Experimental investigation on coal pore-fracture variation and fractal characteristics synergistically affected by solvents for improving clean gas extraction

Chemical solvents instead of pure water being as hydraulic fracturing fluid could effectively increase permeability and improve clean methane extraction efficiency.However,pore-fracture variation features of lean coal synergistically affected by solvents have not been fully understood.Ultrasonic testing,nuclear magnetic resonance analysis,liquid phase mass spectrometry was adopted to comprehensively analyze pore-fracture change characteristics of lean coal treated by combined solvent(NMP and CS_(2)).Meanwhile,quantitative characterization of above changing properties was conducted using geometric fractal theory.Relationship model between permeability,fractal dimension and porosity were established.Results indicate that the end face fractures of coal are well developed after CS2and combined solvent treatments,of which,end face box-counting fractal dimensions range from 1.1227 to 1.4767.Maximum decreases in ultrasonic longitudinal wave velocity of coal affected by NMP,CS_(2)and combined solvent are 2.700%,20.521%,22.454%,respectively.Solvent treatments could lead to increasing amount of both mesopores and macropores.Decrease ratio of fractal dimension Dsis 0.259%–2.159%,while permeability increases ratio of NMR ranges from 0.1904 to 6.4486.Meanwhile,combined solvent could dissolve coal polar and non-polar small molecules and expand flow space.Results could provide reference for solvent selection and parameter optimization of permeability-enhancement technology.

First report of TSR origin minerals filled in anhydrite dissolved pores in southeastern Ordos Basin

1.Objective Yican 1 well, drilled in Southeastern Ordos Basin by Oil & Gas Survey, China Geological Survey in 2014 produced 3.7×104 m3 natural gas daily, which is the most productive well in the area by far. However, the reservoir quality is poor compared with those of Jingbian gas field in the middle of the Basin, which is mainly caused by the pores filling in karst reservoir.

Application of Pore Evolution and Fracture Development Coupled Models in the Prediction of Reservoir "Sweet Spots" in Tight Sandstones

The Chang-63 reservoir in the Huaqing area has widely developed tight sandstone ＂thick sand layers, but not reservoirs characterized by rich in oil＂, and it is thus necessary to further study its oil and gas enrichment law. This study builds porosity and fracture development and evolution models in different deposition environments, through core observation, casting thin section, SEM, porosity and permeability analysis, burial history analysis, and ＂four-property-relationships＂ analysis.

rwo-phase pore-fluid distribution in fractured media, acoustic wave velocity vs saturation

The acoustic wave velocity varies with fluid saturation and pore-fluid distribution. We use a P-wave source and the staggered grid finite-difference method, with second-order accuracy in time and eighth-order accuracy in space, to simulate the acoustic wave field in a fractured medium that is saturated with a two-phase pore fluid （gas ＆ water）. Further, we analyze the variation of acoustic wave velocity with saturation for different pore-fluid distribution modes. The numerical simulation method is simple and yields accurate results.

The pore-fracture system properties of coalbed methane reservoirs in the Panguan Syncline,Guizhou,China

The Panguan Syncline contains abundant coal resources, which may be a potential source of coalbed methane. In order to evaluate the coalbed methane production potential in this area, we investi- gated the pore-fracture system of coalbed methane reservoirs, and analyzed the gas sorption and seepage capacities by using various analytical methods, including scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, optical microscopy, mercury-injection test, low-temperature N2 isotherm adsorption/desorption analyses, low- field nuclear magnetic resonance and methane isothermal adsorption measurements. The results show that the samples of the coal reservoirs in the Panguan Syncline have moderate gas sorption capacity. However, the coals in the study area have favorable seepage capacities, and are conductive for the coalbed methane production. The physical properties of the coalbed methane reservoirs in the Panguan Syncline are gener- ally controlled by coal metamorphism： the low rank coal usually has low methane sorption capacity and its pore and microfractures are poorly developed; while the medium rank coal has better methane sorption capacity, and its seepage pores and microfractures are well developed, which are sufficient for the coalbed methane＇s gathering and exploration. Therefore, the medium rank coals in the Panguan Syncline are the most prospective targets for the coalbed methane exploration and production.

Integrated Approach to Pore Pressure and Fracture Pressure Prediction Using Well Logs: Case Study of Onshore Niger-Delta Sedimentary Basin

This study investigated the cause of identified zones of overpressure in some selected wells in a field in the Niger Delta sedimentary basin. Two models were used each for predicting pore pressure and the corresponding fracture pressure using well log and drilling data. Shale lithology in Niger Delta is massive and characterized by high pore pressure;hence shale compaction theory is utilized in this study. The petrophysical data were evaluated using Ikon’s Science Rokdoc software. The two major pore pressure prediction techniques employed are the Eaton’s and Bowers’ models while the Eaton’s fracture pressure model and the Hubbert and Willis fracture pressure prediction models were utilized for fracture prediction. The density and sonic logs were used respectively to generate the shale trend and the shale normal compaction trend used for the prediction. The wells studied showed disequilibrium compaction of sediment to be the major mechanism that gave rise to overpressure in the Niger Delta. Clay diagenesis and fluid expansion were also observed as the secondary overpressure generation mechanism in well X-1. This secondary overpressure mechanism was observed to start approximately at depths of 10,000 ft (TVD). The top of overpressure and the pressure range in the wells studied varied from 6000 to 11,017 ft (TVD) and 1796.70 to 5297.00 psi respectively. The Eaton’s model under-predicts pore pressure at the depth interval where unloading mechanism is witnessed. Since the study revealed presence of secondary overpressure generation mechanism, Bowers model was observed to be the most reliable pore pressure prediction model in the area.

Meso-mechanical anisotropy and fracture evolution of reef limestones from the Maldives Islands and the South China Sea

Reef limestone is a biogenic sedimentary rock widely distributed in coral reef areas, acting as an important foundation for coast construction. Due to its special biogenic origin, reef limestone is different from conventional rocks both in terms of rock structure and mechanical properties. In this study, mesoscale uniaxial compression experiments with five different loading directions were conducted on two kinds of reef limestones from the Maldives Islands and the South China Sea, respectively. The real-time high-resolution videos and images of failure processes were recorded simultaneously to investigate the fracture evolution and fracture surface roughness of reef limestones. It demonstrated that the reef limestones belonged to extremely soft to soft rocks, and their uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) values fluctuated with high discreteness. The mesoscale mechanical properties of reef limestones were highly anisotropic and mainly controlled by pore structure. The occurrence of dissolution pores in reef limestone tended to intensify mechanical anisotropy. With the integration of the fracture initiation and propagation features of reef limestones, it is supposed that the intrinsic mechanism of anisotropy was probably attributed to the differences in coral growth direction and dissolution. Furthermore, the quantified fracture surface roughness was revealed to have a good consistency with density and UCS for the reef limestones from the South China Sea. The findings are helpful for providing theoretical and experimental references for engineering construction in coral reef areas.

Pore pressure prediction in offshore Niger delta using data-driven approach: Implications on drilling and reservoir quality

Despite exploration and production success in Niger Delta,several failed wells have been encountered due to overpressures.Hence,it is very essential to understand the spatial distribution of pore pressure and the generating mechanisms in order to mitigate the pitfalls that might arise during drilling.This research provides estimates of pore pressure along three offshore wells using the Eaton's transit time method,multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network(MLP-ANN)and random forest regression(RFR)algorithms.Our results show that there are three pressure magnitude regimes:normal pressure zone(hydrostatic pressure),transition pressure zone(slightly above hydrostatic pressure),and over pressured zone(significantly above hydrostatic pressure).The top of the geopressured zone(2873 mbRT or 9425.853 ft)averagely marks the onset of overpressurization with the excess pore pressure above hydrostatic pressure(P∗)varying averagely along the three wells between 1.06−24.75 MPa.The results from the three methods are self-consistent with strong correlation between the Eaton's method and the two machine learning models.The models have high accuracy of about>97%,low mean absolute percentage error(MAPE<3%)and coefficient of determination(R2>0.98).Our results have also shown that the principal generating mechanisms responsible for high pore pressure in the offshore Niger Delta are disequilibrium compaction,unloading(fluid expansion)and shale diagenesis.

深部煤储层孔裂隙结构对煤层气赋存的影响-以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁-吉县区块为例

深部煤储层孔隙–裂缝结构对深部煤层气资源潜力评价和勘探开发具有重要意义。选取鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁–吉县区块DJ57井本溪组5个煤岩样品为研究对象,在煤岩煤质参数测试的基础上,采用气体吸附法、高压压汞法和微米CT扫描等测试手段,对深部煤储层中的纳米级孔隙-微米级裂缝进行多尺度定量表征,综合评价不同尺度的孔裂隙结构特征。再结合渗透率和甲烷等温吸附试验,探讨了微观孔裂隙对深部煤储层中煤层气的赋存和渗流的影响。研究结果表明:基于多种孔隙表征方法对深部煤储层孔裂隙进行多尺度定量表征,其孔裂隙体积分布类型主要以“U”型为主,呈现出微孔与微裂缝并存双峰态,主要集中在0.3~1.5 nm和>100μm的范围内。其中,微孔(<2 nm)、介孔(2~50 nm)、宏孔(50 nm~10μm)和微裂缝(>10μm)体积平均分别占总孔裂隙体积的80.18%,6.70%,1.65%和11.47%。随着微孔发育而吸附气量呈增大的趋势,微孔可以提供大量吸附点位,为深部煤层气的吸附和赋存提供场所。随着微裂缝发育而游离气量呈增大的趋势,微裂缝可以提供大量储集空间,为深部煤层气的富集提供空间条件。此外,微裂缝在三维空间中相互连通,形成网状结构,连通性强。随着微裂缝越发育,煤储层渗透率越大,微裂缝增强了煤层气的渗流能力。纳米级孔隙和微米级裂隙发育特征分别控制着深部煤层气吸附能力和开发潜力。

煤张开型裂隙三维宏细观演化特征及扰动因素探究

裂隙演化方式受控于诸如矿物特征及围压条件等内外环境,为探究含裂隙煤体裂隙宏细观演化特征及影响因素的围压效应,基于工业CT扫描系统及其搭载的三轴加载系统对含裂隙煤体开展三轴静载试验,以多角度联合表征,对原生裂隙、矿物及围压的内外条件相互作用机制做出合理解释。结果表明:①围压会改变煤体初始损伤显著区位置,使其随围压升高由裂隙尖端过渡至煤体上、下端,且微孔隙和大尺寸裂隙之间比微孔隙和微孔隙之间更易相互贯通,并产生新的宏观裂纹。②围压升高使得三维动态分形维数由缓慢增加、快速增加和平稳增加转变为平稳增加、快速增加和缓慢增加的发展阶段,可表征裂隙的时间演化规律。③含裂隙煤体在单轴或低围压下呈纵向拉伸破坏,高围压会使其破坏方式趋于剪切,并通过2种途径提升煤体强度。④起裂角理论值偏离试验值程度随围压增加而增加,与煤体由矿物分布引起的离散度数值关系一致。⑤根据裂隙的受力成分及矿物分布特征将裂隙扩展行为分为直驱、绕核和错核3种类型,该扩展行为受围压对裂隙的作用力成分影响,由相对纯粹拉应力、拉伸–剪切复合应力和相对纯粹剪应力作用的裂纹分别对应以上3种扩展行为,即对裂隙的扩展影响形式表现为以围压为主,矿物赋存形态为辅。

灰岩酸蚀裂缝软化区域力学特性与微观特征

碳酸盐岩储层常采用酸化酸压工艺进行改造,酸蚀后岩石表面的微观结构被溶蚀破坏,岩石力学特性发生显著变化,进而影响最终的改造效果。为明确酸蚀对灰岩力学特性和微观孔隙结构变化的影响规律,开展了酸蚀前后灰岩力学特性实验、表面形态特征扫描电镜研究和微观孔隙结构核磁共振表征。结果表明,酸蚀后岩石表面出现了一定厚度的酸蚀软化层,厚度约为11.61μm。值得注意的是,由于酸蚀软化层的存在,灰岩抗压强度、弹性模量与表面硬度均降至酸蚀前的约40%。酸蚀后表层岩石内部产生了大小不一的溶蚀孔洞,并在溶蚀孔洞周边引发应力集中,改变了酸蚀软化层的应力分布。在高闭合应力作用下,溶蚀孔洞易于发生挤压变形或坍塌破坏,这也是酸蚀软化层力学性质改变的主要原因。结合核磁共振T2谱,发现孔径尺寸在1nm~1μm的孔隙数量变化最大,酸液溶蚀改变了灰岩软化层内部的孔隙结构,进而显著影响酸蚀后岩石的力学性质。

页岩储层应力敏感性的时间效应

有效应力及其作用时间是控制岩石孔隙和裂缝变形的重要外部因素。页岩储层的多尺度孔隙结构特征及孔缝配置关系使得其应力敏感时间效应具有特殊性,然而,以往研究尚未考虑有效应力加载及卸载时间对页岩应力敏感行为的影响。以川南威荣气田龙马溪组页岩气藏为研究对象,钻取不同孔缝发育程度的页岩样品,设计并测试了变有效应力状态下变加载及卸载持续稳定时间对岩样渗透率的影响实验。结果表明:1)有效应力从5 MPa升至35 MPa时,微裂缝岩样和基块岩样渗透率分别降低了66.82%和27.19%,卸载过程中渗透率恢复率为74.73%和79.82%。页岩渗透率越低,有效应力滞后效应越显著;2)恒定有效应力加载持续稳定时间从2.5 h延长至10.0 h,应力敏感系数增加3.76%∼80.17%,且当有效应力较小时的时间效应更显著。研究认为,页岩组分及多尺度孔缝结构是导致其孔缝变形行为差异性的主因。基于实验研究结果,推荐页岩样品老化处理为6.0 h,提出了优化页岩储层敏感性评价实验方案和优化气井工作制度的建议。

四川盆地PT1井区海相地层工程地质特征研究

PT1井区超深海相地层钻井过程中气侵和井漏频发,严重制约该区块的安全高效开发。文章基于有效应力法,利用最优化方法开展了海相地层孔隙压力评价;结合断层和裂缝发育程度探讨了PT1井区气侵和井漏纵横向分布特征。结果表明,受异常高压和裂缝发育程度的双重影响,气侵主要发生在龙潭组,占比达40%;井漏主要发生在筇竹寺组和灯影组,占总漏失量的80%以上。气侵与异常压力、裂缝发育程度、断裂情况等因素有关,异常高压是气侵内在的原因,而断裂带和发育的构造裂缝为气侵提供了必要条件。井漏层位和漏失量主要受一、二级大型断裂带控制,不同断裂带的影响具有显著的叠加效应,断裂带附近发育的构造裂缝为漏失提供了通道,距离F I7断裂越近越易出现漏失,且漏失量越大。研究成果为PT1井区钻井过程井下复杂预防和处理提供了科学支撑。

四川盆地南部下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩孔隙结构特征与页岩气赋存模式

近年来,四川盆地南部地区(以下简称川南地区)下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气勘探开发取得了实质性的突破,但是,关于筇竹寺组页岩气储层孔隙结构特征及其对页岩气赋存模式影响的研究还较为薄弱。为此,以川南地区W207井筇竹寺组页岩为例,以总有机碳含量(TOC)不小于1.0%为界,将筇竹寺组页岩划分出4个高有机碳页岩层段(H1—H4层),并基于大视域扫描电镜、流体注入法孔隙定量表征、三维分子结构建模与分子模拟等方法,研究了不同富有机质层段页岩孔隙特征,并着重分析了H3层页岩孔隙发育特征与页岩气赋存模式。研究结果表明:(1)筇竹寺组页岩纵向上孔隙发育差异较大,其中H3层页岩孔隙系统最为有利,发育粒缘缝—有机质纳米连通孔隙—有机质基质分子内孔隙3级孔隙网络,其矿物粒缘缝与有机质纳米孔隙提供了较大的游离气储集空间,页岩有机质分子结构中普遍发育微孔,提供了较大的吸附空间;(2)微孔对总吸附量的贡献随压力增高而降低,但在30.0 MPa时仍贡献了56%以上的总吸附气量;(3)高温高压下(30.0 MPa、70℃),页岩中游离气甲烷含量占总含气量的57%,当压力由30.0 MPa降低至16.5 MPa,游离气贡献总开采气量超过80%;(4)粒缘缝、有机质纳米连通孔隙和有机质基质分子内孔隙良好的配置关系为页岩气富集及开发提供了良好的连通体系,远离风化壳的超压层段有利于页岩孔隙发育。结论认为,川南地区筇竹寺组H3层页岩孔隙系统发育,具备页岩气高产地质条件,是筇竹寺组下一步重点关注层段,在此基础上寻找远离风化壳、孔隙发育的超压页岩储层是筇竹寺组选区选层的关键。

富油煤热解特性及其孔裂隙结构演化规律

【目的】富油煤原位热解提取煤基油气是弥补我国油气资源短缺、提升煤炭资源利用效率的重要措施,也是富油煤高效开发的新趋势。富油煤在原位热解过程中的油气产出特征及孔裂隙发育情况直接影响到煤体内部传热、热解产物迁移及产出,查明富油煤热解特性及其孔裂隙结构演化规律尤为关键。【方法】利用自主研制的热解实验装置,结合比表面及孔径分析仪、三维显微镜和同步热分析技术,记录富油煤在不同热解温度下的产气规律,测定热解残样的微观孔隙结构及孔径分布特征,分析煤体裂隙演化规律及表面裂隙参数,揭示煤体结构和热解产物对热解温度的响应机制。【结果和结论】结果表明,富油煤热解产气总量和最大产气速率随温度的升高而增大,在温度大于300℃时热解反应变得剧烈,产气量增加显著。通过对比不同热解温度下的孔裂隙结构,发现孔隙结构类型以300℃为界发生明显改变,低于该温度热解后的孔隙类型以细小瓶颈和缝隙/楔形孔为主,主要为中孔,随着温度升高,孔隙类型以平行狭缝为主,微孔增加,中孔和大孔则进一步发育扩展贯通,形成微裂隙。与低温作用煤样相比,高温作用煤样裂隙开度增加、裂隙网络密度及表面裂隙率相应增大,煤样结构发生宏观破坏,完整性降低。富油煤热解过程中的孔裂隙结构演化是水分蒸发、吸附气体解吸析出、不均匀热膨胀、有机质热解及热解气体逸出等共同作用的结果。研究结果可为富油煤原位热解工艺参数选择提供有益参考。

松辽盆地古龙凹陷白垩系青山口组页岩油储层中微米孔缝特征及油气意义

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、电子背散射、二次成像及能谱分析等多种实验手段,对松辽盆地古龙凹陷白垩系青山口组页岩油储层中的微米孔和微米缝进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)古龙凹陷页岩油储层岩性为以页岩为主的细粒碎屑岩,矿物成分以黏土和长英质为主,在结构上显示出泥岩或页岩的特点,整体为长英质页岩;储层中微米孔、缝发育,类型多样。(2)研究区微米孔直径一般为1~2μm,最大可达70μm,多呈近圆形、扁圆形、多角形和不规则形,按成因可分为压实应力屏蔽孔、成岩自生孔、溶蚀孔、生排烃扩张孔、有机质孔和硅藻残留孔6类;压实应力屏蔽孔多发育在刚性矿物的两侧;成岩自生孔常发育在白云石、绿泥石、伊利石等成岩自生矿物中,以晶间孔为主;溶蚀孔多发育在碳酸盐矿物中,内部可见次生菌丝状絮凝体;生排烃扩张孔多呈垂直或近垂直成列产出,与轻质油形成的二次生烃和排烃有关;有机质孔发育在有机质内部,与植物的残留细胞及轻质油和天然气的充填有关;硅藻残留孔主要发育在硅藻内部和边缘,孔径较大,一般为数微米至数十微米。(3)研究区微米缝以顺层为主,宽一般为1~10μm,最大可达100μm,长主要为数微米至数十微米,可见毫米级;可分为成岩收缩缝、溶蚀缝、生排烃扩张缝和构造/剪切缝4类,成岩收缩缝以张性缝为主,缝弯曲,缝壁参差不齐;溶蚀缝宽度可达60~70μm,裂缝内可见自生黏土,缝两侧有黄铁矿、磷灰石和白云石等自生矿物;生排烃扩张缝两侧多锯齿状参差不齐,绕过刚性矿物;构造/剪切微米缝一般平直,有与剪切相关的其他裂缝伴生。(4)研究区不同尺度的孔、缝之间连通性较好,形成了“纳米孔+纳米缝、微米孔+微米缝、毫米孔+毫米缝”三级储集和输导体系。

Reservoir characteristics and controlling factor of tight sandstone in Shuixigou Group in Taibei depression,Turpan-Hami basin

The positive structure belts surrounding the Taibei Sag,Turpan-Hami Basin,have been the main targets for oil and gas exploration for years and are now left with remaining resources scattering in reservoirs adjacent to source rocks in the sag,where the Shuixigou Group with substantial oil and gas potential constitutes the primary focus for near-source exploration.Consequently,characterization of development and key controlling factors of reservoir space becomes a must for future exploration in the area.This study investigates the development traits,genesis,and controlling factors of the Xishanyao and Sangonghe formations in the Shengbei and Qiudong Sub-sags of the Taibei Sag with techniques such as cast thin-section observation,porosity and permeability tests,high-pressure mercury injection,and saturation fluid NMR analysis of reservoir rocks.The findings reveal that the Shuixigou Group in the Taibei Sag consists of lithic sandstone.Reservoirs in the group are mostly poor in terms of physical properties,with undeveloped primary pores dominated by intergranular dissolved pores as a result of a strong compaction.Comparative analysis of key controlling factors of the Sangonghe Formation reveals significant distinctions in sandstone particle size,sand body thickness,genesis and distribution,provenance location,and source rock type between the Qiudong area and Shengbei area.Vertically,the coal seams of the Xishanyao Formation exhibit heightened development with shallower burial depth and lower maturity compared to those of the Sangonghe Formation.Consequently,this environment fosters the formation of organic acids,which have a stronger dissolution effect on minerals to develop secondary dissolution pores,and ultimately resulting in better reservoir physical properties.Overall,the reservoirs within the Qiudong area of the Taibei Sag demonstrate superior characteristics compared to those in the Shengbei area.Furthermore,the reservoir physical properties of the Xishanyao Formation are better than those of the Sangonghe Formation.The research findings will provide valuable guidance for the exploration and development of lithological oil and gas reservoirs within the Taibei Sag.

压裂液渗吸与富气页岩气井典型生产规律关系剖析

压裂液渗吸会改变储层内的原始气水赋存特征,进而影响页岩气井生产规律。为此,通过动态驱替与核磁共振实验,结合前人研究成果,剖析了孔隙内原始气水分布、压裂液渗吸对通孔和盲孔内气体赋存的影响以及气井生产规律与压裂液渗吸的关系。研究表明:孔隙内原始气水赋存类型与矿物种类、裂缝孔径及储层湿度有关,小孔隙、孔角处存在束缚水,大孔隙内甲烷吸附面积随储层湿度的增大而减小,吸附气含量受有机质孔隙占比及成熟度的影响;近裂缝区存在渗吸影响区,在影响区内压裂液渗吸可促进吸附气解吸,并驱替非均衡渗吸通孔中的游离气,压缩均衡渗吸通孔及盲孔中的游离气;非均衡渗吸通孔中被驱替出的气体是水力裂缝中游离气的主要来源之一,只有当井筒、裂缝及影响区内滞留的压裂液排出,各区域内部的气体才能产出,从而导致产气曲线滞后于产水曲线的现象,且裂缝排液阻力远小于基质孔隙排液阻力,是产气及产水曲线呈“L”形递减的主要因素。该研究成果聚焦于压裂液渗吸对气体赋存及产出的影响,可丰富页岩气储层保护理论,对气井高效开发具有指导作用。

孔隙—裂缝型岩溶热储热——流—化多场耦合作用机理

岩溶型热储开采过程中,储层孔隙内水岩反应会导致流动通道变形,忽略这一反应过程将导致热储产能预测偏差较大。为了揭示水岩作用下岩溶型热储孔隙和裂缝形态的演化特征,综合考虑了孔隙和裂缝内的水岩反应过程,搭建了孔隙—裂缝双重介质热—流—化多场耦合模型并验证了其准确性,进而分析了热—流—化多物理场与孔隙—裂缝形态的分布特征,探究了孔隙—裂缝内水岩反应对孔、缝变形和系统取热性能的影响。研究结果表明:(1)欠饱和注入条件下,注入井处发生溶解反应,生产30年时,裂缝开度增大了0.32%,孔隙度增大了75.76%;(2)生产30年时,考虑孔隙—裂缝内水岩反应案例的裂缝平均开度降低了0.05%,考虑裂缝而不考虑孔隙内水岩反应案例的裂缝平均开度增大了17.12%,二者呈现相反的变化趋势;(3)考虑孔隙—裂缝内水岩反应案例相比于仅考虑裂缝而不考虑孔隙内水岩反应的案例,生产30年时,生产温度相差不大,系统注采压差增大了1.57倍。结论认为:(1)岩溶型热储孔隙内水岩反应对孔、缝变形和取热性能影响显著,其改变了水岩反应对裂缝开度的作用机理,影响系统注采压差;(2)孔隙内的水岩反应不容忽视,在进行岩溶型热储产能的精确预测和经济评价时必须予以充分考虑;(3)该认识可为岩溶型热储开发方案设计和产能预测方面提供理论和技术参考。

基于流固耦合的水力压裂过程断层失稳规律研究

水力压裂技术通过高压注入大量压裂液破碎致密页岩,该过程对周围环境产生的潜在影响(如水力压裂激活断层),受到社会的广泛关注。为了更加安全、合理地进行页岩气开采,优化水力压裂施工设计及减小其对周围环境的影响,有必要开展水力压裂注水过程储层地应力演变及断层稳定性研究。本文针对水力压裂缝网与天然裂缝系统沟通后储层导流能力抬升情况,基于流固耦合模型,分析了水力压裂过程中孔隙压力动态扩散、断层破裂带体积应变及断层稳定性变化规律。模拟中开采井的注入压力考虑西南地区页岩气藏水力压裂实际施工压力,计算结果表明:随着注水过程的进行,孔隙压力扩散明显,邻近断层区域有效应力减小,断层稳定性降低;断层核两侧破裂带体积应变(挤压、拉伸)呈现相反变化趋势,邻近注水井一侧的断层破裂带及断层核内孔隙压力场抬升明显(抬升约1.1倍),造成邻近断层局部失稳,但断层整体未出现失稳。