Seismic effectiveness evaluation and optimized design of tie up method for securing museum collections

To quantify the seismic effectiveness of the most commonly used fishing line tie up method for securing museum collections and optimize fixed strategies for exhibitions,shaking table tests of the seismic systems used for typical museum collection replicas have been carried out.The influence of body shape and fixed measure parameters on the seismic responses of replicas and the interaction behavior between replicas and fixed measures have been explored.Based on the results,seismic effectiveness evaluation indexes of the tie up method are proposed.Reasonable suggestions for fixed strategies are given,which provide a basis for the exhibition of delicate museum collections considering the principle of minimizing seismic responses and intervention.The analysis results show that a larger ratio of height of mass center to bottom diameter led to more intense rocking responses.Increasing the initial pretension of fishing lines was conducive to reducing the seismic responses and stress variation of the lines.Through comprehensive consideration of the interaction forces and effective securement,it is recommended to apply 20%of breaking stress as the initial pretension.For specific museum collections that cannot be effectively protected by the independent tie up method,an optimized strategy of a combination of fishing lines and fasteners is recommended.

Seismic Design Strategy of High Pier Bridge

China’s infrastructure construction has been continuously improving in recent years,especially its highway construction,which spans from north to south and connects east to west.Some special areas are also interconnected through bridges,but constructing highway bridges through complex terrains or across valleys and mountain gullies presents significant challenges,requiring an increase in the height of bridge piers.These bridge piers generally reach tens or even hundreds of meters in height.Furthermore,the construction of these high-pier bridges is becoming increasingly widespread.Not only do they pose greater construction challenges,but they also have higher requirements for seismic resistance.This article primarily analyzes the characteristics of high-pier bridges and proposes seismic design schemes,calculation methods,and design strategies to enhance the construction quality of high-pier bridges.

The Ultimate Anti-Seismic Design Method

The design mechanisms and methods of the invention are intended to minimize problems related to the safety of structures in the event of natural phenomena such as earthquakes, tornadoes, and strong winds. It is achieved by controlling the deformations of the structure. Damage and deformation are closely related concepts since the control of deformations also controls the damage. The design method of applying artificial compression to the ends of all longitudinal reinforced concrete walls and, at the same time, connecting the ends of the walls to the ground using ground anchors placed at the depths of the boreholes, transfers the inertial stresses of the structure in the ground, which reacts as an external force in the structure’s response to seismic displacements. The wall with the artificial compression acquires dynamic, larger active cross-section and high axial and torsional stiffness, preventing all failures caused by inelastic deformation. By connecting the ends of all walls to the ground, we control the eigenfrequency of the structure and the ground during each seismic loading cycle, preventing inelastic displacements. At the same time, we ensure the strong bearing capacity of the foundation soil and the structure. By designing the walls correctly and placing them in proper locations, we prevent the torsional flexural buckling that occurs in asymmetrical floor plans, and metal and tall structures. Compression of the wall sections at the ends and their anchoring to the ground mitigates the transfer of deformations to the connection nodes, strengthens the wall section in terms of base shear force and shear stress of the sections, and increases the strength of the cross-sections to the tensile at the ends of the walls by introducing counteractive forces. The use of tendons within the ducts prevents longitudinal shear in the overlay concrete, while anchoring the walls to the foundation not only dissipates inertial forces to the ground but also prevents rotation of the walls, thus maintaining the structural integrity of the beams. The prestressing at the bilateral ends of the walls restores the structure to its original position even inelastic displacements by closing the opening of the developing cracks.

An improved pseudo-static method for seismic resistant design of underground structures

This paper describes a commonly used pseudo-static method in seismic resistant design of the cross section of underground structures. Based on dynamic theory and the vibration characteristics of underground structures, the sources of errors when using this method are analyzed. The traditional seismic motion loading approach is replaced by a method in which a one-dimensional soil layer response stress is differentiated and then converted into seismic live loads. To validate the improved method, a comparison of analytical results is conducted for internal forces under earthquake shaking of a typical shallow embedded box-shaped subway station structure using four methods： the response displacement method, finite element response acceleration method, the finite element dynamic analysis method and the improved pseudo-static calculation method. It is shown that the improved finite element pseudo-static method proposed in this paper provides an effective tool for the seismic design of underground structures. The evaluation yields results close to those obtained by the finite element dynamic analysis method, and shows that the improved finite element pseudo-static method provides a higher degree of precision.

An alternative practical design method for structures with viscoelastic dampers

Viscoelastic dampers（VEDs） are one of the most common passive control devices used in new and retrofit building projects which reduce the structure responses and dissipate seismic energy during an earthquake.Various methods to design this kind of dampers have been proposed based on the desired level of additional damping,eigenvalue assignment,modal strain energy,linear quadratic regulator control theories,and other approaches.In the current engineering practice,the popular method is the one based on the modal strain energy that uses the inter-story lateral stiffness as one of the main variables for damper design.However,depending on the configuration of the structure,in some cases the resulting interstory lateral stiffness can be very large.Consequently,the dampers size would also be large producing much more damping than that effectively necessary,resulting in an increase of the overall cost of the supplemental damping system and causing excessive stress on the structural elements connected to the dampers.In this paper an alternative practical design method for structures with VEDs is proposed.This method uses the inter-story shear forces as one of the main variables to accomplish the damper design compared to what was done in previous studies.Nonlinear time-history analyses were conducted on a 7-story reinforced concrete（RC） structure to check the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed method.Comparisons on the seismic performance between the structure without dampers and that equipped with VEDs were carried out.It is concluded that the proposed method results in a very suitable size of dampers,which are able to improve the performance of the structure at all levels of earthquake ground motions and satisfying the drift requirement prescribed in the codes.

Peak displacement patterns for the performance-based seismic design of steel eccentrically braced frames

Performance-based seismic design(PBSD) aims to assess structures at different damage states. Since damage can be directly associated to displacements, seismic design with consideration of displacement seems to be logical. In this study, simple formulae to estimate the peak floor displacement patterns of eccentrically braced frames(EBFs) at different performance levels subjected to earthquake ground motions are proposed. These formulae are applicable in a PBSD and especially in direct displacement-based design(DDBD). Parametric study is conducted on a group of 30 EBFs under a set of 15 far field and near field accelerograms which they scaled to different amplitudes to adapt various performance levels. The results of thousands of nonlinear dynamic analyses of EBFs have been post-processed by nonlinear regression analysis in order to recognize the major parameters that influence the peak displacement pattern of these frames. Results show that suggested displacement patterns have relatively good agreement with those acquired by an exact nonlinear dynamic analysis.

Application of consequence-based design criteria in regions of moderate seismicity

Current design criteria and prineiples of earthquake engineering design are reviewed,including safety factors, probabilistic approach,and two-level and muhi-level functional design ideas.The modern multi-functional idea is discussed in greater details.When designing a structure,its resistance to and the intensity of the earthquake action are considered. The consequence of failure of the structure is considered only through a rough and empirical factor of importance,ranging usually from 1.0 to 1.5.This paper suggests a method of'consequence-based design,'which considers the consequences of malfunctioning instead of simply an importance factor.The main argument for this method is that damage to a structure located in different types of societies may have very different consequences,which are depeudant on its value and usefulness to the society and the seismicity in the region.

Constant-ductility strength demand spectra for seismic design of structures

In displacement-based seismic design, constant-ductility strength demand spectra （CDSDS） are very useful for preliminary design of new structures where the global displacement ductility capacity is known. The CDSDS can provide the required inelastic lateral strength of new structures from the required elastic lateral strength. Based on a statistical study of nonlinear time-history for an SDOF system, the mean CDSDS corresponding to four site conditions are presented and approximate expressions of the inelastic spectra are proposed, which are functions of the structural period and ductility level. The effects of site conditions, structural period, level of ductility, damping and post-yield stiffness of structures on CDSDS are also investigated. It is concluded that site conditions, ductility level and structural period have important effects on the CDSDS and damping, post-yield stiffness effects are rather complex and of minor importance. The damping, post-yield stiffness effects depend on both the level of ductility and the natural period of structures.

Seismic analysis of cantilever earth retaining walls embedded in dry sand by simplified approaches and finite element method

In engineering practice simplified methods are essential to the seismic design of embedded earth retaining walls,as fullydynamic numerical analyses are costly,time-consuming and require specific expertise.Recently developed pseudostatic methods provide earth stresses and internal forces,even in those cases in which the strength of the soil surrounding the structure is not entirely mobilised.Semiempirical correlations or Newmark sliding block method provide an estimate of earthquake-induced permanent displacements.However,the use of these methods is hindered by uncertainties in the evaluation of a few input parameters,affecting the reliability of the methods.This study uses 1 D site response analyses and 2 D fully-dynamic finite element analyses to show that simplified methods can provide a reasonable estimate of the maximum bending moment and permanent displacements for stiff cantilever walls embedded in uniform sand,providing that a few input parameters are evaluated through semiempirical correlations and a simple 1 D site response analysis.

Research on Seismic Design of High-Rise Buildings Based on Framed-Shear Structural System

Under the rapidly advancing economic trends,people’s requirements for the functionality and architectural artistry of high-rise structures are constantly increasing,and in order to meet such modern requirements,it is necessary to diversify the functions of high-rise buildings and complicate the building form.At present,the main structural systems of high-rise buildings are:frame structure,shear wall structure,frame shear structure,and tube structure.Different structural systems determine the size of the load-bearing capacity,lateral stiffness,and seismic performance,as well as the amount of material used and the cost.This project is mainly concerned with the seismic design of frame shear structural systems,which are widely used today.

长持时地震动对建筑结构抗震影响的研究进展

该文综述了长持时地震动作用下建筑结构抗震性能的研究进展。介绍了长持时地震动的定义和特性;梳理了长持时地震动作用下建筑结构数值模拟、试验研究和理论分析的研究进展;详细综述了长持时地震动作用下建筑结构的延性性能、耗能能力、易损性和抗倒塌性能的研究进展。此外,介绍了考虑长持时地震作用影响的建筑结构抗震设计方法,梳理了国内外建筑结构抗震设计规范对长持时地震作用的考虑方法,并对长持时地震动作用下建筑结构抗震性能的研究进行了展望。建议关注长持时地震动作用下建筑结构的抗震性能,进一步研究长持时地震动的定义和特性,改进长持时地震动作用下建筑结构的数值模拟、理论分析和试验研究方法,深入探讨长持时地震动作用下各类建筑结构的地震响应、易损性和抗倒塌性能,为未来结构抗震设计及评估中考虑长持时地震作用的影响和规范修订提供参考。

基于时程分析法的中美隔震设计对比研究

介绍了中国《建筑隔震设计标准》(GB/T 51408—2021)(以下简称《隔标》)和美国Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures(ASCE 7-16)隔震设计的相关要求,并针对基于《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011—2010)(2016年版)(以下简称《抗规》)设计的某9度区近场隔震结构,进行了两国规范的设计对比。按《抗规》设计的隔震结构,仍然能满足《隔标》的设计要求。ASCE 7-16对于隔震支座考虑了老化和环境、测试、制造等因素引起的性能参数变化,并按隔震支座的上限及下限属性进行了结构设计。基于相同地震概率水准(50年超越概率2%)的设计对比研究表明,ASCE 7-16的等效侧力法计算值高于《隔标》,按ASCE 7-16要求选择的地震波反应谱明显高于《隔标》,其时程分析结果也大于中国规范,对隔震支座的性能要求更高。

地震作用下车辆-公路桥梁耦合作用的能量机理

由于地震作用下车辆和公路桥梁相互耦合作用的复杂性,目前对其相互作用机理的研究较少,导致各国现行公路桥梁抗震设计规范关于桥梁在地震作用时是否需要考虑活载作用仍然存在分歧.现有研究表明,车辆既可能对桥梁的地震响应产生有利影响,也可能产生不利的影响.本文在已有的研究基础上,对车桥耦合接触行为进行简化模拟,采用能量法对车辆-公路桥梁耦合作用机理进行分析.结果表明:车桥耦合作用对输入到桥梁水平方向能量的影响可以忽略不计,但会导致输入到桥梁竖向总能量的减小,因而使桥梁的竖向地震响应减小,而输入到车辆竖向的能量则主要来自桥面振动;此外,车辆质量越小,桥梁振动产生的对车辆水平方向的能量输入越大.

模块式金属隔震支座设计方法与试验研究——以电流互感器为例

提出了模块式金属隔震支座的构造与解耦设计方法,通过电流互感器振动台试验验证了隔震装置和设计方法的可行性。研究结果表明:隔震支座具有良好的隔震效果,隔震设备顶部加速度响应为非隔震设备的7.32%~32.57%;隔震支座具有良好的自复位能力,实际残余位移在不同地震动类型、地震动强度下均小于设计值。隔震支座具有较强的抗倾覆能力,可满足支柱类电气设备层间隔震需求,竖向地震输入影响时隔震支座的性能有所削弱,变形增大。电气设备的隔震设计应充分考虑设备本体的抗震性能与支架的动力放大作用,慎重选择隔震设计目标,避免支座达到极限位移。

基于能力谱的弯剪复合型金属阻尼器加固既有混凝土框架性能化抗震设计方法

随着近年来中国对建筑结构的抗震性能要求不断提高,既有混凝土框架难以满足多水准抗震性能标准的要求,采用金属阻尼器加固既有混凝土框架可显著提高其抗震性能,有利于满足现有抗震性能目标,然而目前对于相应的的性能化抗震设计方法研究尚不充分。该文提出了基于能力谱的金属阻尼器加固既有混凝土框架抗震性能化设计方法,为了实现不同烈度地震下的多性能水准目标,采用具有多阶屈服特征的弯剪复合型金属阻尼器。基于对既有混凝土框架的静力推覆分析,将框架的推覆曲线转化为等效的双折线能力谱,设定加固后结构在多遇、设防和罕遇地震下的层间位移角性能目标,确定结构能力谱曲线和需求谱曲线的交点。考虑金属阻尼器进入屈服阶段后的附加阻尼比,计算出结构在不同烈度地震下的等效阻尼比,根据性能点计算出金属阻尼器剪切和弯曲芯板的屈服承载力。基于上述设计方法对4层、6层和9层既有混凝土框架进行加固,通过OpenSees软件建立弹塑性分析模型,并通过试验结果验证了模型的准确性,通过时程分析结果表明了加固后的结构满足预定的性能目标,证明了提出的设计方法的可靠性和有效性。该文研究成果将为金属阻尼器加固既有混凝土框架的抗震设计提供理论依据。

多高层木结构建筑抗震性能及设计方法研究进展

木结构作为中国传统建筑文化重要组成部分,具有低碳、绿色环保、抗震性能好等特点。随着装配式建筑的发展、“双碳”战略的提出,木结构的研究、木结构建筑在工程中的应用逐渐成为行业内热点。以木结构被动抗震领域为对象,从结构体系、抗震规范、抗震设计方法3个方面阐述,对最新抗震研究进展、发展趋势进行分析与总结。对常用结构的抗侧刚度、破坏模式、变形和耗能能力等进行具体的抗震设计文献调研;对不同国家和地区抗震规范基底地震力的计算进行对比和总结,结合目前已有的抗震设计方法研究,为木结构抗震领域的发展与工程应用提供参考。

超大地震作用下基于直接设计法的基础隔震结构抗震性能分析——以2023年土耳其地震为例

2023年2月6日土耳其发生了7.8级地震,其破坏力远超一般地震,造成了大量建筑物发生严重破坏甚至倒塌。通过对部分台站地震记录所进行的反应谱分析初步表明,该次土耳其地震的强度远远超出了目前中国抗震规范所规定的最高设防标准。因此,基于中国规范设计的基础隔震结构在该次土耳其地震作用下能否保持良好的抗震性能亟待研究。基于以上分析,该文选取采用了铅芯橡胶隔震支座的6层、8层和10层基础隔震结构为研究对象,将各结构简化为集中质量的多自由度串联模型,并使用《建筑隔震设计标准》(GB/T 51408-2021)提出的直接设计法进行了结构设计。以土耳其地震的部分台站记录作为输入激励,同时作为对比选择了22条规范9度罕遇等级的普通远场地震开展了广泛的参数研究。研究结果表明:基于中国抗震规范最高设防等级的基础隔震结构在规范9度罕遇地震作用下,结构的安全性和正常使用功能能够得到有效保证;在该次土耳其地震作用下,有相当部分情况的基础隔震结构会发生严重破坏甚至倒塌,结构变形和楼层加速度响应远超一般的常规地震;增大隔震系统周期能够有效降低上部结构变形、楼层加速度和隔震层变形;增大隔震系统屈重比虽然可以在一定程度上控制上部结构变形和隔震层变形,但是对于楼层加速度的控制是不利的。

梁端弹簧型自复位钢筋混凝土框架基于性能的抗震设计方法

梁端弹簧型自复位框架(self-centering frame, SCF)结构作为一种新型抗震结构体系,通过梁柱节点铰接构造来使整体结构抗侧刚度弱化,并在梁端设置钢板弹簧来给节点设定确定的转动刚度,从而达到地震作用下结构减震和震后结构自复位的目标。在已有理论和试验研究的基础上,对梁端弹簧型自复位框架的抗震设计方法进行了研究,并给出了此类结构的抗震性能水准以及结构的抗震设计流程。结合一幢三层自复位耗能框架结构的设计实例,进行基于性能的结构抗震设计,通过有限元模拟对该结构的动力响应与常规框架进行比较分析。结果表明:梁端弹簧型自复位耗能框架结构具有较小的加速度响应和层剪力响应,以及良好的变形性能。研究结果表明,梁端弹簧型自复位框架结构具有优越的抗震性能。

地震作用下桩-土-核电结构相互作用的异步分析方法

为拓展核电厂的选址范围,有必要对非基岩场地桩基情形的核电结构进行地震安全性评估。在目前的桩-土-结构相互作用分析方法中,Winkler地基梁模型以及p-y法都将桩-土-结构相互作用问题进行了简化,难以反映复杂地基情形。整体有限元法可考虑复杂地基情形,但计算量较大,效率较低。本文基于高效的三维时域土-结构相互作用分区分析(Partitioned Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction,PASSI)方法,实现桩基与土体分别采用不同时间步距的计算方法,避免土体采用桩基相对较小的时间步距而增加不必要的计算量。本文以AP1000核岛结构作为研究对象,建立了桩-土-核电结构相互作用的三维有限元模型并对其进行分析。通过输入脉冲波验证了该异步算法的有效性,并结合运动相互作用和惯性相互作用,分析了桩身最大剪力和最大弯矩的特点。分析了桩-土-核电结构在地震波输入下的响应。由于桩的自由度数相对于土体的自由度数可以忽略不计,采用桩-土异步算法时,桩附加的计算量可以忽略,这种高效方法有望用于大型核电结构的桩-土-结构动力相互作用分析中。

便携式节点仪器维修工具套装的研究与探讨

“两宽一高”采集技术的普及催生了超大道数施工,国内很多勘探项目已实现了数万道采集。为了采集项目的高效运行,如何实现节点仪器维修工具快速转场以及更方便地辅助节点设备的维修、保养,成为本次研究的主题。本文对便携式节点仪器维修工具套装的设计给予初步探究,并基于有限元计算在跌落条件下对设计的工具套装进行机械性能校核。通过合理、统一的节点仪器维修工具管理,可以避免携带、运输过程中工具损坏及丢失,让节点维修过程更便携、高效。