Considering the range anxiety issue caused by the limited driving range and the scarcity of battery charging stations,the conventional multinomial logit(MNL)model with the overlapping path issue was used in route choi...Considering the range anxiety issue caused by the limited driving range and the scarcity of battery charging stations,the conventional multinomial logit(MNL)model with the overlapping path issue was used in route choice modeling to describe the route choice behavior of travelers effectively.Furthermore,the generalized nested logit-based stochastic user equilibrium(GNL-SUE)model with the constraints of multiple user classes and distance limits was proposed.A mathematical model was developed and solved by the method of successive averages.The mathematical model was proven to be analytically equivalent to the modified GNL-SUE model,and the uniqueness of the solution was also confirmed.The proposed mathematical model was tested and compared with the GNL-SUE model without a distance limit and the MNL-SUE model with a distance limit.Results show that the proposed mathematical model can effectively handle the range anxiety and overlapping path challenges.展开更多
Remote areas of Nepal suffer from limited or no access to electricity.Providing electricity access in remote areas is one of the foremost challenges of any developing country.The purpose of this study is to develop an...Remote areas of Nepal suffer from limited or no access to electricity.Providing electricity access in remote areas is one of the foremost challenges of any developing country.The purpose of this study is to develop and propose a reliable and low-cost model for electrification.The study presents an optimized choice between decentralized renewable-energy systems and grid expansion.Opting for an analytical method for the modelling and analysis of electrification options based on life-cycle cost(LCC)and economic distance limit,each energy system for varied load conditions is compared for a better option.A framework for energy-system selection based on available resources is proposed.It compares the grid-expansion option with potential isolated renewable-energy systems to ensure energy access to the area under consideration.Additionally,off-grid configurations that rely on renewable energy sources are also considered for the necessity of backup supply to ensure continuous power to the research area.Techno-economic assessment is carried out for different off-grid and hybrid configurations proposed in this study and their feasibility checks are carefully examined.Commercial efficacy of the proposed hybrid energy systems is assessed by comparing the life cycle and energy cost and by performing different additional sensitivity analyses.The study concludes that reduced generation cost supports the increasing penetration of electrification.The LCC for grid expansion is the most economical under high-load conditions,whereas for the isolated and sparsely settled populations with low-load conditions,photovoltaic power backed up with a diesel generator is the most economical.展开更多
This paper focuses on the non zero dispersion shifted fiber optical transmission system which employs cascaded in line Phase sensitive Amplifiers ( PSAs ). By computer simulation, we have revealed that the eye p...This paper focuses on the non zero dispersion shifted fiber optical transmission system which employs cascaded in line Phase sensitive Amplifiers ( PSAs ). By computer simulation, we have revealed that the eye penalty of high speed signal pulses increases with the accretion of dispersion and the transmission distance limited by Intersymbol Interference ( ISI ) of signals varies with the spacing and average output power of amplifiers for positive and negative fiber dispersion. The analysis shows that although PSA can compensate for both positive and negative dispersion, it is only valid for small dispersion coefficient fiber. Owing to the effect of Self phase modulation ( SPM ), the ISI limited transmission distance of positive dispersion fiber is much longer than that of negative dispersion fiber. In addition, for positive fiber dispersion, there is an optimum value of average output signal power from PSA leading to the longest ISI limited transmission distance.展开更多
基金The Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYLX16_0271).
文摘Considering the range anxiety issue caused by the limited driving range and the scarcity of battery charging stations,the conventional multinomial logit(MNL)model with the overlapping path issue was used in route choice modeling to describe the route choice behavior of travelers effectively.Furthermore,the generalized nested logit-based stochastic user equilibrium(GNL-SUE)model with the constraints of multiple user classes and distance limits was proposed.A mathematical model was developed and solved by the method of successive averages.The mathematical model was proven to be analytically equivalent to the modified GNL-SUE model,and the uniqueness of the solution was also confirmed.The proposed mathematical model was tested and compared with the GNL-SUE model without a distance limit and the MNL-SUE model with a distance limit.Results show that the proposed mathematical model can effectively handle the range anxiety and overlapping path challenges.
文摘Remote areas of Nepal suffer from limited or no access to electricity.Providing electricity access in remote areas is one of the foremost challenges of any developing country.The purpose of this study is to develop and propose a reliable and low-cost model for electrification.The study presents an optimized choice between decentralized renewable-energy systems and grid expansion.Opting for an analytical method for the modelling and analysis of electrification options based on life-cycle cost(LCC)and economic distance limit,each energy system for varied load conditions is compared for a better option.A framework for energy-system selection based on available resources is proposed.It compares the grid-expansion option with potential isolated renewable-energy systems to ensure energy access to the area under consideration.Additionally,off-grid configurations that rely on renewable energy sources are also considered for the necessity of backup supply to ensure continuous power to the research area.Techno-economic assessment is carried out for different off-grid and hybrid configurations proposed in this study and their feasibility checks are carefully examined.Commercial efficacy of the proposed hybrid energy systems is assessed by comparing the life cycle and energy cost and by performing different additional sensitivity analyses.The study concludes that reduced generation cost supports the increasing penetration of electrification.The LCC for grid expansion is the most economical under high-load conditions,whereas for the isolated and sparsely settled populations with low-load conditions,photovoltaic power backed up with a diesel generator is the most economical.
文摘This paper focuses on the non zero dispersion shifted fiber optical transmission system which employs cascaded in line Phase sensitive Amplifiers ( PSAs ). By computer simulation, we have revealed that the eye penalty of high speed signal pulses increases with the accretion of dispersion and the transmission distance limited by Intersymbol Interference ( ISI ) of signals varies with the spacing and average output power of amplifiers for positive and negative fiber dispersion. The analysis shows that although PSA can compensate for both positive and negative dispersion, it is only valid for small dispersion coefficient fiber. Owing to the effect of Self phase modulation ( SPM ), the ISI limited transmission distance of positive dispersion fiber is much longer than that of negative dispersion fiber. In addition, for positive fiber dispersion, there is an optimum value of average output signal power from PSA leading to the longest ISI limited transmission distance.
