In-situ stabilisation followed by ex-situ composting for treatment and disposal of heavy metals polluted sediments

An innovative in-situ stabilisation treatment followed by ex-situ sediment composting was tested for its ability to treat and dispose of heavy-metal-polluted sediments in a river near the Chinese Pearl Delta. First, polluted sediments were treated in-situ to stabilise the heavy metals. Then the treated sediments were dredged, dewatered and sent for high temperature aerobic composting （HTAC） treatment. Finally, the compost products were used as a fertiliser for fiver bank plants. The stabilisation efficiency of heavy metals during the process was investigated and the results are as follows： （1） using in-situ stabilisation, the extraction concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb were reduced by 65.0%, 82.2% and 90.0%, respectively, which are much lower than the national standard given in the Identification Standard for Hazardous Waste （GB5085.3-1996）; （2） chemical fraction analysis showed that heavy metals were further stabilized during the HTAC treatment; （3） the concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb in rainwater leachate through the river bank met the level of class V in the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water in China （GB3838-2002）. Therefore, using this new process, the toxicities of heavy metals in sediments were reduced markedly.

Disposal and Treatment Methods for Pesticide Containing Wastewaters: Critical Review and Comparative Analysis

Pesticides provide the primary means for controlling organisms that compete with man for food and fibre or cause injury to man, livestock and crops. They played a vital role in the economic production of wide ranges of vegetable, fruit, cereal, forage, fibre and oil crops which now constitute a large part of successful agricultural industry in many countries. After application to the target areas, pesticide residues are removed from applicators by rinsing with water which results in the formation of a toxic wastewater that represents a disposal problem for many farmers. Pesticides can adversely affect people, pets, livestock and wildlife in addition to the pests they are intended to destroy. The phenomenon of biomagnification of some pesticides has resulted in reproductive failure of some fish species and egg shell thinning of birds such as peregrine falcons, sparrow hawk and eagle owls. Pesticide toxicity to humans include skin and eye irritation and skin cancer. Therefore, care must be exercised in the application, disposal and treatment of pesticides. Currently, disposal of pesticide wastewater is carried out by: 1) land cultivation, 2) dumping in soil pits, plastic pits and concrete pits or on land and in extreme cases in streams near the rinsing operation, 3) use of evaporation beds and 4) land filling. These methods of disposal are unsafe as the surface run off will reach streams, rivers and lakes and the infiltration of the wastewater into the local soil will eventually reach ground water. The treatment methods currently used for pesticide wastewater include: 1) incineration (incinerators and open burning), 2) chemical treatments (O3/UV, hydrolysis, Fenton oxidation and KPEG), 3) physical treatments (inorganic, organic absorbents and activated carbon) and 4) biological treatments (composting, bioaugmentation and phytoremediation). Therefore, the choice of safe, on farm disposal techniques for agricultural pesticides is very important. A comparative analysis was performed on 18 methods of pesticide disposal/treatment using six criteria: containment, detoxification ability, cost, time, suitability for on farm use, size and evaporation efficiency. The results indicated that of the 18 methods evaluated, 9 scored above 80/100 and can be used on farm. They were organic absorbents (97), composting (94), bioaugmentation (92), inorganic absorbents (90), Fenton oxidation (86), O3/UV (83), activated carbon (82), hydrolysis (82), and land cultivation (80). The other methods are not suitable for on farm use as they suffered from containment problems, high cost and variability of effectiveness.

A Report on Identification, Segregation, Disposal and Reduction of Chemical Wastes

The accumulation of generated chemical wastes posed a serious problem for the UP College of Pharmacy. The faculty from the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry devised a scheme for the identification and segregation of the chemical wastes and created a system for proper disposal of future chemical wastes. There were a total of 1,142 of accumulated chemical waste bottles, 804 of which were subjected to identification and segregation procedures. The wastes were preliminarily tested for its solubility/miscibility in water and acidity or basicity. The identification was done by qualitative tests for cyanide, sulfide, halogenated, non-halogenated, oxidizing, nitro, and heavy metal compounds. The final segregation was based on the presence of the most hazardous component or on pH and water-miscibility. The Department then developed and implemented a scheme for the proper disposal of the chemical wastes generated in laboratory experiments done in the College. Laboratory experiments were also modified to use less toxic and less amounts of chemicals.

Cost analysis and comparison of plain cotton and disposable non-woven treatment towels

Objective: To choose a reasonably priced and low-cost treatment towel suitable for clinical application of hospital so as to reduce the cost of the hospital and make a reasonable use of resources through the cost analysis and comparison of the plain cotton and disposable non-woven treatment towels. Methods: The cost of the single pack plain cotton towel and disposable non-woven towel were analyzed and at the same time, 49185 packs of plain cotton towels which were the total consumption quantity of our hospital in 2017 and the same quantity of disposable non-woven towers were analyzed in the cost for comparison. Results:A single pack of disposable non-woven towel was RMB 2.50 cheaper than the plain cotton towel and the use of disposable non-woven towel can save the cost of RMB 2.50 per pack. In 2017, 49185 packs of plain cotton towel were used in total, which cost RMB 122962.50 less than the same quantity of disposable non-woven towels and using the disposable non-woven towel could save RMB 122962.50 annually. Conclusion: Compared with the plain cotton towel, the non-woven shares the advantages of none flocculation, longer storage time and better antibacterial effect as well as the material, cleaning and labor costs-saving. The cost of the disposable non-woven treatment towel is lower than that of the reusable plain cotton towel. Therefore, it is recommended to use the disposable non-woven treatment towel.

Indwelling catheter and conservative measures in the treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome in fulminant acute pancreatitis

AIM： To study the effect of combined indwelling catheter, hemofiltration, respiration support and traditional Chinese medicine （e.g. Dahuang） in treating abdominal compartment syndrome of fulminant acute pancreatitis. METHODS： Patients with fulminant acute pancreatitis were divided randomly into 2 groups of combined indwelling catheter celiac drainage and intra-abdominal pressure monitoring and routine conservative measures group （group 1） and control group （group 2）. Routine non-operative conservative treatments including hemofiltration, respiration support, gastrointestinal TCM ablution were also applied in control group patients. Effectiveness of the two groups was observed, and APACHE Ⅱ scores were applied for analysis. RESULTS： On the second and fifth days after treatment, APACHE Ⅱ scores of group 1 and 2 patients were significantly different. Comparison of effectiveness （abdominalgia and burbulence relief time, hospitalization time） between groups 1 and 2 showed significant difference, as well as incidence rates of cysts formation. Mortality rates of groups 1 and 2 were 10.0% and 20.7%, respectively. For patients in group 1, celiac drainage quantity and intra-abdominal pressure, and hospitalization time were positively correlated （r = 0.552, 0.748, 0.923, P 〈 0.01） with APACHE Ⅱ scores. CONCLUSION： Combined indwelling catheter celiac drainage and intra-abdominal pressure monitoring, short veno-venous hemofiltration （SVVH）, gastrointestinal TCM ablution, respiration support have preventive and treatment effects on abdominal compartment syndrome of fulminant acute pancreatitis.

农林废弃物共热解对污泥生物炭Cu(Ⅱ)吸附性能的影响

将山地城市污泥与水稻杆、水稻壳、桉树枝、桉树叶等农林废弃物进行共热解,研究共热解对生物炭理化性质及Cu(II)吸附性能的影响,探讨共热解对Cu(II)吸附性能的协同作用。结果显示,与污泥炭相比,水稻壳、水稻杆、桉树枝、桉树叶与污泥共热解制备的生物炭,C含量分别增大了0.64倍、0.87倍、1.04倍、1.22倍,O含量分别增大了1.11倍、1.25倍、2.01倍、2.17倍,对Cu(II)最大吸附量分别增大了28.4%,60.3%,82.7%,99.7%。共热解对生物炭Cu(II)吸附性能具有明显的协同作用,污泥与桉树叶共热解炭对Cu(II)最大吸附量的协同量化值最高(90.13%)。

危险废物处置中心重金属废水处理研究

危险废物处置中心的废水中含有很多重金属离子,主要成分包括铬、铅、汞、砷等,如果不对这些重金属离子进行及时处理,这些污染物就会对环境产生不利的影响。本文针对某危险废物处置中心重金属废水的特点,采用“调节池+絮凝沉淀+A/O工艺+MBR+NF+RO”工艺开展了对重金属废水的处理试验研究,并验证其处理效果。实践证明这种处理技术在重金属废水处理中有良好的应用前景。

危险废物全生命周期处理与处置实验虚拟仿真设计

针对实验室难以开展危险废物处理实践教学的难题,设计和实现危险废物全过程处置实验虚拟仿真系统。该系统包括危险废物分类收集、集中贮存与安全转运、危废处置方案制定、处置中心处理与处置和减污降碳拓展5个模块,20个操作步骤;采用3D建模、人机交互等技术构建危险废物从源头、过程到终端的全流程虚拟仿真场景,实现学生全过程的实验操作和研究探索。实验设计坚持任务驱动和问题导向、思政融于课程的教学理念,培养学生综合创新实践能力及低碳环保协同的科学素养。该实验作为环境工程专业的核心实验项目,有力支撑环境工程高层次应用型新工科人才的培养。

天津市市政污泥处理处置现状总结分析

市政污泥是污水处理的副产物,是污水处理过程的延续和必然要求。然而,如何实现低碳处理和资源化利用成为了当前重要的研究课题。本文对天津市市政污泥的产量现状进行了调研,概括总结并对比了现有污泥项目处理工艺、项目规模、处置现状等,最后展望了其资源化利用的新途径,以期为我国其他城市污泥处理处置工艺的选择提供一定的参考和借鉴。

污水/污泥综合处理实验平台建设与设计研究

本文针对如何建设高效的绿色污水、污泥综合处理实验平台进行了系统分析,首先介绍了该平台的建设意义与内涵,随后,围绕建设策略展开了讨论,提出了加强顶层设计、创新管理制度、因地制宜制定共享策略等建议。希望本文提出的绿色污水、污泥综合处理实验平台的建设思路可以为相关行业和平台提供借鉴意义,进一步提高污水、污泥综合处理实验平台的可持续发展和高效发展。

含油污泥处理处置相关规范性文件分析

含油污泥是油气行业的重要废弃物,由油、水、固三相混杂而成,因含有石油烃、重金属、多环芳烃等易燃性和毒性物质而被列为危险废物,且其产量随着非常规油气资源开采占比的增加而增加。近年来,含油污泥相关的法律法规、政策指南、标准等规范性文件不断更新和发布,对处理处置技术的研发、筛选及市场推广等方面具有重要指导意义。因此,在收集整理了58份规范性文件的基础上,对比了历版《国家危险废物名录》中对含油污泥种类的划分及限定,总结了含油污泥最新分类及属性鉴别方法,归纳了国家及地方关于油气勘探开发环境保护的管理条例,分析了污染防治技术政策和危险废物环境管理指南,梳理了国家、行业和地方标准,并绘制了含油污泥处理处置技术流程图,同时给出了进一步完善规范性文件的建议。研究结果可为含油污泥的环境管理、工艺选择及处理处置技术的研发等提供参考和启发。

污水处理系统中厌氧氨氧化细菌的富集策略

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)工艺有利于实现可持续的污水生物处理,自发现以来就引起了人们的极大兴趣,与传统的生物脱氮技术相比,其优势在于节约充氧电耗与外加碳源所需的运行费用,以及较低的剩余污泥产量。然而,厌氧氨氧化细菌(AnAOB)的生长速率极其缓慢,限制了Anammox工艺的大规模应用。综述了以往富集AnAOB的研究,主要介绍了以下3个方面:接种污泥选择、载体与反应器设计以及外加化学物质。该文将有助于研究人员规划和设计一个合适的AnAOB富集策略,有利于拓宽Anammox工艺在污水生物处理中的应用。

我国非常规气田采出水处置方式及处理工艺现状

非常规天然气勘探开发面临耗水量大和采出水污染环境的问题。本文分析了我国非常规气田采出水的类型、特点以及对环境和生产的影响,研究了非常规气田采出水5种处置方式的实施情况,调研了四川盆地7个气田和鄂尔多斯盆地5个采气厂采出水的处置方式及相应的水处理工艺现状,发现四川盆地气田采出水现有主要处置方式是回用、外排,而鄂尔多斯盆地是回注。最后,针对两大盆地非常规气田采出水的处置方式及处理工艺提出了建议。

低温菌剂在农村粪污及污水处理中的研究进展

农村厕所粪污与污水的有效处理是农村厕所改造的关键,也是推动中国乡村振兴的重要内容。中国北方地区冬季气候寒冷,为粪污与污水妥善处置带来极大挑战。生物法是农村厕所粪污、污水处理的主要方法和手段,黑龙江地处寒温带,年平均气温4℃,低温条件抑制生物活性,导致污染物去除效能大幅降低。低温菌剂是由低温驯化或定向筛选得到的具有特定功能的耐低温微生物复配体,为寒冷地区粪污处置和污水处理提供了有效、绿色、经济的解决思路和方法。文章系统介绍了耐低温微生物对寒冷环境的耐受机制,阐述了在寒冷条件下,低温菌剂在粪污处置与污水处理中的研究现状和工程应用,总结了低温菌剂在提高污染物处理效率、促进污染物降解和资源转化利用方面的进展,并对未来低温菌剂在粪污及污水处理领域的发展进行了展望。

基于Web of Science对垃圾渗滤液处理处置的文献计量分析

通过对国内外垃圾渗滤液的研究现状、研究热点和发展趋势的分析,探讨了垃圾渗滤液处理处置技术,利用Web of Science(简称WOS)数据库自带的分析工具、CiteSpace可视化文献计量学软件、VOSviewer可视化分析软件,对1985—2022年间该库收录的垃圾渗滤液领域的相关文献进行了计量分析。结果表明:1)在1985—2022年间,垃圾渗滤液处理处置领域的发文量整体呈上升趋势,在2015年以后增长幅度逐年增大;2)中国在这一领域的发文数量居于世界首位,但是均篇被引次数较低;3)该领域发文量前三的研究机构是马来西亚国民大学、同济大学、中国科学院大学;4)发文数量最多的作者是来自马来西亚国民大学的ABDUL AZIZ HAMIDI;5)载文量前三的期刊为Waste Management、Desalination and Water Treatment、Journal of Hazardous Materials。

城镇污水污泥处理处置流程中典型病毒的发生及潜在风险

城镇污水中存在大量可造成流行性疾病的病毒,但目前污水污泥处理处置过程中病毒的去除效果及公共风险尚不明晰,如何确保病毒在污水污泥处理处置工艺中被有效去除,是保证城镇健康安全的关键。为此,文章分析和总结了典型病毒在污水污泥处理系统中的发生和转变,概括了污水和污泥处理流程中各工艺对病毒的灭活机制,以及不同处理工艺对病毒的去除效果,并对该过程中存在的职工健康风险隐患进行了归纳,针对性提出相应防控建议,为实现城镇污水厂典型病毒全流程风险管理提供参考依据。

我国医疗废物处理处置技术发展与创新

文章详细分析了医疗废物处理处置管理要求和技术现状,确定了焚烧处置和消毒处理的行业主导地位,并分别对两类技术中代表性技术的原理、适用性和特点进行了对比分析。在此基础上,对医疗废物处理处置创新技术进行了探索,确定了创新技术的三种分类,包括原理创新型、应用创新型和集成创新型技术,并对每一类别典型技术进行了详细阐述。最后,基于当前我国的标准政策要求,为创新技术的应用推广提出了建议。

武汉市城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置现状及规划方案探讨

分析了武汉市市域范围内城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置现状情况,存在处置去向分散、部分处置方式亟待升级等问题;结合武汉市实际情况,分析了协同焚烧、土地利用等既有污泥处理处置条件,并进行了技术经济比较。在此基础上,通过等时圈分析,将全市划分为六大系统分区;此外,结合19座污水处理厂实际运行数据,预测了平均污泥产率和污泥量,并提出了“焚烧为主,土地及建材利用为辅”的规划方案。

城镇污水处理行业低碳技术研究现状与发展趋势分析

在全球气候变化的大背景下,我国在2020年提出了“双碳”目标,推进经济社会发展全面绿色转型。城镇污水污泥处理处置由于其具备污染物削减功能和高能耗特点,碳排放量可观,成为减污降碳的重点实施行业。研究基于污水污泥处理处置过程中碳排放特征,从过程和管理优化、技术和工艺升级、能源和资源回收三方面,总结了具有研究实践基础和推广应用前景的污水污泥处理处置低碳技术,系统分析了各技术的减碳关键点和碳减排效果,最终凝练提出了未来城镇污水污泥处理处置行业节能、低耗、低碳、循环的发展趋势,为我国污水污泥处理处置行业践行绿色循环理念,实现“碳中和”愿景,促进可持续发展提供方向。

河道淤泥疏浚和底泥污染评价研究——以三亚市某河道为例

为选择更有效更环保更经济的底泥清淤方式及淤泥处置方案,研究采用平行断面法和潜在生态危害指数法调查和分析了三亚市某河道的沉积物营养盐、有机质及重金属污染特征及污染程度,并根据污染程度初步确定是否需要清淤、清淤范围、深度和工程量。结果表明:(1)河道的底泥主要受到有机质和总磷污染,对水体的富营养化有潜在影响。(2)清淤淤泥富含有机质、氮、磷等营养元素,是一种优质的土壤改良剂。河道底泥中重金属的含量均符合《绿化种植土壤》(CJ/T340-2016)I级标准限值,清淤出的底泥可以直接或者经过干化处理后作为绿化种植土,用于园林绿化的土壤改良剂或客土置换。河道清淤的全过程研究对于其他河道淤泥监测评估及相应清淤疏浚施工及淤泥资源化处置方式的选择提供参考借鉴。