Influence of Transportation Accessibility on Urban-rural Income Disparity and Its Spatial Heterogeneity

Transportation accessibility has been treated as an important means of reducing the urban-rural income disparity.However,only a few studies have examined the effects of different types of transportation accessibility on urban-rural income disparity and their spatial heterogeneity.Based on data from 285 prefecture-level(and above)Chinese cities in 2000,2005,2010,2015,and 2020,this study uses spatial econometric models to examine how highway accessibility and railway accessibility influence the urban-rural income disparity and to identify their spatial heterogeneity.The result reveals that highway accessibility and railway accessibility have‘coreperiphery’ring-like circle structures.The urban-rural income disparity exhibits strong spatial clustering effects.Both highway accessibility and railway accessibility are negatively associated with urban-rural income disparity,and the former having a greater effect size.Moreover,there is a substitution effect between highway accessibility and railway accessibility in the whole sample.Furthermore,these associations differ in geographic regions.In the central region,highway accessibility is more important in reducing the urban-rural income disparity,but its effect is weakened with the increase of railway accessibility.In the western region,railway accessibility has a larger effect on narrowing the urban-rural income disparity,and this effect is strengthened by the increase of highway accessibility.We conclude that improving transportation accessibility is conducive to reducing the urban-rural income disparity but its effect is spatial heterogenetic.Highways and railways should be developed in a coordinated manner to promote an integrated transport network system.

Health Disparities among the Western, Central and Eastern Rural Regions of China after a Decade of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Programming

Summary： Health disparities between the western, central and eastern regions of rural China, and the impact of national health improvement policies and programming were assessed. A total of 400 counties were randomly sampled. ANOVA and Logistic regression modeling were employed to estimate differ- ences in health outcomes and determinants. Significant differences were found between the western, central and eastern rural regions in community infrastructure and health outcomes. From 2000 to 2010, health indicators in rural China were improved significantly, and the infant mortality rate （IMR）, mater- nal mortality rate （MMR） and under 5 mortality rate （U5MR） had fallen by 62.79%, 71.74% and 61.92%, respectively. Central rural China had the greatest decrease in IMR （65.05%）; whereas, western rural China had the greatest reduction in MMR （72.99%） but smallest reduction in U5MR （57.36%）. Despite these improvements, Logistic regression analysis showed regional differences in key health outcome indicators （odds ratios）： IMR （central： 2.13; western： 5.31）, U5MR （central： 2.25; western： 5.69）, MMR （central： 1.94; western： 3.31）, and prevalence of infectious diseases （central： 1.62; western： 3.58）. The community infrastructure and health outcomes of the western and central rural regions of China have been improved markedly during the first decade of the 21st century. However, health dis- parities still exist across the three regions. National efforts to increase per capita income, community empowerment and mobilization, community infrastructure, capacity of rural health facilities, and health literacy would be effective policy options to attain health equity.

An Empirical Study of Urban and Rural Integration Construction Development of Western Region in China --Taking Changji City of Xinjiang Autonomous Region as an Example

The urban and rural integration is a new stage of city development, which is a process of urban and rural mutual supplementary integration, collaborative development and mutual prosperity. It takes the industry and agriculture, city and countryside as a whole, with overall planning and coordination development, through system innovation and policy adjustment, in order to realize the integration development of urban and rural planning construction, industrial development, infrastructure, ecological environment and social career. This paper conducts the empirical analysis on the urban and rural integration construction development of Changji City of Changji Region in Xinjiang, studying the existing problems and restrictive factors of the process in promoting urban and rural integration construction in western region of China and trying to propose the corresponding countermeasures.

Inequality of rural residents'income in China since the targeted poverty alleviation strategy:New trends,causes,and policy implications

Poverty and income inequality are problems faced by many countries including China.Since the implementation of Targeted Poverty Alleviation(TPA),absolute poverty has been eradicated,meanwhile,Chinese rural residents'income and inequality have experienced unprecedented new dynamics,but still,very few studies have focused on them.Hence,we attempt to examine the new trends in Chinese farmers'income inequality and to understand its causes during this period.We observe that China's urban-rural income ratio has been shrinking and the urban-rural inequality has been decreasing from 2014 to 2021.The reduction in the Theil index indicates a decrease in the regional inequality of farmers'income as well,and the decline in inter-regional inequality among eight economic zones contributes about 80%to increased equality.These new trends are caused by the fact that,with the TPA,the incomes of rural residents especially that in destitute areas,grew faster than that of urban residents and farmers in prosperous areas.The higher share of non-agricultural industry and agricultural mechanization level have significant positive impact on regional equality of farmers'income,while urban-rural dual structure has significant negative inhibitory effects.The lowest farmers'income and the highest inequality in the Northwest,and the slowest growth in the Northeast deserve more attention in rural Revitalization.From these findings,we propose four policy implications that would be applied to improve Chinese farmers'income equality,govern relative poverty,and achieve common prosperity in the post-poverty era.

Spatial Analysis of the Evolvement of Urban and Rural Economic Disparity in Yunnan Province,China

The per capita disposable income of urban households and the per capita net income of rural households in Yunnan Province are selected as the variable indices.Data are from the Yunnan Statistical Yearbook and the Yunnan Statistical Yearbook.Theil index and RHL value are used to carry out quantitative research on the occurrence,development and change of urban and rural economic disparity in Yunnan Province,China.Regression analysis on the evolvement trend of urban and rural economic disparity and spatial analysis on the convergence and divergence of urban and rural disparity caused by economic growth in Yunnan Province are carried out.Result shows that cities in Yunnan Province show a downward convergence;while rural areas show a downward divergence in the years 1978-2007,causing the economic disparity between urban and rural areas.Therefore,urban and rural disparity increases in Yunnan Province and the development of rural areas lags far behind the development of urban areas.Urban and rural economic disparity in Yunnan Province shows an inverted "U" shape of Kuznets Curve.In order to promote the coordinated development of urban and rural economy,suggestions are put forward,such as adopting the unbalanced development strategy,accelerating the overall economic development,promoting the development of small and medium-sized cities,enhancing the integration of urban and rural economics,appropriately supporting rural areas under poverty,and fully exerting the comparative advantage.

The Influence of the Urban-Rural Income Disparity on the Industrial Structure—Taking the Yangtze River Delta Region as an Example

In this paper, the effect of the mediation effect is mainly used to test and analyze the regression model, and most scholars have studied the impact of the modernization of the industrial structure on the income gap. However, this paper is from another perspective, based on the social background of high-quality development, the main study is the impact mechanism of urban and rural income gap on the industrial structure, taking the Yangtze River Delta as the main research object, and specifically selecting 22 central cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, which is also one of the highlights of this study. The regression model is constructed by using the intermediary effect, and the four intermediary variables of fiscal expenditure (M1), fixed asset investment (M2), number of patent applications (M3), and total import and export (M4) are selected, which represent the role of the government, fixed asset investment, scientific and technological level and opening-up level, and study and analyze the inherent influence mechanism between each variable. Before doing specific research, I consulted the papers and literature of many other outstanding scholars, among which Cheng Yuhong and Cheng Chi’s “The Influence Mechanism of industrial structure of urban and rural income gap” [1] has great reference value for this paper. According to the research results, under the background of high-quality development in the Yangtze River Delta region, the expansion of the income gap between urban and rural areas will inhibit the upgrading of the industrial structure, so it is necessary to focus on building a new type of urbanization, accelerating the construction of an urban innovation system, optimizing the rural employment structure to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas, and providing impetus for the continuous upgrading of the industrial structure.

Urban-rural Integration Based on Regional Economic Integration——A Case of Jiuquan-Jiayuguan Areas of Gansu Province

The relationship between urban-rural integration and regional economic integration is summarized in the paper.Based on the fact,it expressed the necessity and realistic meaning of pushing forward the urban-rural integration process synchronously during Jiuquan-Jia yuguan (abbreviate:Jiu-Jia) areas economic integration.The current degree of the urban-rural integration of Jiu-Jia was analyzed by index calculation,and the related conclusions were obtained.Besides,the development concepts and the key works to accelerate the process of Jiu-Jia urban-rural integration were suggested.The results show that the overall level of urban-rural integration in Jiuquan and Jiayuguan is higher than the average level of Gansu Province,but the urban-rural economic development and social development lose the balance and the dual structure is prominent.In the end,three developmental patterns for accelerating the developmental process of urban-rural integration are put forward.Firstly,the government should find the key of the current work and coordinate the construction of infrastructure.Secondly,rural economic industrialization should be promoted.Thirdly,the urbanized social management should be promoted.

Comparative Analysis of Urban-rural Residents' Propensity to Consume in China's Four Regions

According to the data in China Statistical Yearbook from 1992 to 2008,by using regression model,we adopt least square method and generalized least square method to conduct empirical analysis on the relationship between urban-rural residents' income and consumption in China's east,northeast,central region and west.The results show that the urban-rural residents' propensity to consume in China's four regions has prominent characteristics.In terms of region,urban residents' marginal propensity to consume takes on irregular fluctuation,while the rural residents' propensity to consume conforms to law of diminishing of marginal propensity to consume;in terms of time sequence,the rural residents' marginal propensity to consume in China's four regions takes on "multi-U-form" fluctuation trend,and the rural residents' marginal propensity to consume in different regions has certain difference,while the urban residents' marginal propensity to consume takes on low-frequency broad width fluctuation trend;the urban-rural residents' average marginal propensity to consume in China's four regions conforms to the law of diminishing.In order to increase consumption and promote the balanced rapid development of regional economy,in light of the urban-rural difference and characteristics of different regions,we should propound effective measures to promote urban-rural residents' propensity to consume,and formulate and implement regional policy in order to stimulate consumption.

Urban Rural Disparity in Westernization Related Cancers and the Increasing Incidence in Parallel with Socioeconomic Development and Urbanization from 2000-2015 among a Rural Chinese Population: An Observational Study

Abstract China used to have great urban rural disparity in socioeconomic development. Since the late 1980s, rapid socioeconomic development and urbanization have been taking place in rural settings. It is epidemiologically established that cancer scale and profile will transit as economy prospers and urbanization develops. However, there are few published studies reporting what changes are undergoing in cancer pattern in Chinese rural settings. Population-based tumor registration data collected by us in urban Shijiazhuang city (available for 2,374,827 people in 2012) and in rural Shexian County (available for 408,995 people since 2000) were used for urban rural comparison of age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of westernization-related cancers in 2012, and the trend of biennial ASIR of these cancers for 2000-2015 in Shexian County was examined following a decade of rapid socioeconomic development and urbanization. From 1988-2015, the Gross Domestic Product per Capita (GDP) in rural Shexian County increased from 860 to 3000 US$, and urbanization rate from 22.4% to 54.8%. The biennial ASIRs of lung, colorectal, gallbladder cancer and leukemia in both sexes, and that of breast, ovary, thyroid, and kidney cancer in women increased significantly from 2000 - 2015. The increase from 2000-2001 to 2014-2015 in man and women for lung cancer was from 15.9 to 34.7 per 105 (P = 0.05) and 9.6 to 16.7 (P = 0.00), for colorectal cancer from 6.6 to 15.9 (P = 0.00) and 4.0 to 11.7 (P = 0.00), for gallbladder cancer from 0.1 to 2.4 (P = 0.00) and 0.3 to 2.7 (P = 0.00), for leukemia from 2.8 to 7.7 (P = 0.00) and 2.3 to 6.2 (P = 0.00);and in women for cancer of breast from 2.8 to 17.3 (P = 0.00), kidney from 0.2 to 2.4 (P = 0.00), ovary from 0.2 to 4.3 (P = 0.00), and thyroid from 0.2 to 4.2 (P = 0.00). Notwithstanding these increases, their ASIRs in 2012 in Shexian County were still significantly lower than that in Shijiazhuang city. Westernization-related cancer is increasing rapidly in rural China. Comprehensive measures are needed to strengthen prevention to ensure sustainable development.

Effects of the Northeast China Revitalization Strategy on Regional Economic Growth and Social Development

Measuring the economic and social effects of the Northeast China Revitalization Strategy is critical to addressing regional sustainable development in China. To shed light on this issue, an integrated perspective was adopted that is combined with the difference-in-differences method to measure the effects of the strategy on economic growth and social development in Northeast China. The findings suggest that the strategy has significantly improved regional economic growth and per-capita income by increasing its gross domestic product(GDP) and GDP per capita by 25.70% and 46.00%, respectively. However, the strategy has significantly worsened the regional employment in the secondary industry of the region. In addition, the strategy has not significantly improved regional infrastructural road, education investment or social security, and has had no significant effect on mitigating regional disparity. In addition, the policy effects are highly heterogeneous across cities based on city size and characteristics. Therefore, there is no simple answer regarding whether the Northeast China Revitalization Strategy has reached its original goals from an integrated perspective. The next phase of the strategy should emphasize improving research and development(R&D) and human capital investments based on urban heterogeneity to prevent conservative path-dependency and the lock-in of outdated technologies.

Prevalence and Correlates of Glucose Homeostasis Abnormalities in the Far-North Region Cameroon

Background: Evidence indicates a growing burden of glucose homeostasis abnormalities (namely type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes) in Cameroun. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of glucose homeostasis abnormalities (GHA) in the Far-North region of Cameroon, where these variables have not been explored so far. Methods: We included in this population-based cross-sectional survey 461 participants living urban area (Maroua) and 428 dwellers living in rural area (Tokombere) aged at least 18 years, using a multistage-cluster sampling frame. In all participants, we recorded sociodemographic, medical history, clinical data and fasting blood (capillary) glucose (FBG). Diabetes was considered for FBG ≥ 126 mg/dL or being on glucose-lowering medications, and impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) for FBG 100 - 125 mg/dL. Results: The overall age-standardized prevalence of GHA, IFG and diabetes was 33.6%, 21.7% and 11.9%, respectively. Those data were similar between urban and rural areas. Determinants of GHA were age, overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity and hypertension. IFG was only related to abdominal obesity, while diabetes was related to age, family history of diabetes, overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity and hypertension. Conclusion: Glucose homeostasis abnormalities are alarmingly high in Far North Cameroon. Efforts are needed to promote healthier lifestyles and initiate diabetes-screening campaigns in Cameroon.

Effect of physical activity on healthcare seeking behavior in the general Chinese population:an urban-rural perspective

Background:The“two-week visiting rate in those needing to visit”has been examined extensively as an important indicator of healthcare seeking behavior in China.Nevertheless,its relationship with health behaviors,such as physical activity,remains unknown.In addition,a significant difference exists between urban and rural Chinese people in terms of physical activity and healthcare seeking behavior.This study sought to investigate the relationship between physical activity and the two-week visiting rate by conducting a stratified analysis.Methods:The analysis included 5,801 participants aged above 15 years old.Multivariable logistic regression was applied to analyze the association after adjusting for possible confounding variables.Urban and rural differences were investigated using stratified analysis.Results:Adjusted estimates showed that those who were physically active were more likely to visit a healthcare facility,but only among the whole sample(adjusted odds ratio(AOR)=1.45,95%confidence interval(CI):1.26.1.66)and the rural sample(AOR=1.56,95%CI:1.21.2.01),and not among the urban sample.Conclusions:Educating people on physical activity may help in improving healthcare seeking behavior and vice versa.Additionally,health interventions may be tailored based on different settings.

Process and cause of urban-rural development transformation in the Bohai Rim Region, China

China＇s reform and opening-up policy has brought the country a great development opportunity. The high-speed growth of the economy not only led China to a period of industrialization, urbanization, informatization and agricultural modernization, but also exacerbated the situation of the urban–rural dual structure. Based on the review of current studies, we first used the analytic hierarchy process（AHP） method to evaluate the urban–rural development and transformation level by population transformation index, land transformation index, industrial transformation index and social transformation index between 1996 and 2012 around the Bohai Rim Region. Then, based on the results of each index, we used the exploratory spatial data analysis（ESDA） method to investigate the spatial autocorrelation of the change in the urban–rural development transformation index during the 16-year period using Global Moran＇s I index and Local Moran＇s I index. Finally, we investigated the mechanism of change of the urban–rural development transformation index at county level, summarizing five main factors：（1） the radiation from the surrounding big cities,（2） the acceleration of the urbanization process,（3） the upgrading of the industrial structure,（4） the publishing and implementation of a macro development strategy and regional policy, and（5） natural factors such as topology.

Regional suitability for settling rural migrants in urban China

Despite rapid urbanization, more than 200 million people living in urban areas are still registered as ＇agricultural＇ and are ineligible for most social benefits under China＇s Hukou （or household registration） system. This paper identifies the regional suitability for settling rural migrants in urban China based on three indicators （the degree of urgency, the skills and ability of the resettled community to adapt, and the ability of the government to support that resettlement）. It takes 2008 government socioeconomic data from a county level into con- sideration. Spatial, statistical, and decision tree analyses, supported by SPSS, Geodata, and ArcGIS software, show that there are five separate population types, each with different de- grees of suitability. These include highly suitable region, region suitable for settling migrants to outside regions, region suitable for settling migrants from outside regions, region with moderate potential, and unsuitable region. This paper suggests that regional policies for set- tling rural migrants are meaningful, since the five regions are distributed relatively separately. Due to the suitability for different bodies across regions, equal treatment should be applied to both the native migrants and that across counties and provinces. Furthermore, demolishment of the social welfare discrimination adhered to Hukou system and equalization of basic public services will be of more practical significance than the so-called settling rural migrants ac- tively and steadily.

The historical logics and geographical patterns of rural-urban governance in China

The advent of a mobile society has led to profound changes in China’s traditional rural-urban pattern and called for new strategies for urban and rural governance.Based on a macro perspective of temporal and spatial evolution,this study analyzes the historical logics of rural-urban governance,explores the geographical patterns of challenges in China’s rural-urban governance,and finally puts forward targeted strategies for rural-urban governance toward integrated and sustainable development in China.From the historical perspective,the urban originates from the rural,and the connotation of rural,that is,a regional-scale outlook,rural-urban relations,and sociocultural interaction,forms the traditional approach to rural-urban governance.China’s rural-urban governance has evolved from antagonism toward integration.In terms of theoretical development,the turn toward mobility is an important driving factor shaping and promoting the transformation of research focus on rural-urban governance.The mobility of urban and rural factors has especially in recent decades brought extensive challenges for governance,which are highlighted by the disintegration of the stability of rural and urban structures,growing regional disparities in rural education levels,and serious aging and hollowing crises in rural areas.We therefore propose that rural-urban governance should give sufficient consideration to the convergence of wider interests;realize social potential through institutional,cultural and spatial restructuring;and attach importance to collaborative development and governance.And the transfer of rural problems to urban areas should be paid attention to by rural-urban governance.This research enriches the knowledge regarding the logics and patterns of China’s rural-urban governance from an interdisciplinary perspective.It is also helpful in the promotion of rural-urban integration and sustainable development,especially at a time when the mobility of social factors between rural areas and urban areas increasingly challenges traditional urban and rural governance and drives its evolution.

共同富裕背景下基本医疗保险的受益公平性研究——基于CHARLS数据的实证分析

基于“中国健康与养老追踪调查”(CHARLS)2011—2018年四期数据,研究两类基本医疗保险参保者的城乡身份、所在地区与收入水平对基本医疗保险受益的影响及其公平性,发现城镇职工医疗保险的覆盖率较低,而城乡居民医疗保险的实际覆盖率超过政策覆盖率;城镇和东部地区、高收入参保者的受益水平较高;医疗自付费用对低收入人群形成较大负担;随着时间的推移,参保者在不同维度的受益水平和公平性有所改善。模型分析结果还表明,在城镇职工医保内部,地区差距显著,东部、中部、西部、东北地区的住院费用水平依次递减,西部地区参保人员的健康水平显著低于东部地区;在城乡居民医保内部,城镇居民的受益水平显著高于农村居民和进城农民,东部地区居民的健康水平最高,而西部地区最低;参保者收入越低则住院费用越少,健康水平也越差。上述发现与结论对于进一步缩小不同城乡、地区和收入身份特征的参保者的受益差距,促进社会公平公正,推动共同富裕,具有一定的政策启示。

我国乡村老龄化现状及其对粮食生产的影响与应对

根据2020年最新人口普查数据,我国乡村老龄化率为17.72%,先于城市步入中度老龄化社会。我国乡村老龄化整体呈现出老年抚养比增速快、低龄老人务农比例高等特征,与国际主要发达国家相比我国乡村老龄人口就业占比相对较高。分区域看,粮食主产区乡村老龄化增幅更多、老年抚养比更重、老龄就业比重更高;全国乡村老年抚养比28.13%,但粮食主产省份达31.28%。通过定性梳理乡村老龄化对农户参与粮食种植及其粮食生产行为效率等的影响,提出积极应对乡村老龄化、保障粮食安全的思路与对策建议。

中国乡村产业数字化水平测度及时空演变分析

乡村产业数字化是“数实”融合的关键内容,也是推进乡村振兴的重要措施。文章基于熵权及变异系数综合赋权法、Dagum基尼系数、空间收敛模型,对2012—2021年中国31个省份乡村产业数字化水平进行统计测度和时空演变特征分析。研究发现:中国乡村产业数字化水平呈增长态势,但整体水平不高,需进一步提升乡村产业数字服务和数字管理水平;三大地区乡村产业数字化水平存在显著梯度差异,呈“东高西低”空间格局;地区差异分析表明,地区间差异的变化是中国乡村产业数字化水平总体差异呈“U”型特征的主要原因;收敛性分析表明,中国乡村产业数字化水平均具有绝对β收敛及条件β收敛特征。

健康公平视角下的城乡居民医疗支出不平等研究——基于生命周期模型

促进健康公平是中国医疗体制改革的重要目标之一。建立居民医疗支出内生决策的生命周期模型,根据实际数据采用模拟矩估计法估计城乡居民偏好参数,通过模型求解揭示居民的医疗支出行为特征及城乡差异,并讨论相关政策对城乡医疗支出不平等的影响。研究表明:城乡居民的生命周期最优医疗支出均呈现倒U型,但医疗支出水平具有明显差异;收入差距、主观偏好差异和基本医疗保险制度差异是造成该现象的重要原因且重要性依次降低;增加农村居民收入、提高农村居民医疗保险保障水平、提升医疗技术以及引入普惠型健康保险可以有效缩小城乡居民医疗支出差距。因此,应增强城乡居民医疗保险制度的福利性,积极在农村地区推广惠民保等普惠型健康保险,进一步增加农村居民收入,以缩小城乡医疗支出差距。

积极应对人口老龄化战略下养老服务的均衡发展

党的二十大将实现养老服务均衡发展摆在了突出位置。在以均衡治理原则助推高质量发展的格局下,老龄化国家战略再次升级了养老服务在格局、空间、模式、性质、内容五个方面的均衡关系。然而,由于多重原因,目前我国养老服务均衡发展中存在保障对象收入差异的起点非均衡、准入条件欠缺灵活的过程非均衡、运作机制维持困境的结构非均衡问题。在积极应对人口老龄化战略背景下,亟需实现养老服务的结构优化、功能提升、内容提质,并需重点关注:一是基本养老服务均衡化的基础环境已初步形成;二是科学把握城乡区域人口老龄化分布格局趋势;三是改变现有基本养老服务制度建设的基本理念;四是区域一体化是基本养老服务均衡化的重要步伐;五是坚持基本养老服务制度全国统筹的基本思路;六是建立新型的基本养老服务事权格局。