Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging of Rat Brain Microstructural Changes due to Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion at a 3T MRI

The purpose of this work was to demonstrate the feasibility of neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging(NODDI)in characterizing the brain tissue microstructural changes of middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)in rats at 3T MRI,and to validate NODDI metrics with histology.A multi-shell diffusion MRI protocol was performed on 11 MCAO rats and 10 control rats at different post-operation time points of 0.5,2,6,12,24 and 72 h.NODDI orientation dispersion index(ODI)and intracellular volume fraction(V_(ic))metrics were compared between MCAO group and control group.The evolution of NODDI metrics was characterized and validated by histology.Infarction was consistent with significantly increased ODI and V_(ic)in comparison to control tissues at all time points(P<0.001).Lesion ODI increased gradually from 0.5 to 72 h,while its V_(ic)showed a more complicated and fluctuated evolution.ODI and V_(ic)were significantly different between hyperacute and acute stroke periods(P<0.001).The NODDI metrics were found to be consistent with the histological findings.In conclusion,NODDI can reflect microstructural changes of brain tissues in MCAO rats at 3T MRI and the metrics are consistent with histology.This study helps to prepare NODDI for the diagnosis and management of ischemic stroke in translational research and clinical practice.

Advanced diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases

The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing as human longevity increases. The objective biomarkers that enable the staging and early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases are eagerly anticipated. It has recently become possible to determine pathological changes in the brain without autopsy with the advancement of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging is a robust tool used to evaluate brain microstructural complexity and integrity, axonal order, density, and myelination via the micron-scale displacement of water molecules diffusing in tissues. Diffusion tensor imaging, a type of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging technique is widely utilized in clinical and research settings;however, it has several limitations. To overcome these limitations, cutting-edge diffusion magnetic resonance imaging techniques, such as diffusional kurtosis imaging, neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging, and free water imaging, have been recently proposed and applied to evaluate the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. This review focused on the main applications, findings, and future directions of advanced diffusion magnetic resonance imaging techniques in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, the first and second most common neurodegenerative diseases, respectively.

Preliminary examination of early neuroconnectivity features in the R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease by ultra-high field diffusion MRI

During the last decades,advances in the understanding of genetic,cellular,and microstructural alterations associated to Huntington's disease(HD)have improved the understanding of this progressive and fatal illness.However,events related to early neuropathological events,neuroinflammation,deterioration of neuronal connectivity and compensatory mechanisms still remain vastly unknown.Ultra-high field diffusion MRI(UHFD-MRI)techniques can contribute to a more comprehensive analysis of the early microstructural changes observed in HD.In addition,it is possible to evaluate if early imaging microstructural parameters might be linked to histological biomarkers.Moreover,qualitative studies analyzing histological complexity in brain areas susceptible to neurodegeneration could provide information on inflammatory events,compensatory increase of neuroconnectivity and mechanisms of brain repair and regeneration.The application of ultra-high field diffusion-MRI technology in animal models,particularly the R6/1 mice(a common preclinical mammalian model of HD),provide the opportunity to analyze alterations in a physiologically intact model of the disease.Although some disparities in volumetric changes across different brain structures between preclinical and clinical models has been documented,further application of different diffusion MRI techniques used in combination like diffusion tensor imaging,and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging have proved effective in characterizing early parameters associated to alteration in water diffusion exchange within intracellular and extracellular compartments in brain white and grey matter.Thus,the combination of diffusion MRI imaging techniques and more complex neuropathological analysis could accelerate the discovery of new imaging biomarkers and the early diagnosis and neuromonitoring of patients affected with HD.

Measuring turbulence in a circulating fluidized bed using PIV techniques

This study utilized the particle image velocimetry （P1V） technique, non-invasively near the wall, in the developing region, for the measurements of laminar and turbulent properties during circulation of Geldart B type particles in the U.S. Department of Energy （DOE） National Energy Technology Laboratory （NETL） riser. A novel method was used to measure axial and radial laminar and turbulent solids dispersion coefficients using autocorrelation technique. The instantaneous and hydrodynamic velocities for the solid phase were measured simultaneously in the axial and radial directions using a CCD camera, with the help of a colored rotating transparency. The measured properties, such as laminar and Reynolds stresses, laminar and turbulent granular tempera- tures, laminar and turbulent dispersion coefficients and energy spectra exhibited anisotropy. The mixing in the riser was on the level of clusters. The total granular temperatures were in reasonable agreement with the literature values. However, the axial and radial solids dispersion coefficients measured near the wall were slightly lower than the radially averaged values in the literature.