Straw mulching alters the composition and loss of dissolved organic matter in farmland surface runoff by inhibiting the fragmentation of soil small macroaggregates

Straw mulching is a widespread practice for reducing the soil carbon loss caused by erosion.However,the effects of straw mulching on dissolved organic matter(DOM)runoff loss from black soil are not well studied.How straw mulching affects the composition and loss of runoff DOM by changing soil aggregates remains largely unclear.Here,a straw mulching treatment was compared to a no mulching treatment(as a control)on sloping farmland with black soil erosion in Northeast China.We divided the soil into large macroaggregates(>2 mm),small macroaggregates(0.25-2 mm),and microaggregates(<0.25 mm).After five rain events,the effects of straw mulching on the concentration(characterized by dissolved organic carbon(DoC)and composition(analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy)of runoff and soil aggregate DOM were studied.The results showed that straw mulching reduced the runoff amount by 54.7%.Therefore,although straw mulching increased the average DOc concentration in runoff,it reduced the total runoff DOM loss by 48.3%.The composition of runoff DOM is similar to that of soil,as both contain humic-like acid and protein-like components.With straw mulching treatment,the protein-like components in small macroaggregates accumulated and the protein-like components in runoff declined with rain events.Fluorescence spectroscopy technology may help in understanding the hydrological paths of rain events by capturing the dynamic changes of runoff and soil DOM characteristics.A variation partitioning analysis(VPA)indicated that the DOM concentration and composition of microaggregates explained 68.2%of the change in runoff DOM from no mulching plots,while the change in runoff DOM from straw mulching plots was dominated by small macroaggregates at a rate of 55.1%.Taken together,our results demonstrated that straw mulching reduces the fragmentation of small macroaggregates and the loss of microaggregates,thus effecting DOM compositions in soil and reducing the DOM loss in runoff.These results provide a theoretical basis for reducing carbon loss in sloping farmland.

The impact of typhoons on the biogeochemistry of dissolved organic matter in eutrophic bays in northwestern South China Sea

Highly productive estuaries facilitate intense decomposition of dissolved organic matter(DOM) as a carbon source.However,the specific impacts of typhoons on DOM decomposition in eutrophic bays remain unclear.To address this issue,we investigated the spectral characteristics of DOM before and after Typhoon Ewiniar in Zhanjiang B ay,a eutrophic semi-enclosed bay in the northwestern South China Sea.The results revealed that intense microbial decomposition of DOM occurred during the pre-typhoon period because high nutrient inputs facilitated the mobilization of DOM in the bay.However,the intrusion of external seawater induced by the typhoon diluted the nutrient levels in Zhanjiang B ay,reducing the impact of microbial decomposition on DOM during the post-typhoon perio d.Nevertheless,the net addition of DOM occurred in Zhanjiang Bay during the post-typhoon period,possibly because of the decomposition of particulate organic matter(POM) and desorption of particulate matter.In addition,an increase in apparent oxygen utilization,a decrease in DO saturation and the reduced level of Chl a indicated that organic matter(OM) decomposition was enhanced and OM decomposition shifted to POM decomposition in Zhanjiang Bay after the typhoon.Overall,our study highlighted the shift in the intense OM decomposition from DOM to POM decomposition before and after typhoons in eutrophic bays,providing new insights into the response of typhoons to biogeo chemistry.

Impacts of Water-Sediment Regulation Scheme on Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in the Lower Yellow River

As a river with more than 3000 reservoirs in its watershed,the Yellow River has been affected by dams not only on the sediment load,but also on the water quality.Water-sediment regulation scheme(WSRS),which has been carried out annually in the Yellow River since 2002,is a typical human activity affecting river water quality.Chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)in river is susceptible to changes in ecological and environmental conditions as well as human activities.Here,we report variations in dissolved organic carbon concentrations,compositions and sources of CDOM in time series samples in the lower Yellow River during WSRS.In addition,a parallel factor fluorescence analysis(PARAFAC)method is applied to identify different fluorescent components in water samples during WRSR,showing four major components including tryptophan-like component(C1),microbial humic-like component(C2),terrestrial humic-like component(C3)and tyrosine-like component(C4).In general,C1 increased after water regulation,while C2 and C3 increased after sediment regulation,indicating that the water and sediment released by the dam have different effects on CDOM compositions.Under the impacts of the dam,source of CDOM in the lower Yellow River is mainly autochthonous related to microbial activities,and is regulated by the terrestrial input during WSRS period.Sediment resuspension inhibits microbial activities and reduces the production of autochthonous CDOM.Overall,human activities especially WSRS,as exemplified here,significantly alter the quality and quantity of CDOM in the lower Yellow River,affecting CDOM dynamics and biogeochemical processes in the estuarine environment.

Dissolved Organic Matter Features of Three Adjacent Eastern Mediterranean Urbanized Watersheds

Landscape urbanization broadly affects ecosystems in coastal watersheds, but, until now, the influence of nonpoint source urban inputs on dissolved organic matter (DOM) amount, composition, and source is poorly understood. To understand how DOM composition varied with urbanization, fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) were determined for urban and non-urban waters from upstream to downstream sites along three adjacent coastal watersheds that flow into the Mediterranean Sea. Two humic DOM fluorescent components (humic-like and fulvic-like peaks) and two proteinic components (tyrosine-like and tryptophane-like peaks) were identified by EEM fluorescence. The results indicated that urbanization had an important influence on DOM concentration and composition, with urban waters having a high degree of DOM variation due to different land uses surrounding each body of water. Urban waters show a higher DOM fluorescence index (FI), the highest fluorescence intensity of protein-like manifested also by BIX values, and a lower value of the humification index (HIX) than non-urban waters which were dominated by allochthonous inputs. In addition, the EEM was compared in dry and wet season where higher DOM amounts and FI appeared in summer due to autochthonous production coming from algae growth compared to allochthonous input from rainfall dominated in wet season. The concentration of DOC increased from upstream to downstream for the three rivers, especially Beirut River. The increase in DOC values was observed in both dry and wet seasons by 39 and 19 times respectively compared to upstream (0.93 - 0.91 mgC/L).

Seasonal Distribution of Observed Colored Dissolved Organic Matter(CDOM)in the Eastern Indian Ocean

Colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM)is a crucial constituent that affects the optical absorption properties of seawater.Owing to the relatively limited measured data on the spatial distribution characteristics of CDOM in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean,this study analyzes the optical absorption characteristics of CDOM in the southeast Indian Ocean using the data collected during four seasons from 2013 to 2017.This work also systematically describes the seasonal horizontal and vertical distribution characteristics of CDOM in this area and conducts a preliminary analysis of the relevant factors affecting CDOM absorption characteristics in this region.Results indicate that the CDOM ag(440)during summer was remarkably lower than that in the coastal waters of Europe and coastal waters of China but slightly higher than that in the western and southeast Pacific.The spatial distribution of surface CDOM shows remarkable seasonal differences,and the spatial distribution characteristics of CDOM in the 5°S,92°E region differ between spring/summer and autumn/winter.The values of ag(400)and ag(440)are weak/strong at a surface/subsurface level of 100 m,with differences found between summer and winter.The correlation of CDOM with temperature,salinity,and chlorophyll-a concentration is relatively low,indicating that CDOM is an independent driving mechanism influenced by phytoplankton degradation,photobleaching,and water mixing.

Impact of transparent exopolymer particles on the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in the Amundsen Sea,Antarctica

The Southern Ocean is an important carbon sink pool and plays a critical role in the global carbon cycling.The Amundsen Sea was reported to be highly productive in inshore area in the Southern Ocean.In order to investigate the influence of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)on the behavior of dissolved organic carbon(DOC)in this region,a comprehensive study was conducted,encompassing both open water areas and highly productive polynyas.It was found that microbial heterotrophic metabolism is the primary process responsible for the production of humic-like fluorescent components in the open ocean.The relationship between apparent oxygen utilization and the two humic-like components can be accurately described by a power-law function,with a conversion rate consistent with that observed globally.The presence of TEP was found to have little impact on this process.Additionally,the study revealed the accumulation of DOC at the sea surface in the Amundsen Sea Polynya,suggesting that TEP may play a critical role in this phenomenon.These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics and surface accumulation of DOC in the Amundsen Sea Polynya,and provide valuable insights into the carbon cycle in this region.

Bioactivity profile of dissolved organic matter and its relation to molecular composition

Dissolved organic matter(DOM)occupies a huge and uncharted molecular space.Given its properties,DOM can be presented as a promising biotechnological resource.However,research into bioactivities of DOM is still in early stages.In this study,the biotechnological potential of terrestrial and marine DOM,its molecular composition and their relationships are investigated.Samples were screened for their in vitro antibacterial,antifungal,anticancer and antioxidant activities.Antibacterial activity was detected against Staphylococcus aureus in almost all DOM samples,with freshwater DOM showing the lowest IC50 values.Most samples also inhibited Staphylococcus epidermidis,and four DOM extracts showed up to fourfold higher potency than the reference drug.Antifungal activity was limited to only porewater DOM towards human dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum.No significant in vitro anticancer activity was observed.Low antioxidant potential was exerted.The molecular characterization by FT-ICR MS allowed a broad compositional overview.Three main distinguished groups have been identified by PCoA analyses.Antibacterial activities are related to high aromaticity content and highly-unsaturated molecular formulae(O-poor).Antifungal effect is correlated with highly-unsaturated molecular formulae(O-rich).Antioxidant activity is positively related to the presence of double bonds and polyphenols.This study evidenced for the first time antibacterial and antifungal activity in DOM with potential applications in cosmeceutical,pharmaceutical and aquaculture industry.The lack of cytotoxicity and the almost unlimited presence of this organic material may open new avenues in future marine bioprospect-ing efforts.

Spatiotemporal characteristics and remote sensing estimation of colored dissolved organic matter around the Leizhou Peninsula

Colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM)is an important optically active substance in marine environment.Its biochemical conservatism makes it an important indicator to offshore pollution process.Monitoring the content,composition,and diffusion process of CDOM is a good approach to analyze the terrestrial input,optical properties,and ecological environment of offshore areas.The spatiotemporal characteristics of CDOM around the Leizhou Peninsula were analyzed based on field observation data collected in the autumn 2020 and spring 2021,and an empirical inversion model of the ag(355)(absorption coefficient at 355 nm)and spectral slope(Sg)(g stands for gelbstoff/gilvin,which is called CDOM)based on Sentinel-3A ocean and land color instrument(OLCI)images was constructed.The results show(1)the order of average ag(355)value around the Leizhou Peninsula was east coast(0.503/m)>Qiongzhou Strait(0.502/m)>west coast(0.365/m);(2)the best band combinations of CDOM inversion in spring and autumn were(B4+B11)/B3 and(B7-B1)/B6(B stands for the band of spectral images),and the final inversion results are close to the measured results,indicating that the model has good accuracy;(3)the S_(g)value of the CDOM absorption spectrum was fitted to the hyperbolicexponential model.The fitting accuracy of the model was higher than those of the exponential model and the hyperbolic model,and the best S_(g)inversion model was constructed by selecting Sg(275-295)and Sg(250-295)in spring and autumn;(4)the spatial distributions of ag(355)and S_(g)were inverted,and CDOM in the waters around the Leizhou Peninsula originated from terrestrial organic matter carried by coastal aquaculture zones and runoff in the northeast Zhanjiang and the northern Beibu Gulf.

Characteristics of dissolved organic matter(DOM) in leachate with different landfill ages

The main objective of the study was to investigate the characteristics of dissolved organic matter （DOM） in leachate with different landfill ages through the chemical, spectroscopic, and elemental analysis. Humic acid （HA）, fulvic acid （FA）, and hydrophilic （HyI） fractions were isolated and purified by the XAD-8 resin combined with the cation exchange resin method. The analytical results of fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy （EEMs） revealed that the fluorescence peaks were protein-like fluorescence for young landfill leachate, while the fluorescence peaks for medium and old landfill leachate were humic-like and fulvic-like fluorescence, respectively. Elemental analysis showed that carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen content decreased with landfill age, while the oxygen content increased. Moreover, the nitrogen content in these isolated fractions followed： HA 〉 HyI 〉 FA. The results of elemental analysis, FT-IR, and fluorescence EEMs also confirmed that aromatic carbons and portions of aliphatic functional groups were more abundant in leachate samples with increasing landfill age.

Evaluation of a Disc Tube Methodology for Nano- and Ultrafiltration of Natural Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM)

The performance of a disc tube (DT) methodology, originally designed for reverse osmosis (RO) in desalination, and applied here for ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a set of fresh (0 ppt), brackish (10 ppt) and saline (30 ppt) waters at low (1 - 2 mg/L), medium (5 - 6 mg/L) and high (10 - 12 mg/L) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content is presented. The DT module allows for time efficient processing of large volumes of sample and can be operated with RO, NF and UF membranes. We examined the performance of a NF membrane with nominal molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 500 Da and UF membranes with MWCO of 1 kDa and 10 kDa. Throughout the experiments we monitored DOM in terms of DOC, UV-absorption coefficient ratios (E2/E3) and the specific UV-absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254). Detailed protocols for operating the disc tube modules are proposed. The membranes can be efficiently cleaned to provide low carbon blanks ( mg/L). Calibration confirmed separation of high and low molecular weight standards into the retentate and permeate fractions, respectively. DOC mass balance of fractionated DOM samples showed good recoveries (123% ± 32% at 500 Da, 95% ± 12% at 1 kDa and 99% ± 11% at 10 kDa) (n = 9). The actual retention rates for 500 Da and 1 kDA were close to those reported by the manufacturer (~200 Da and ~3 kDa, respectively). However, the manufacturer’s rated 10 kDa membrane actually retained only DOM > 35 kDa. Salt addition (up to 30 ppt) caused a significant reduction in the amount of high molecular weight (HMW) compounds isolated in the 1 and 10 kDa retentates, due to coiling of macromolecules with increasing ionic strength. These findings underline the importance of stringent operating protocols and the salinity dependence of HMW retention.

Optical Characteristics of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter(CDOM)in Upstream and Downstream Lakes of Taihu Lake Basin:New Insights for Water Environmental Management

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)is a key component of organic matter that contributes to the ecological functioning of lakes.The lakes in Taihu Lake Basin play an important role in maintaining regional ecological stabilities;however,the optical characteristics of the CDOM in the upstream and downstream lakes in this basin have not yet been systematically studied.Here,the optical characteristics of CDOM in ten lakes of upstream and downstream of the Taihu Lake Basin were studied using UV-Visible and excitation-emission matrix spectroscopies.Three different fluorophores consisting of two humic-like components(C1,C2)and one protein-like component(C3)were identified by parallel factor analysis.Soil or surface erosion was responsible for the higher abund-ance of C1 in the upstream lakes,and increased biological activities accounted for the higher abundance of C3 in the downstream lakes.Rainfall erosion in the wet season led to an increase in CDOM.We also found that the photodegradation and flocculation degree,which played a significant role in reducing CDOM,were higher in downstream lakes than in upstream lakes.Optical analysis of CDOM provides a promising method for monitoring water qualities(e.g.,total phosphorus and potassium permanganate index)in each lake.Re-ductions in soil or surface erosion in the upstream are needed to improve water quality.

Analysis and Pollution Assessment on the Dissolved Organic Matter in the Sediment of Hydro-fluctuation Belt(Yunyang Part)

By using the ultraviolet absorption spectrum,the fluorescence spectrum and three dimensional fluorescence spectra,the composition of dissolved organic matter(DOM) and the humification degree,etc.in the sediment of hydro-fluctuation belt(Yunyang part) were analyzed.The relationship between the test parameters and the pollution degree in the region was discussed.The research results of UV spectrum data E3/E4 showed that in 4 sampling sites which included Huangshi Town,Gaoyang Town,Shuangjiang Town and Quma Town,the humification degree in the sediment of hydro-fluctuation belt in Shuangjiang Town sampling site was lower,and the aromaticity was smaller.Moreover,the effect of human factor was comparatively smaller.The fluorescence index value which represented the source of humus in DOM was 1.62-1.88.It showed that the biological and terrestrial source both existed.Three dimensional spectra results showed that the pollution degrees in 4 sampling sites were all smaller,and some prevention measures should be taken early.

喀斯特地下水DOM的来源、转化及识别手段研究进展

地下水中的溶解有机质(DOM)在生态系统和生物多样性中发挥关键作用,影响全球碳循环。喀斯特地下水作为世界上最大的地下水体,富含溶解无机碳(DIC),在微生物作用下,溶解无机碳被转化成有机碳,在碳循环中起着重要的作用。然而,关于DOM的研究主要集中在地表水环境,而以化能自养为主的地下水生态系统,其DOM的研究相对不足,尤其是占有重要地位的喀斯特地下水。针对以上科学问题,对喀斯特地下水中DOM来源、转化与识别手段研究进展进行了总结,重点突出了喀斯特地下水DOM在全球碳循环中的重要性,并展望了未来在喀斯特地下水DOM研究中高分辨率动态监测的必要性。

紫云英长期还田对稻田土壤DOM和Cd形态影响研究

长期种植和翻压紫云英能够显著提高土壤中有机质(SOM)和水溶性有机物(DOM)的含量,影响土壤颗粒对重金属镉(Cd)的吸附行为和Cd在土壤中的形态,了解该条件下Cd在不同土层中的特征对紫云英的进一步推广种植具有重要意义。以余江区(YJ)、南昌县(NC)、丰城市(FC)3地长期种植和翻压紫云英处理(F+M)和化肥处理(F)的定位试验点为研究对象,测试了不同层次土壤中SOM、水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量、Cd总量和形态、DOM三维荧光,以期探明紫云英长期还田模式下不同土层中DOM成分的差异及其对Cd含量和形态影响。结果显示,NC和FC试验点F+M处理耕作层土壤(0-20 cm)中SOM的含量显著高于F处理,分别提高16.8%和10.5%。同一土层中土壤Cd活性呈现F+M处理>F处理的趋势。紫云英DOM主要在耕作层和中层(20-40cm)土壤中迁移,YJ、NC、FC试验点中,F+M处理耕作层土壤中DOC含量比F处理分别提高17.0%、58.1%和33.7%,中层土壤中DOC含量分别提高43.0%、36.7%和11.2%。种植和翻压紫云英降低了DOM中类蛋白质组分的占比,增加了类腐殖质组分的占比,耕作层、中层和深层土壤(40-60 cm)中,3个试验点F处理DOM中类蛋白质的平均占比分别为7.34%、16.7%、23.9%,占比分别是F+M处理的1.26、1.92和1.54倍。类蛋白质组分的深层迁移能力大于类腐殖质组分。逐步回归分析表明,有生物活性的Cd形态占比与土壤SOM、类色氨酸含量存在负相关关系,与类富里酸含量存在正相关关系,其系数分别为-2.170、-0.760和0.239。常年种植和翻压紫云英通过影响土壤SOM总量以及DOM组分对土壤Cd表现出一定的活化潜力。

垃圾渗滤液DOM在砂土中的迁移转化规律研究

目的针对焦作市城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场运行年限长(10 a以上)、防渗层趋于老化、渗滤液渗漏到地下水风险大的问题,方法以稀释5倍的老龄垃圾渗滤液为注入淋滤液,以填埋场粉砂土为岩土介质,在水力停留时间32 h下开展室内土柱模拟试验,分析老龄垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)的迁移转化规律。结果结果表明:0~2618 h内,溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC),化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)和波长254 nm单位比色皿光程下的紫外吸光度(UV254)在地下水中变化规律相似,且三者线性相关性显著,说明DOM组分以芳香族化合物为主;CXTFIT 2.1软件拟合得到DOC和COD的阻滞系数(3.01和1.96)及衰减系数均处于较低水平,说明砂土对有机质吸附作用有限;试验前期,淋出液的荧光指数(fluorescence index,FI)一直高于淋滤原液的,说明试验前期微生物生长快速;所有样品的FI均大于1.9,说明淋出液中DOM主要为生物源;垃圾渗滤液DOM含有较多富里酸(峰A、峰C)和腐殖酸类物质(峰E)及少量类蛋白物质(峰T2);淋出液S1中的微生物代谢产物(峰B)来源于试验所用砂土,S1中峰B和S2中峰T2随时间变化消失,剩下难降解的峰A、峰C和峰E,淋出液有机组分变化明显,结构简单的类蛋白物质逐渐消失,复杂难降解的腐殖类物质逐渐累积,试验过程中淋出液单位有机碳的总荧光峰强均高于淋滤液的,说明淋滤液在迁移转化过程中芳构化程度和腐殖化程度均有所提高。结论研究结果可为垃圾渗滤液处置与环境风险评估提供参考。

基于光谱特征的多重金属离子与DOM结合特性

通过淬灭滴定实验,文章采用同步荧光光谱和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)结合二维相关光谱分析,探究Cu^(2+)和Cd^(2+)多重离子与溶解态有机质(DOM)结合特性。研究结果表明,(1)DOM与Cu^(2+)和Cd^(2+)结合稳定常数(lg KM)分别为4.75~5.18和3.71~4.12,Cu^(2+)与DOM的结合能力要强于Cd^(2+)。(2)Cd^(2+)浓度为0和100μmol/L时,DOM点位与Cu^(2+)的结合顺序均为430~500 nm>330~420 nm,且Cd^(2+)存在时Cu^(2+)与DOM的lg KM为4.56~4.95。对比结果表明Cd^(2+)的存在并未影响DOM点位与Cu^(2+)的结合顺序,但减弱了DOM与Cu^(2+)的结合能力。(3)FTIR结果表明,Cd^(2+)浓度为0和100μmol/L时DOM官能团与Cu^(2+)结合顺序依次为酚类C-O>酰胺N-H>酰胺C=O>羧基C=O>芳香族C-H>多糖C-O和酰胺N-H>酰胺C=O>酚类C-O>芳香族C-H>多糖C-O。Cd^(2+)与酚类C-O结合后影响了Cu^(2+)与DOM中酚类C-O和羧基C=O官能团的结合。水环境中多重金属离子共存时的生物有效性和生态风险应受到关注。

白洋淀补水通道DOM组分特征及无机离子对其影响研究

白洋淀水源主要以外调水为主,研究补水通道水化学特征对入淀河流的环境管理及淀区的水质保持具有重要意义。本研究以白洋淀补水通道白沟引河、府河、孝义河和小白河为研究对象,利用三维荧光光谱、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱等方法,分析了不同补水路径中水体溶解性有机质,营养盐及无机离子分布差异性。结果表明:(1)白洋淀补水通道溶解性有机质为类腐殖质、类酪氨酸和类色氨酸3类,其中白沟引河的类酪氨酸、类色氨酸总占比为82%,府河、孝义河和小白河DOM荧光组分则以类腐殖质、类酪氨酸为主,占总组分分别为97%、84%和94%。(2)白洋淀补水通道地表水DOM主要来源于陆源输入和自身生物降解。白沟引河、府河、孝义河水化学类型为Na·Ca-HCO_(3)型,小白河水化学类型为Na·Ca-SO_(4)·Cl型。不同补水类型河道的有机及无机组分具有差异。(3)河道水体中溶解性有机质转化过程受主要无机离子(Na^(+)、K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-))、营养盐影响。本研究为河道水体溶解性有机质转化效应及白洋淀生态补水和水生态修复提供基础支撑。

Sorption of dissolved organic matter and its effects on the atrazine sorption on soils

The dissolved organic matter(DOM), water soluble organic matter derived from sewage sludge was separated into hydrophobic fraction(Ho) and hydrophilic fraction(Hi). The sorption of DOM and its fractions on soils and the effects of DOM sorption on a nonionic pesticide(atrazine(2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-trazine)) distribution between soil and water were investigated using a batch equilibrium technique. The total DOM sorption on soils described by the Langmuir equation reached saturation as the DOM concentration increased. The sorption of Ho fit the Freundlich model. In contrast, a negative retention evidently occurred as adding Hi at higher level in tested soils. The sorption of Ho dominated the total DOM sorption and the release of soil organic matter(SOM). Effects of DOM on the atrazine sorption by soils were DOM-concentration dependent and dominated by the interaction of atrazine, DOM, and soil solids. Generally, the presence of DOM with lower concentration promoted atrazine sorption on soils, namely the apparent partitioning constant(K*_d) for atrazine sorption in the presence of DOM was larger than the distribution constant(K_d) without DOM; whereas the presence of DOM with higher concentration inhibited atrazine sorption(i.e., K*_d<K_d). The overall effects of DOM on atrazine sorption in soils might be related to the DOM sorption and the release of soil intrinsic organic matter into aqueous solution. The sorption of Ho on soils promoted the atrazine sorption on soil, while the release of SOM by Hi and the competitive sorption between Hi and atrazine on soil surface led to a decrease of atrazine sorption. Information provided in this work may contribute to a better understanding of the DOM sorption and its impacts on the contaminant soil-water distribution.

Characteristics of dissolved organic matter in lakes with different eutrophic levels in southeastern Hubei Province,China

Dissolved organic matter(DOM)plays a crucial role in both the carbon cycle and geochemical cycles of other nutrient elements,which is of importance to the management and protection of the aquatic environments.To achieve a more comprehensive understanding the characteristics of DOM in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River basin,water samples from four natural lakes(Xiandao,Baoan,Daye,and Qingshan)in southeastern Hubei Province in China with different eutrophication levels were collected and analyzed.The optical characteristics were analyzed using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis.The results show that:(1)two humic-like components(C1 and C2)and two protein-like substances(C3 and C4)of DOM were identified in all waterbodies;(2)C3 originated primarily from the degradation of microalgae and contributed substantially to humic-like components during transformation.C4 was widely present in the Changjiang River basin and its formation was related to microbial activity,rather than algal blooms or seasons.Influenced by the water mixing,the protein-like components were more likely to be transformed by microorganism,whereas humic-like components were more easily to be photobleached;(3)the concentration of DOM and the fluorescence intensity of humic-like components gradually increased with rising lake eutrophication levels.With respect to protein-like components,only C3 showed changes along the eutrophication gradients;(4)DOM showed a high affinity with permanganate index(COD Mn)and chlorophyll a(chl a)while the relationship was variable with phosphorus.This study helps us systematically understand the DOM characteristics,microbial activities,and pollutant transformation in the Changjiang River basin and provides reference to the ecological restoration of aquatic environments.

Characterization of dissolved organic matter fractions from Lake Hongfeng, Southwestern China Plateau

With XAD-series and ion exchange resins, dissolved organic matter （DOM） from Lake Hongfeng in Southwestern China Plateau was isolated into 6 fractions, i.e., humic acid （HA）, fulvic acid （FA）, hydrophobic neutrals （HON）, hydrophilic acids （HIA）, hydrophilic bases （HIB） and hydrophilic neutrals （HIN）. Those fractions were characterized by high performance size exclusion chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy and UV absorbance. Among the 6 fractions, FA was predominant and accounted for 51% of the total DOM. The weight-average （Mw） and number-averaged （Mn） molecular weight of these fractions ranged from 1688 to 2355 Da and from 1338 to 1928 Da, respectively. A strong correlation was observed between specific UV absorbance at 280 nm, E2/E3 （absorbance at 250 nm to 365 nm）, and the molecular weight for DOM fractions. UV-Vis fulvic-like fluorescence peaks were found in all fractions. Proteinlike fluorescence peaks existed in HON may indicate that microbial activity was severely in Lake Hongfeng. There was a significant relationship between fluorescence intensities and specific UV absorbance at 254 nm for those DOM fractions, suggesting their similar luminescence characteristics. The values of fluorescence index （f450/500） indicated that hydrophobic fractions may derive from terrestrial sources, and the hydrophilic fractions from microbial and terrestrial origins. Those results suggest that there were inter-relationships between molecular weight, fluorescence and absorbance characteristics, and also subtle consistencies between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and the sources for these 6 fractions from Lake Hongfeng.