Simulation of distributed optical fiber disturbance detection system based on Sagnac/Mach-Zehnder interferometer and cross-correlation location

A distributed optical fiber disturbance detection system consisted of a Sagnac interferometer and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is demonstrated. Two interferometers outputs are connected to an electric band-pass filter via a detector respectively. The central frequencies of the two filters are selected adaptively according to the disturbance frequency. The disturbance frequency is obtained by either frequency spectrum of the two interferometers outputs. An alarm is given out only when the Sagnac interferometer output is changed. A disturbance position is determined by calculating a time difference with a cross-correlation method between the filter output connected to the Sagnac interferometer and derivative of the filter output connected to the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The frequency spectrum, derivative and cross-correlation are obtained by a signal processing system. Theory analysis and simulation results are presented. They show that the system structure and location method are effective, accurate, and immune to environmental variations.

Network Integration of Distributed Optical Fiber Temperature Sensor

The integration of distributed optical fiber temperature sensor with supervisory control and data acquisition （SCADA） system is proposed and implemented. In the implementation of the integration, both the compatibility with traditional system and the characteristics of distributed optical fiber temperature sensor is considered before Modbus TCP/IP protocol is chosen. The protocol is implemented with open source component Indy. The Modbus TCP/IP protocol used in the system is proved to be fast and robust.

Rare Earth Doped Optical Fibers for Temperature Sensing Utilizing Ratio-Based Technology

A new and practical fluorescence temperature detecting system based on fluorescence intensity ratio was proposed . The background theory of fluorescence intensity-ratio method was presented simply. And the characters of rare earth doped samples were detailed. The erbium-doped fiber was chosen as the sensing element. The energy levels of 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 are responsible for the emission of radiation at approximately 530 and 555 nm. The erbium-doped (960 ppm) fiber of length 20 cm and core diameter 3.2μm was used as the sensing part. A silica photodiode transfers the fluorescence signal to electric signal, then the ratio of the average of the two different signals was calculated by the computer and the temperature was obtained. The ratio R of the intensity resulting from the transition between the two levels varies proportionly with temperature interval from 293 K to 373 K. The sensitivity of the sensor is approximately 0.05 K-1.

Simulation Tools for a Fiber-Optic Based Structural Health Monitoring System

Probability of detection(POD)graphics allow for a change from qualitative to quantitative assessment for every damage detection system,and as such it is a main request for conventional non-destructive testing(NDT)techniques.Its availability can greatly help towards the industrialization of the corresponding Structural health monitoring(SHM)system.But having in mind that for SHM systems the sensors are at fixed positions,and the location of a potential damage would change its detectability.Consequently robust simulation tools are required to obtain the model assisted probability of detection(MAPOD)which is needed to validate the SHM system.This tool may also help for the optimization of the sensor distribution,and finally will allow a probabilistic risk management.INDEUS,simulation of ultrasonic waves SHM system,was a main milestone in this direction.This article deals with the simulation tools for a strain based SHM system,using fiber optic sensors(FOS).FOS are essentially strain/temperature sensors,either with multi-point or with distributed sensing.The simulation tool includes the finite element model(FEM)for the original and damaged structure,and algorithms to compare the strain data at the pre-established sensors locations,and from this comparison to extract information about damage occurrence and location.The study has been applied to the structure of an all-composite unmanned aircraft vehicle(UAV)now under construction,designed at Universidad Politecnica de Madrid for the inspection of electrical utilities networks.Distributed sensing optical fibers were internally bonded at the fuselage and wing.Routine inspection is planned to be done with the aircraft at the test bench by imposing known loads.From the acquired strain data,damage occurrence may be calculated as slight deviations from the baselines.This is a fast inspection procedure without requiring trained specialists,and it would allow for detection of hidden damages.Simulation indicates that stringer partial debondings are detected before they become critical,while small delaminations as those produced by barely visible impact damages would require a prohibited number of sensing lines.These simulation tools may easily be applied to any other complex structure,just by changing the FEM models.From these results it is shown how a fiber optic based SHM system may be used as a reliable damage detection procedure.

Technology of fiber-optic temperature sensing and its application in ＆ temperature measuring of gob area

Based on advantages of technology of distributive fiber-optic temperature sensing and specific to its applications in monitoring mine conflagration, the corresponding Processes such as connection arrangement, signal transmission and monitoring were illustrated. As applied in Sitai Coal Mine of Datong Coal Mine Group Co., this method is effective and accurate and could provide reliable gist for monitoring spontaneous combustion in gob area of mines.

An all optical fiber gas sensor of NH3 and CO based on based on the spectral absorption and harmonic detection

An all optical fiber gas sensor is presented to detect the concentration of NH3 and CO. Based on the spectral absorption, The wideband light source is used to reflect two narrowband spectra by fiber grating of different duty. and piezoelectric ceramics to obtain narrowband output light. The high sensitivity detection can be measured from the second harmonic signal. The two narrowband spectra are corresponding to the absorption spectra of NH3 and CO. Concentration detection are realized by the detection of variety of light intensity. Sensitivity is proved and cost is reduced.

Development and Construction of 345 kV Power-Optical Fiber Composite XLPE 2,500 mm2 with Prefabricated Joint

Due to the increasing demand of replacing large capacity overhead lines with underground cables in Korea, KEPCO （Korea Electric Power Corporation） and LS Cable （LS Cable ＆ System） have developed 345 kV optical fiber composite XLPE （cross-linked polyethylene） 2,500 mm2 cable system. This system has been installed in Cheongna district of Incheon city. KEPCO and LS Cable are also planning to build the cooling system in a tunnel in order to reduce the ambient temperature caused by currents. In this paper, the process of development, field installation, and final inspection test of the complete system will be described.

Distributed Discrimination of Strain and Temperature Based on Brillouin Dynamic Grating in an Optical Fiber

This paper reviews distributed discrimination of strain and temperature by use of an optical fiber based on fiber optic nerve systems. The preliminary method based on multiple resonance peaks of the Brillouin gain spectrum in a specially-designed fiber is firstly introduced. The complete discrimination of strain and temperature based on the Brillouin dynamic grating in a polarization maintaining fiber is extensively presented. The basic principle and two experimental schemes of distributed discrimination based on fiber optic nerve systems are demonstrated. The performance of the high discriminative accuracy （0.1 ~C-0.3 ~C and 5 kte-12~te） and high spatial resolution （-10 cm） with the effective measurement points of about 50 for a standard system configuration or about 1000 for a modified one will be highly expected in real industry applications.

Temperature measurement based on radialization power for micro-hotplate

A novel method to measure the temperature on the surface of micro-hotplate was presented. The tiny fiber probe and the optical power meter were employed to measure the sample radialization power. By means of comparing the relationship between the radialization power and the temperature, sample surface temperature can be discerned accurately. Such an approach has provided more accuracy than traditional temperature measurements. The experimental result based on this method is quite similar to that of simulation by the finite element analysis (FEA) software of Ansys in theory. This measurement is very useful for measuring temperature for these micro samples prone to be untouchable.

Wireless Infrared Pyrometer with Fiber Optic: Construction and Processing Algorithms

In this paper, developed wireless portable infrared pyrometer with dual channel fiber optic is described. The pyrometer measures surface temperature in wide infrared spectral range of 2 - 25 um. A data processing algorithm based on the methods of synchronous detection providing

冻融条件下路基温度场和湿度场分布式感知试验

搭建土体冻融多物理场感知室内试验装置,布设传统点式传感器和分布式光纤,对土体冻融过程中路基温度场、湿度场和变形情况开展试验监测,探究单端冻结、双端融化条件下土体温度场和湿度场的分布式感知特征,验证主动加热分布式光纤技术的监测效果。试验结果表明,-15℃单端冻结条件下,土体冻结过程按降温速率分为快速冷却、逐步降温、稳定平衡三阶段,冻结锋面逐渐下移,最大冻深约占土柱高度的35%。孔隙水受冻胀迁移力影响向冻结锋面移动,引起冻融前后土体湿度场重分布,并导致土体冻胀变形,变形量为土体最大冻深的7.8%~10.9%。分布式光纤可准确得到冻融过程中土体温度场、湿度场变化特征,识别土体内冻结区域范围,温度、湿度监测拟合优度R2分别达0.98和0.94。

预应力混凝土梁腐蚀断丝水下监测试验研究

采用人工通电加速腐蚀的方法模拟混凝土梁内预应力钢筋的自然断裂过程从而获得真实的断丝声发射信号,应用高频声发射传感器和分布式光纤监测系统从水下采集预应力钢筋断裂时产生的声信号,分析信号的时频域特征和时域统计特征参数,结果表明:断丝信号的超声波段在水中传播时发生频散,应采用20 kHz以下的时域统计特征识别断丝信号;铠装光缆可以接收到在水中传播的断丝信号,其在时频图上表现为一条竖直的条带,并且能量主要集中分布于100~200 Hz。采用时域统计特征参数分析光纤监测信号时,需要设定较小的门槛值截取信号进行分析;对于光纤水声监测工况来说,峰值指标的信噪比较低,裕度和峭度指标更适合于用来识别断丝信号。该研究为开发预应力混凝土结构断丝水下声光纤监测系统奠定了基础。

分布式光纤传感技术在水力压裂中的研究进展

分布式光纤传感技术作为最新的水力压裂监测技术,应用于各大油田的水力压裂过程中,并且能够实现实时监测,已取得了显著的应用效果。为使业界进一步了解不同类型传感技术的基本原理、理论模型研究进展、现场应用情况,从分布式光纤温度传感技术和声波传感技术在水力压裂过程中的监测基本原理出发,系统总结了各类传感技术的理论模型研究进展和在产液剖面、裂缝扩展形态监测等方面的应用现状,最后提出了未来分布式光纤传感技术的发展方向。研究结果表明:①分布式光纤传感技术可以利用温度或者声波信号转换得到周围环境温度或应变的变化情况,从而实现水力压裂过程中的实时监测;②与分布式光纤声波传感技术相比,温度传感技术的相关理论模型相对较为成熟,能够实现产液剖面及裂缝形态的相关计算;③分布式光纤传感技术主要用于水力压裂过程中压裂液的注入、裂缝扩展等方面的监测。结论认为:分布式光纤传感技术可以有效地推动中国非常规储层的勘探和开发,同时提高水力压裂效果评价技术水平,这对中国油气行业的可持续发展具有重要推动作用。

光纤传感技术在油气田开发中的应用

分布式光纤监测技术在油气田开发中具有无可比拟的优势。从分布式光纤传感技术基本原理和井中布设方式出发,介绍了光纤传感技术在水力压裂、连续油管产液剖面测试、邻井压裂监测、油气井注采监测、储气库安全监测和套损监测等多个石油工程领域应用情况。整体表明光纤监测是一种经济高效的监测技术,具备实时监控油气井全生命周期的潜力,是具有科学性、时代特性和安全高效的生产测井技术。同时指出分布式光纤传感技术在油田应用的未来发展应聚焦于提升传感器性能、丰富光纤监测场景应用、提高资料处理解释水平能力,降低应用成本,进一步发挥光纤在油气田开发中的作用。

分布式光纤监测技术在水平井分段压裂中的应用

水平井分段压裂过程中,涉及大量繁杂的数据监测与处理工作,同时,压裂过程的不确定性给实时监测带来了更大的难度。传统的井下监测方式存在监测精确度低、受电磁干扰、成本高昂等问题,分布式光纤传感技术的产生,为这些亟待解决的难题提供了新的解决思路。分布式光纤传感技术以其成本低、耐高温、性质稳定、不受电磁干扰等优势,逐渐在油田得到应用。对水平井分段压裂的应用现状进行研究,分析了分布式光纤传感技术原理,总结了分布式光纤的井下安装方式,归纳了分布式光纤传感技术在水平井分段压裂中的应用现状,最后提出了分布式光纤监测技术的发展建议。研究认为:目前,分布式光纤传感技术已受到广泛关注,将成为井下监测的重要工具;分布式光纤传感在水平井分段压裂中的应用主要有压裂液注入分布诊断、人工裂缝起裂及延伸诊断、封隔器泄漏监测和DTS/DAS数据定量解释;对未来温度和声学监测数据的解释方法将向定量解释的应用方向发展。

高填方引调水工程渗漏连续监测方法研究

针对高填方引调水工程提出适于工程结构破坏预警的方法。通过建立室内试验模型在强透水层砂砾石层与弱透水层黏土层之间增设不透水层,分层埋设加热电缆和分布式光纤得到不同工况下渗透破坏的监测数据,对比分析增设不透水层以后的渗透破坏试验结果、现象及渗透路径的变化,确定渗漏破坏与光纤监测数据之间的关联。采用分布式光纤可以测量得到堤基土体的温度场,根据温度的差异,可以判断得到堤基可能发生管涌且已经发生管涌的位置;不同程度的渗漏破坏,对应不同的温度场,渗流流量越大,温度场的差异越明显。

基于SOA光纤环形激光器的分布式声传感系统

为了降低传统分布式声学传感器(DAS)系统复杂度并提高信噪比(SNR),提出了一种基于半导体光放大器的光纤环形激光器(SOA-FRL)的DAS系统。该系统用SOA-FRL取代了传统的DAS系统中的窄线宽激光器和脉冲调制器,实现了高稳定的光脉冲输出;采用双脉冲外差探测方法,实现了精确的声信号探测和声源定位。实验结果表明:在频率为1 kHz、幅值为1.14 rad的声信号作用下,所提系统的解调SNR高达38.25 dB,空间分辨率为12 m。

光加热光纤光栅阵列液位测量方法研究

安全可靠的液位测量是现代工业领域的重要技术需求之一,提出一种基于光加热光纤光栅阵列的液位测量方法,即利用泵浦光加热掺钴光纤,控制温度场,利用光栅阵列测量温度场分布,由于气液导热性能的差别,气液界面处温度突变,从而确定液位。实验中,将掺钴光纤与密集光栅阵列紧密固定在一起,将1.5 W的泵浦光输入衰减系数分别为0.71 dB/cm和0.28 dB/cm的掺钴光纤中,沿着光传播的方向,温度变化均呈指数函数衰减。液位测量的精度与范围由主要取决于泵浦光功率、掺钴光纤吸收系数,经对比最终选定0.28 dB/cm的掺钴光纤作为液位实验的加热光纤。实验测量了不同液位下的温度场分布,证明了利用测量温度分布来测量液位的可行性,液位变化范围0~88 mm以内的误差为2 mm。所提出的传感系统结构简单,成本低廉,在液位测量方面具有潜在的应用价值。

基于光纤感知的盐深传感系统设计

为了同时检测盐度与深度,并且抑制温度对测试的交叉敏感问题,设计了一种基于不同封装光纤传感器联用的盐深传感系统。三种不同封装形式的光纤传感器通过光纤串联实现盐度深度温度的同时测量与解算。构建了盐度和深度的反演模型,分析了温度补偿的可行性。实验分别针对盐度、深度及温度的变化进行了测试。结果显示,在0~50g/L的盐度测试中,系统灵敏度均值为128.7pm·g^(-1)·L^(-1),主峰与盐度变化的第一个主峰波长偏移的变化线性度为0.9654。在1~15cm的深度测试中,随深度变化的平均波长偏移量为751.9pm/cm,线性度为0.9931;在23~45℃的温度测试中,三个光纤传感器的温度响应基本一致,在采用FBG2的测试数据进行温度补偿后,LPG和FBG1的波长偏差仅有"10pm。

分布式光纤温度传感信号小波去噪方法

在分布式光纤拉曼温度传感系统中,反斯托克斯光包含了温度信息,但其强度相对较弱,易受到噪声干扰。传统的信号去噪方法往往会滤除系统所具有的原始特征。针对这一问题,本文提出了改进的小波阈值方法,将3sigm准则与传统算法相结合。在该算法中,对信号进行小波分解,再对分解的各层小波系数进行阈值处理,使用3sigm值来区分有用信号和噪声,然后进行小波重构,实现信号去噪。在7 km长的多模光纤上进行温度测量实验,使用改进的算法对数据进行分析。结果表明,改进的方法处理后的温度波动平均为0.991℃,相较于传统算法得到的2.422℃,提高了1.431℃。与传统算法相比,3sigm准则算法提高了测温精度,并为阈值的选择提供了新的思路,使阈值的选择更具统计意义。