了定性或半定量向定量研究的重要转变,其中方解石激光原位U-Pb同位素定年法可以精确厘定多旋回叠合盆地中不同期次油气的成藏时间,将油气成藏年代学研究推向了新的里程碑。据此提出综合运用多种油气成藏年代学方法相互补充、印证,进而得到全面的油气成藏年代信息,将成为现代油气成藏年代学在多旋回叠合盆地应用发展的重要趋势。

水稻机械直播的土壤表层泥浆离散元参数标定

【目的】针对水稻机械直播稻田播前土壤与触土部件的相互作用机理不明确等问题,可利用离散元分析法研究影响水稻精量穴直播质量的因素。由于播前土壤的结构复杂,其表层泥浆与耕层存在一定差异,因此,需分层构建复合土壤模型。为获取精确的水稻机械直播的表层泥浆离散元参数,开展试验研究和仿真分析,并标定表层泥浆的离散元仿真参数。【方法】按照水稻精量穴直播的整地要求处理,并在播种前去田间获取表层泥浆,采用漏斗法进行泥浆堆积角试验,利用数显倾角仪多次测量泥浆堆积角并取平均值。选择EDEM离散元软件中Hertz-Mindlin with JKR接触模型,开展泥浆堆积角仿真试验。以堆积角为响应值,通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选出对堆积角影响显著的3个参数,进一步开展最陡爬坡试验缩小显著性参数的取值范围。采用Box-Behnken试验建立表层泥浆堆积角与筛选的显著性参数的回归模型,并以物理试验测得的泥浆堆积角为目标值,对显著性参数寻优得到最佳参数组合。将最优参数代入仿真软件验证表层泥浆颗粒离散元参数的准确性。【结果】泥浆堆积角物理试验获取表层泥浆堆积角为40.20°。Plackett-Burman试验结果表明,泥浆剪切模量、泥浆-泥浆表面能和泥浆-钢表面能对表层泥浆堆积角有显著性影响,其余试验因素对堆积角的影响均不显著。最陡爬坡试验将显著性参数的最优区间缩小为:泥浆剪切模量1.6~4.6 MPa、泥浆-泥浆表面能0.25~0.35 J/m^(2)、泥浆-钢表面能0.02~0.04 J/m^(2)。通过堆积角回归模型,获取最优解为:泥浆剪切模量1.839 MPa、泥浆-泥浆表面能0.25 J/m^(2)、泥浆-钢表面能0.029 J/m^(2)。将最优参数仿真软件验证的结果为39.10°,与泥浆堆积角物理试验结果的相对误差为2.74%。【结论】基于Hertz-Mindlin with JKR接触模型标定的水稻机械直播的表层泥浆颗粒离散元参数准确可靠,可为构建水稻机械直播稻田土壤的离散元模型提供理论依据。

金乡紫皮蒜种离散元参数标定与试验验证

针对蒜种在播种仿真试验时缺乏参数的问题,以金乡紫皮蒜种为研究目标,测量蒜种的物性参数并对蒜种的离散元仿真参数进行标定。测定了蒜种的密度、含水率、泊松比、剪切模量、静摩擦系数、滚动摩擦系数以及碰撞恢复系数,以多个物性参数为试验因素,以蒜种堆积角为试验指标进行Plackett-Burman试验,筛选出对堆积角影响显著的因素为蒜种间静摩擦系数及滚动摩擦系数。以物理试验结果为最优值,通过CCD响应曲面试验对显著因素进行优化,优化后蒜种间最佳静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数分别为0.428和0.287。以转速为试验因素,以多粒率为试验指标,以自制链勺式大蒜排种器装置进行试验验证,结果表明,仿真与测量结果平均相对误差较小,变化折线图趋势相一致,优化标定的蒜种仿真参数具备一定的可靠性,可以为大蒜播种机的仿真试验提供数据支撑。

江西红壤旱地不同播期对玉米生长发育及产量的影响

【目的】旨在明确江西红壤旱地玉米栽培的适宜播种时期。【方法】以郑单958和先玉335为试验材料,于2021—2022年5—7月设置播期处理,研究了不同播期玉米产量及构成因素变化,以期为江西玉米高产栽培提供理论参考。【结果】播期调整显著影响玉米的生育进程、花前花后物质积累和最终产量。玉米产量以5月初播种为最高(5529.99 kg/hm^(2)),并随播期推迟整体呈下降趋势。穗粒数是随播期变化影响产量的主要因素。此外,粒重也受到播期调整的影响,且与最大灌浆速率时的粒重呈显著正相关。品种比较而言,郑单958产量整体高于先玉335。【结论】在不影响冬季作物(如油菜)的前提下,江西红壤旱地普通玉米应在品种选择的基础上,适时早播,时间不宜晚于5月上/中旬。

移栽期和密度对泽泻干物质生产及产量的影响

为研究移栽期和密度对泽泻干物质生产和产量的影响,于2021年在四川宜宾市兴文县僰王山镇开展大田试验。试验采用两因素随机区组设计,因素1为移栽期(X):8月17日(X1)、8月27日(X2)、9月6日(X3);因素2为移栽密度(Y):12.0万株/hm^(2)(Y1)、13.5万株/hm^(2)(Y2)、15.0万株/hm^(2)(Y3),测定泽泻不同生育时期干物质质量及产量。结果表明:移栽期和密度对泽泻不同时期的干物质积累及产量形成均有显著或极显著的调控效应,随移栽期推迟和密度增大,泽泻干物质质量和产量呈先增大后减小的趋势。生育前期,以X1的泽泻干物质积累较好,移栽后35、50 d分别比X2、X3的群体干物质质量高12.18%/28.15%、5.43%/12.61%;在中后期则是X2的各器官干物质积累量较高,产量较X1、X3分别高9.53%、10.70%。不同密度处理下单株干物质质量大小依次为Y1、Y2、Y3,群体干物质质量在全生育期以Y2的最大,主要表现在各器官干物质累积量的协同增大,产量最优,较Y1、Y3分别高13.36%、7.63%;而密度过大、过小均不利于群体物质生产,导致产量不高。综合而言,以8月27日移栽结合13.5万株/hm^(2)移栽密度,泽泻干物质积累最优,产量最大,达2 524.01 kg/hm^(2)。

隧道掏槽爆破岩块抛掷堆积形态的数值模拟

为了控制隧道掏槽爆破飞石范围,确保隧道爆破施工的高效性与安全性,利用离散元软件对掏槽体岩块抛掷堆积形态进行了数值模拟,结合某快速铁路单线隧道工程,研究了掏槽体岩块抛掷堆积形态及其主要参数。在对比分析掏槽体岩块堆积形态的模拟结果与实际测量结果的基础上,研究发现:掏槽体岩块的初速度为堆积形态的重要影响因素;在初速度为10 m/s的前提下,从爆破开始到岩体全部停止运动总共经历3.5 s,最终堆积形态近似于椭圆形;最大抛掷距离与前端堆积高度均符合工程实际测量结果。研究结果对隧道掏槽爆破设计和安全施工,具有重要的指导意义。