Developing Environment of Hierarchical and Distributed Real-Time Fire-Control Network

This paper introduces a hierarchical real-time environment for developing ship-bornefire-control system. Advanced computer networks are used to simulate the system with the requiredengagement scenario, including own-ship and parameters, and data processing and transmission,mission calculation, graphical supervision and gunnery ballistics outputting. The simulation systemis able to receive instruction from, or send information to the command-control center. Furthermore,the system can also be used to compare various designed schemes and analyze the accuracy andeffectiveness of the system.

Spatial and temporal distribution of forest fire frequency and forest area burnt in Jilin Province, Northeast China

Forest fires caused by natural forces or human activities are one of the major natural risks in Northeast China.The incidence and spatial distribution of these fires vary over time and across the forested areas in Jilin Province,Northeast China.In this study,the incidence and distribution of 6519 forest fires from 1969 to 2013 in the province were investigated.The results indicated that the spatiotemporal distribution of the burnt forest area and the fire frequency varied significantly by month,year,and region.Fire occurrence displayed notable temporal patterns in the years after forest fire prevention measures were strictly implemented by the provincial government.Generally,forest fires in Jilin occurred in months when stubble and straw were burned and human activities were intense during traditional Chinese festivals.Baishan city,Jilin city,and Yanbian were defined as fire-prone regions for their high fire frequency.Yanbian had the highest frequency,and the fires tended to be large with the highest burned area per fire.Yanbian should thus be listed as the key target area by the fire management agency in Jilin Province for better fire prevention.

A new method for evaluating the firing precision of multiple launch rocket system based on Bayesian theory

How to effectively evaluate the firing precision of weapon equipment at low cost is one of the core contents of improving the test level of weapon system.A new method to evaluate the firing precision of the MLRS considering the credibility of simulation system based on Bayesian theory is proposed in this paper.First of all,a comprehensive index system for the credibility of the simulation system of the firing precision of the MLRS is constructed combined with the group analytic hierarchy process.A modified method for determining the comprehensive weight of the index is established to improve the rationality of the index weight coefficients.The Bayesian posterior estimation formula of firing precision considering prior information is derived in the form of mixed prior distribution,and the rationality of prior information used in estimation model is discussed quantitatively.With the simulation tests,the different evaluation methods are compared to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.Finally,the experimental results show that the effectiveness of estimation method for firing precision is improved by more than 25%.

Simulation on an optimal combustion control strategy for 3-D temperature distributions in tangentially pc-fired utility boiler furnaces

The control of 3-D temperature distribution in a utility boiler furnace is essential for the safe, economic and clean operation of pc-fired furnace with multi-burner system. The development of the visualization of 3-D temperature distributions in pc-fired furnaces makes it possible for a new combustion control strategy directly with the furnace temperature as its goal to improve the control quality for the combustion processes. Studied in this paper is such a new strategy that the whole furnace is divided into several parts in the vertical direction, and the average temperature and its bias from the center in every cross section can be extracted from the visualization results of the 3-D temperature distributions. In the simulation stage, a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) code served to calculate the 3-D temperature distributions in a furnace, then a linear model was set up to relate the features of the temperature distributions with the input of the combustion processes, such as the flow rates of fuel and air fed into the furnaces through all the burners. The adaptive genetic algorithm was adopted to find the optimal combination of the whole input parameters which ensure to form an optimal 3-D temperature field in the furnace desired for the operation of boiler. Simulation results showed that the strategy could soon find the factors making the temperature distribution apart from the optimal state and give correct adjusting suggestions.

Fire Distribution of Integrated Missile-gun Air Defense System Based on Earlier Damage Criterion

The fire distribution can be divided into weapon assignment and firing time scheduling. The criterion of weapon allocation is that a target with greater threat has higher priority. And the criterion of firing time scheduling is that a target can be damaged with the expected probability before a specific time. A fire distribution scheme and a program for the integrated missile-gun air defense system based on a criterion of earlier damage were presented. An example was taken to illustrate its effectiveness.

通风方式对非对称隧道火灾烟气蔓延的影响

为研究非对称隧道内不同通风方式对火灾烟气蔓延的影响,利用PyroSim数值模拟软件构建非对称隧道模型,对隧道内烟气流速、温度分布和烟气运动进行研究,并分析了不同风速对人员疏散的影响。结果表明:上坡隧道内诱导气流与补充气流存在竞争关系,随着坡度差增大,烟气流速增加,烟气从上坡隧道排出,新鲜空气从平坡段隧道进入补充燃烧消耗;自然通风下隧道充满烟气,在纵向风速1.5 m/s下隧道环境得以改善;随着风速继续增大,隧道烟气流速紊乱,烟气层被扰乱。在实际非对称隧道中,建议火灾初期以1.5 m/s的纵向风速进行通风,待人员疏散后再增加风速加速排烟。

Distribution Regularity of Muzzle Shock-Wave Inside Protective Cover

The injury of gunners caused by muzzle shock-wave has always been a great problem when firing inside the protective cover. The distribution regularity and personnel injury from the muzzle blast-wave were investigated by both test and numerical simulation. Through the inside firing test, the changes of overpressure and noise have been measured at different measuring points in the thin-wall cover structure with different open widths and shallow covering thickness. The distribution regularity of muzzle shock-wave with different firing port widths is calculated by ANSYS/LSDYNA software. The overpressure distribution curves of muzzle shock-wave inside the structure can be obtained by comparing the test results with the numerical results. Then, the influence of open width and shallow covering thickness is proposed to give a reference to the protective design under the condition of the inside firing with the same cannon caliber.

宽负荷下切圆燃煤锅炉H_(2)S分布特性的数值模拟

锅炉采用空气分级燃烧降低NO_(x)排放的同时也提高了主燃区H_(2)S体积分数。炉墙壁面过高的H_(2)S体积分数是加剧水冷壁高温腐蚀的重要因素。为保障新能源并网发电,大型燃煤机组灵活调峰的需求增加,不同负荷下的水冷壁近壁面H_(2)S分布特性值得关注。通过正交试验分析了切圆燃煤锅炉运行参数对水冷壁近壁面H_(2)S体积分数分布的影响。选取一台超临界600 MW切圆燃煤锅炉建立数值模型,设计L_(16)(4^(5))正交工况,覆盖100%BMCR、75%THA,50%THA以及35%BMCR四种负荷。建立了自定义SO_(x)生成模型以确定燃料硫的析出和转化路径,模型包含多表面反应子模型以描述焦炭与O_(2)/CO_(2)/H_(2)O等3种气体的异相反应,并确定焦炭气化反应消耗量占总消耗量的比例,进而对炉膛H_(2)S空间分布进行了模拟计算。研究表明,近壁面高体积分数H_(2)S区域主要位于投运燃烧器层中最下层燃烧器以下以及最上层燃烧器以上至SOFA层之间,烟气切圆沿炉膛高度增加逐渐增大是造成后一区域H_(2)S体积分数较高的重要原因。35%BMCR负荷下水冷壁重点区域的H_(2)S平均体积分数为364μL/L,明显低于其他负荷。锅炉运行参数对重点区域H_(2)S体积分数影响程度的排序为:锅炉负荷>一次风率>主燃区空气过量系数>假想切圆直径>燃烧器竖直摆角。

不同受限条件下综合管廊电缆桥架火灾烟气温度分布特性研究

为了更有效地防控综合管廊电缆桥架火灾,在全尺寸综合管廊中开展了电缆桥架火灾试验,系统研究了电缆层数和卷吸条件对电缆桥架火灾烟气温度分布的影响。在电缆桥架附近垂直和水平布置一系列热电偶,分别用于测量管廊内垂直和顶棚水平温度分布。基于管廊内的垂直温度分布,揭示了火灾场景下管廊垂直温度分层规律。结果表明,管廊内发生电缆桥架火灾时,管廊内从上往下可以分为三部分:顶部射流层、中间热烟气过渡层和下部冷空气层。通过分析管廊不同端口的顶棚横向温度分布,发现顶棚温度在半封闭端的衰减速度比全封闭端更快,建立了考虑热释放速率和火源距离顶棚距离的全封闭端顶棚下方无量纲纵向温度分布模型。最后根据卷吸条件与顶棚最大温升的对应关系,发现整体火源功率越大的电缆桥架火灾受到侧壁和端壁的热反馈影响越强烈,针对不同卷吸条件下的电缆桥架火灾分别建立了顶棚最大温升预测模型。通过将模型预测值与试验值对比,发现模型误差在16%以内。

不同空间尺度的内蒙古森林火点及面积分布格局研究

通过选用空间变异性分析(变异系数)、全局空间自相关分析、热点分析和尺度方差分析等方法,研究1981—2020年内蒙古森林火点及面积在盟市和旗县2个空间尺度上分布的变异性、关联性及尺度效应。结果表明:盟市尺度林火面积变异系数总体呈上升趋势;旗县尺度林火面积变异系数总体呈下降趋势,旗县尺度空间变异性更大。40 a全局森林火点Moran's I指数为0.99,双空间尺度Moran's I指数均呈下降趋势。其中,盟市级别最大值在1991—1995年,为0.46;旗县级别最大值在1986—1990年,为0.61。双尺度森林火点在空间上均呈现高度聚集性。旗县级尺度更显著地展示了森林火灾的空间分布差异及较小区域的森林火灾热点类型;盟市级尺度揭示了森林火灾的总体空间分布规律,热点类型明显缺乏多样性。盟市尺度热点区主要分布在呼伦贝尔市、兴安盟,冷点区不明显。旗县尺度均存在热点聚集区,林火发生水平较高。不同空间尺度的尺度方差表现为旗县>盟市,旗县级尺度林火面积差异对全内蒙古自治区的总体差异贡献率远超过盟市尺度。1981—2020年林火面积在双空间尺度呈现一定的分布规律,火点空间聚集性呈减弱趋势,森林火点与林火面积之间不完全呈正相关关系。内蒙古东部地区由于自然因素和人为因素造成火灾发生次数高于中西部,相关部门应继续加大防火力度。随着尺度的减小,林火空间分布模式愈加明显、聚集度增强,未来需进一步缩小研究范围。

机载有源相控阵火控雷达技术发展

机载火控雷达是战斗机平台获取信息的主要传感器,经历了测距机、脉冲雷达、脉冲多普勒雷达、相控阵雷达的发展历程。文中通过对现有战斗机火控雷达现状分析,结合未来战斗机平台作战需求分析等多个角度分析对机载火控雷达的需求和技术牵引,结合射频一体化、分布式探测、智能蒙皮、隐身探测和芯片化等新兴技术,展望未来机载火控雷达发展趋势,为后续机载火控雷达设计与研究提供参考借鉴。

超高层建筑综合体消防负荷供配电系统设计

结合现行国家、行业及地方规范、标准,对超高层建筑综合体的消防负荷供配电系统、柴油发电机选择等设计方法及设计要点进行详细探讨。

隧道单侧集中排烟模式下烟气蔓延距离研究

为研究隧道火灾单侧集中排烟模式的烟气流动特性,采用缩尺寸模型试验研究了隧道温度分布和烟气蔓延距离。定量分析不同火源热释放速率及排烟量作用下单侧集中排烟模式隧道纵向温度的变化规律,并通过温度场判断不同火灾工况下的烟气蔓延距离,探究火源热释放速率、排烟量与烟气蔓延距离的数学模型。结果表明:在隧道单侧集中排烟模式下,温度场呈非对称分布,排烟风机侧烟气蔓延距离大于封闭侧;火源上、下游的烟气蔓延距离随火源热释放速率的增大而增大,随排烟量的增大而减小;通过理论分析,得到单侧集中排烟模式下火源上、下游烟气蔓延距离的预测模型。

基于湖北输电线路灾情的山火分布特征分析

[目的]利用湖北输电线路山火历史灾情数据对山火分布特征进行分析。[方法]基于2016~2021年湖北省输电线路山火灾情资料,运用数理统计、气候统计和GIS空间叠加方法,对全省输电线路山火时空分布及山火与气象、下垫面、社会人文等影响因子的关系特征进行分析。[结果]时间上,2019年为近几年湖北输电线路山火发生最多的年份,秋冬季是高发季节,其中2月和9月为易发月份;空间上,鄂东地区是山火的频发区域,宜昌及荆门地区为次高发区域。山火与气象关系,大部分山火爆发前1个月降水偏少30%~100%、气温偏高0.5~3℃、湿度偏小3.8%~23%、风速偏大0.1~1.9 m/s。山火与下垫面关系,山火主要发生在耕地,占总数50.32%;山火主要集中在海拔高度150 m以下、坡度6°以下的区域,76.90%的山火发生在阳坡。山火与社会人文关系,山火主要发生在人口密度100~600人/km2的城市圈周边的乡镇及距离道路1.6 km缓冲区的区域。[结论]掌握湖北输电线路山火分布特征,有助于山火风险预警模型指标选取和阈值确定。

隧道纵向风及列车侧门开启方式对车厢内火灾温度场影响研究

为了探究隧道纵向通风、列车侧门开启方式对车厢内部火灾烟气温度分布的影响规律,建立1∶15缩尺寸“车-隧”耦合试验模型,以及着火车厢侧门双侧开启时“车-隧”耦合区间车厢内部考虑无量纲纵向风速、无量纲侧门开口因子、无量纲火源热释放速率的无量纲烟气回流长度分段函数关系式。定性分析车厢顶部烟气温度分布规律,定量分析车厢内烟气回流长度数据,从而揭示烟气回流长度随纵向风速、侧门开启方式和火源热释放速率变化的规律。研究结果表明:不同纵向风速下,火源上游烟气温度分布在贯通门位置处发生明显降低。不同侧门开启方式下,着火车厢侧门双侧开启工况的火源上游温度衰减速率大于侧门单侧开启的工况;随着车厢每侧侧门开启数量增加,着火车厢侧门单侧开启工况与双侧开启工况的火源上游温度衰减速率差距随之增大。着火车厢、非着火车厢侧门均单侧开启时,烟气回流长度变化规律受贯通门停滞影响较大,当火源热释放速率增大至5.7 kW,纵向风速大于0.8 m/s后,烟气回流长度不再随纵向风速的增大而变化。着火车厢侧门双侧开启、非着火车厢侧门单侧开启时,烟气回流长度符合加速衰减区、停滞区、缓慢衰减区变化规律。研究结果可为提升列车火灾烟气防治效果,加强区间隧道烟气控制及运营安全提供经验和理论参考。

顶燃式热风炉燃烧过程数学模拟研究

一直以来,工业企业在全球能源消耗中占据着举足轻重的地位。作为这些企业的核心设备之一,热风炉在工业生产中发挥着无可替代的作用。热风炉既是能源消耗的主体,也是工业生产过程中不可或缺的热量提供者。热风炉的工作原理主要是利用燃料燃烧产生的热量,通过热交换器将热量传递给空气,产生高温热风。这些高温热风在工业生产中广泛应用于各种工艺流程,如烘干、烧结、熔炼等,对于提高生产效率和产品质量具有至关重要的作用。在介绍顶燃式热风炉燃烧器结构的基础上,探讨顶燃式热风炉数值模拟现状,重点分析了顶燃式热风炉燃烧几何模型和数学模型,并从速度分布以及温度场分布对数学模拟结果进行分析,望能通过优化燃烧过程,可以提高热风炉的燃烧效率,降低燃料消耗量和能源成本。

考虑碳减排的共燃发电厂鲁棒可信性选址决策优化

基于“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标,研究考虑碳减排的共燃发电厂选址决策问题.受天气状况、市场环境等外部因素的影响,生物质供应能力和生物质价格等参数具有不确定性,构造一个非精确可能性分布集来描述问题中的不确定参数,进而建立一个分布鲁棒可信性选址优化模型.通过推导鲁棒可信性目标和鲁棒可信性约束的等价形式,将原模型重构为一个可计算的混合整数线性规划模型.最后利用算例分析验证提出方法的有效性.

消防水泵配电设计参数选取与应用

消防水泵是消防系统的重要设备之一,消防水泵及时可靠的启动直接关系着火灾的扑救。因此,消防水泵的配电及控制变得尤其重要。文章结合相关规范与实际工程,针对消防水泵的设计参数选取问题,探讨了相对可行的启动与控制方式,并分析了设计中的注意事项,提出了相关建议,供工程设计参考。

光伏直流配电故障诊断及火灾风险评估技术

长期服役的光伏发电系统直流配电故障概率高、火灾风险及危害大,严重影响光伏电站的运行安全、发电与出力能力,并对电站运维提出故障与火灾精准检测的技术挑战。为此,从生产现场直流配电柜故障分析入手,揭示接触不良、绝缘劣化、故障电弧、电气火灾的演变机理;分析国内外故障电弧诊断与火灾检测技术的理论成果应对在运电站电弧火灾的有效性,提出故障电弧预诊断与火灾检测技术的应用解决方案。研究结果表明,提出的故障电弧诊断与火灾检测技术应用方案,弥补直流继电保护对串联电弧故障无法保护的不足,能够有效诊断故障电弧并检测烟雾和高温,避免火灾及其扩大事故的发生。

基于小班尺度的北京市密云区森林火灾危险性评价

【目的】森林火灾危险性评价是实现科学林火管理工作的重要前提和基础,基于小班尺度开展森林火灾危险性评价及其空间特征分析,可为林火精细化管理提供依据。【方法】以密云区为研究对象,基于2019年森林资源二类调查小班数据、森林可燃物数据、气象数据、重要火源点等数据,构建密云区森林火灾危险性评价体系,应用层次分析法和熵权法相结合的主客观赋权法确定评价体系中各指标权重,根据评价体系中最终权重采用加权综合评价法计算各小班的危险性指数,依据自然断点分级法划分为高、中高、中低、低4个等级;采用全域和局域莫兰指数判断各小班之间的空间自相关性和聚集分布特征。【结果】(1)基于小班尺度综合4类因子构建体系,权重分布比例合理,可较好地开展火灾危险性评价;(2)研究区内高等级、中高等级、中低等级、低等级危险性的小班面积占比分别为12.75%,19.01%,41.70%,26.54%。其中,高等级危险性小班以灌木林、侧柏林、油松林为主,小班面积占比分别为38.40%、25.76%、24.13%;(3)高等级危险性小班分布在研究区范围的东部以及中南部区域,从乡镇尺度分析,呈片状分布于巨各庄镇、高岭镇和新城子镇;(4)小班危险性的全域莫兰指数为0.2413(大于0),说明密云区各小班存在一定的正相关性,即小班呈现出聚集分布的特征,采用局域莫兰指数分析发现火灾危险性等级为高-高聚集型小班的面积达34637.77 hm^(2),占密云区面积的15.56%。【结论】(1)构建的森林火灾危险性评价体系中,野外火源所占权重最大,是影响森林火灾危险性的主要因素;(2)高等级危险性小班区域灌木林占比较高,且聚集分布特征明显,根据权重结果,建议增强对野外火源和重点人群的监督和管理;另一方面,制定可燃物清理的标准和要求,定期在农林交错地区和火源点周围进行可燃物清理作业。