A Model of the Fatigue Life Distribution of Composite Laminates Based on Their Static Strength Distribution

The reasons of the static strength dispersion and the fatigue life dispersion of composite laminates are analyzed in this article. It is concluded that the inner original defects, which derived from the manufacturing process of composite laminates, are the common and major reason of causing the random distributions of the static strength and the fatigue life. And there is a correlative relation between the two distributions. With the study of statistical relationship between the fatigue loading and the fatigue life in the uniform confidence level and the same survival rate S-N curves of material, the relationship between the static strength distribution and the fatigue life distribution through a material S-N curve model has been obtained. And then the model which is used to describe the distributions of fatigue life of composites, based on their distributions of static strength, is set up. This model reasonably reflects the effects of the inner original defects on the static strength dispersion and on the fatigue life dispersion of composite laminates. The experimental data of three kinds of composite laminates are employed to verify this model, and the results show that this model can predict the random distributions of fatigue life for composites under any fatigue loads fairly well.

Fuzzy-GA based algorithm for optimal placement and sizing of distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) for loss reduction of distribution network considering reconfiguration

This work presents a fuzzy based methodology for distribution system feeder reconfiguration considering DSTATCOM with an objective of minimizing real power loss and operating cost. Installation costs of DSTATCOM devices and the cost of system operation, namely, energy loss cost due to both reconfiguration and DSTATCOM placement, are combined to form the objective function to be minimized. The distribution system tie switches, DSTATCOM location and size have been optimally determined to obtain an appropriate operational condition. In the proposed approach, the fuzzy membership function of loss sensitivity is used for the selection of weak nodes in the power system for the placement of DSTATCOM and the optimal parameter settings of the DFACTS device along with optimal selection of tie switches in reconfiguration process are governed by genetic algorithm(GA). Simulation results on IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 69-bus test systems concluded that the combinatorial method using DSTATCOM and reconfiguration is preferable to reduce power losses to 34.44% for 33-bus system and to 45.43% for 69-bus system.

Contact Force Distribution and Static Load-carrying Capacity of Large Size Double Row Four-point Contact Ball Bearing

Clearance not only affects the startup torque,rotation precision and stiffness of bearing,but also affects the load distribution,load-carrying capacity and life of bearing.A computational model in which the clearance of bearing is first included is presented for determining the contact force distribution and static load-carrying capacity of a double row four-point contact ball bearing which is subjected to the combined radial,axial and overturning moment loadings.The relation between the negative axial clearance and the contact force distribution is analyzed.The static load-carrying capacity curves are established,and the effects of the changes in negative axial clearance,curvature radius coefficient of raceway groove and initial contact angle on the static load-carrying capacity are analyzed.The results show that,with the increase in the absolute value of negative clearance,the maximum contact load decreases first and then increases.The clearance values in the range of 0.2 mme0 mm have little effect on the static load-carrying capacity of bearing.With the increase in the curvature radius coefficient of raceway groove and the decrease in the initial contact angle,the static load capacity of bearing decreases.

Velocity distribution of the flow field in the cyclonic zone of cyclone-static micro-bubble flotation column

Laboratory experiments have been conducted to study the flow field in a cyclone static micro-bubble flotation column. The method of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used. The flow field velocity distribution in both cross section and longitudinal section within cyclonic zone was studied for different circulating volumes. The cross sectional vortex was also analyzed. The results show that in cross section as the circulating volume increases from 0.187 to 0.350 m 3 /h, the flow velocity ranges from 0 to 0.68 m/s. The flow field is mainly a non-vortex potential flow that forms a free vortex without outside energy input. In the cyclonic region the vortex deviates from the center of the flotation column because a single tangential opening introduces circulating fluid into the column. The tangential component of the velocity plays a defining role in the cross section. In the longitudinal section the velocity ranges from 0 to 0.08 m/s. The flow velocity increases as does the circulating volume. Advantageous mineral separation conditions arise from the combined effects of cyclonic flow in cross and longitudinal section.

Enhancement of Distributed Generation by Using Custom Power Device

Wind energy （WE） has become immensely popular for distributed generation （DG）. This case presents the monitoring, modeling, control, and analysis of the two-level three-phase WE based DG system where the electric grid interfacing custom power device （CPD） is controlled to perform the smart exchanging of electric power as per the Indian grid code. WE is connected to DC link of CPD for the grid integration purpose. The CPD based distributed static compensator, i.e. the distributed static synchronous compensator （DSTATCOM）, is utilized for injecting the wind power to the point of common coupling （PCC） and also acts against the reactive power demand. The novel indirect current control scheme of DSTATCOM regulates the power import and export between the WE and the electric grid system. It also acts as a compensator and performs both the key features simultaneously. Hence, the penetration of additional generated WE power to the grid is increased by 20% to 25%. The burden of reactive power compensation from grid is reduced by DSTATCOM. The modeling and simulation are done in MATLAB. The results are validated and verified.

Impact of Distributed Generation on Smart Grid Transient Stability

In the 21st century Smart Grid and Renewable Energy technologies are an important issue with regards to global climate change problem and energy security. The evolution of current conventional or centralized generation in form of distributed generation and Smart Power Grid (SPG) has great opportunity and potentially can eradicate several issues associated with energy efficiency, energy security and the drawback of aging power system infrastructures. In order to meet the rising electrical power demand and increasing service quality as well as reducing pollution, the existing power grid infrastructure should be developed into Smart Grid (SG) that is flexible for interconnectivity with the distributed generation. However, integrating distributed generation to power system causes several technical issues especially system stability. To make the power grid become “smarter”, particularly in terms of stability, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device especially Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is used. This paper explores Smart Grid technologies and distributed generation systems. Furthermore, it discusses the impact of distributed generation on Smart Grid, particularly its system stability after installing distributed generation in the Smart Grid. This was done by examining the system stability during interconnection and faults on the system and validated with Dig-SILENT Power Factory Software V 13.2.

A Precision-Positioning Method for a High-Acceleration Low-Load Mechanism Based on Optimal Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Inertial Energy

High-speed and precision positioning are fundamental requirements for high-acceleration low-load mechanisms in integrated circuit （IC） packaging equipment. In this paper, we derive the transient nonlinear dynamicresponse equations of high-acceleration mechanisms, which reveal that stiffness, frequency, damping, and driving frequency are the primary factors. Therefore, we propose a new structural optimization and velocity-planning method for the precision positioning of a high-acceleration mechanism based on optimal spatial and temporal distribution of inertial energy. For structural optimization, we first reviewed the commonly flexible multibody dynamic optimization using equivalent static loads method （ESLM）, and then we selected the modified ESLM for optimal spatial distribution of inertial energy; hence, not only the stiffness but also the inertia and frequency of the real modal shapes are considered. For velocity planning, we developed a new velocity-planning method based on nonlinear dynamic-response optimization with varying motion conditions. Our method was verified on a high-acceleration die bonder. The amplitude of residual vibration could be decreased by more than 20% via structural optimization and the positioning time could be reduced by more than 40% via asymmetric variable velocity planning. This method provides an effective theoretical support for the precision positioning of high-acceleration low-load mechanisms.

A New Measurement System for Static and Dynamic Clothing Pressure

This study aims to develop a system and measurement method for investigating the static and dynamic pressure behavior of compression products. The self-designed measurement system, named "cloth-press" (LLY-56B), is a direct measurement method, which is based on a rigid hemisphere with three pressure sensors distributed on its surface. The static pressure is measured at predetermined press depth, and the dynamic pressure is measured under the processing of fabric 3D deformation. The pressure distributions at the basic three sites are accepted as the measurement results. The measurement results provide much information in the field of compression fabric assessment, and the measurement system can be used in scientific research institutes and factories, contributing to optimize process parameters and quality control of compression garment.

Frequency domain wave equation forward modeling using gaussian elimination with static pivoting

Frequency domain wave equation forward modeling is a problem of solving large scale linear sparse systems which is often subject to the limits of computational efficiency and memory storage. Conventional Gaussian elimination cannot resolve the parallel computation of huge data. Therefore, we use the Gaussian elimination with static pivoting （GESP） method for sparse matrix decomposition and multi-source finite-difference modeling. The GESP method does not only improve the computational efficiency but also benefit the distributed parallel computation of matrix decomposition within a single frequency point. We test the proposed method using the classic Marmousi model. Both the single-frequency wave field and time domain seismic section show that the proposed method improves the simulation accuracy and computational efficiency and saves and makes full use of memory. This method can lay the basis for waveform inversion.

Seismic performance evaluation of an infilled rocking wall frame structure through quasi-static cyclic testing

Earthquake investigations have illustrated that even code-compliant reinforced concrete frames may suffer from soft-story mechanism.This damage mode results in poor ductility and limited energy dissipation.Continuous components offer alternatives that may avoid such failures.A novel infilled rocking wall frame system is proposed that takes advantage of continuous component and rocking characteristics.Previous studies have investigated similar systems that combine a reinforced concrete frame and a wall with rocking behavior used.However,a large-scale experimental study of a reinforced concrete frame combined with a rocking wall has not been reported.In this study,a seismic performance evaluation of the newly proposed infilled rocking wall frame structure was conducted through quasi-static cyclic testing.Critical joints were designed and verified.Numerical models were established and calibrated to estimate frame shear forces.The results evaluation demonstrate that an infilled rocking wall frame can effectively avoid soft-story mechanisms.Capacity and initial stiffness are greatly improved and self-centering behavior is achieved with the help of the infilled rocking wall.Drift distribution becomes more uniform with height.Concrete cracks and damage occurs in desired areas.The infilled rocking wall frame offers a promising approach to achieving seismic resilience.

Incremental Static Analysis of 2D Flow by Inter-Colliding Point-Particles and Use of Incompressible Rhombic Element

A simple method is proposed, for incremental static analysis of a set of inter-colliding particles, simulating 2D flow. Within each step of proposed algorithm, the particles perform small displacements, proportional to the out-of-balance forces, acting on them. Numerical experiments show that if the liquid is confined within boundaries of a set of inter-communicating vessels, then the proposed method converges to a final equilibrium state. This incremental static analysis approximates dynamic behavior with strong damping and can provide information, as a first approximation to 2D movement of a liquid. In the initial arrangement of particles, a rhombic element is proposed, which assures satisfactory incompressibility of the fluid. Based on the proposed algorithm, a simple and short computer program (a “pocket” program) has been developed, with only about 120 Fortran instructions. This program is first applied to an amount of liquid, contained in a single vessel. A coarse and refined discretization is tried. In final equilibrium state of liquid, the distribution on hydro-static pressure on vessel boundaries, obtained by proposed computational model, is found in satisfactory approximation with corresponding theoretical data. Then, an opening is formed, at the bottom of a vertical boundary of initial vessel, and the liquid is allowed to flow gradually to an adjacent vessel. Almost whole amount of liquid is transferred, from first to second vessel, except of few drops-particles, which remain, in equilibrium, at the bottom of initial vessel. In the final equilibrium state of liquid, in the second vessel, the free surface level of the liquid confirms that the proposed rhombing element assures a satisfactory incompressibility of the fluid.

Mitigation of Unbalanced Voltage Sags and Voltage Unbalance in CIGRE Low Voltage Distribution Network

Any problem with voltage in a power network is undesirable as it aggravates the quality of the power. Power electronic devices such as Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) etc. can be used to mitigate the voltage problems in the distribution system. The voltage problems dealt with in this paper are to show how to mitigate unbalanced voltage sags and voltage unbalance in the CIGRE Low Voltage (LV) test network and networks like this. The voltage unbalances, for the tested cases in the CIGRE LV test network are mainly due to single phase loads and due to unbalanced faults. The compensation of unbalanced voltage sags and voltage unbalance in the CIGRE distribution network is done by using the four STATCOM compensators already existing in the test grid. The simulations are carried out in DIgSILENT power factory software version 15.0.

Static and free vibration analysis of four-parameter continuous grading elliptical sandwich plates

In the present study,the static and dynamic analyses of elliptical functionally graded sandwich(FGS)plates are investigated.The constituent materials of the sandwich plates are ceramic and metal so that the core is made of pure metal,while the face sheets consist of a combination of metal and ceramic according to a four-parameter power-law distribution.Different material profiles such as classic,symmetric,and asymmetric can be obtained using the applied generalized power-law distribution relation.The analysis is performed based on the classical laminated plate theory(CLPT)and the Ritz method.The effects of four parameters in the material distribution relation as well as different geometric parameters on the deflection and natural frequencies of elliptical FGS plates are studied.The results of this study show that with a proper distribution of materials,the optimal static and dynamic behavior can be achieved.The results also indicate that the generalized power-law distribution has significant effects on the natural frequencies of elliptical FGS plates.For example,although the frequency parameter of a plate with ceramic face sheets is more than the one with metal face sheets,the use of larger amounts of ceramic does not necessarily increase the natural frequency of the structure.

抑制分布式静止串联补偿器对线路保护影响的方法研究

分布式静止串联补偿器(distributed static series compensator,DSSC)通过调节注入线路的电压可改变线路功率,优化电网潮流分布。针对现有交流线路保护算法难以适应DSSC串入线路运行的问题,提出了抑制DSSC对线路保护影响的方法。首先,分析了DSSC对交流线路保护的影响,证明了DSSC注入电压可能改变距离保护的阻抗测量值,导致距离保护有拒动或误动的风险。然后,提出了利用DSSC本体过流保护快速将DSSC旁路、或基于故障辅助判据主动将DSSC注入电压降为0的方法,以抑制不同类型的线路故障时DSSC对线路保护的影响。最后,基于硬件在环RTDS实时仿真平台以及浙江湖州DSSC示范工程现场进行试验,验证了所提抑制DSSC对交流线路保护影响的方法的有效性。

分布式光伏配电网电压无功优化研究

为解决分布式光伏接入配电网引起的电压越限质量问题,建立以有功网损和电压偏差最小为目标的无功优化数学模型。通过对光伏并网点的电压进行分析,提出了一种加权方式的电压功率与静止无功发生器控制补偿相结合的协同控制策略。为提高模型的求解能力,采用改进的粒子群优化算法,引入变异操作防止算法陷入局部最优;为提高算法的收敛效果,采用改进的异步学习因子。在IEEE-33节点配电系统中进行算例验证,结果表明了模型的正确性和策略的有效性。

一种面向复杂非平稳工业过程的质量相关分布式故障检测方法

由于复杂工业过程通常受到生产条件的变化,未知的外部干扰及其他因素的影响,其过程数据时间序列的统计特征随时间变化,呈现出非平稳特性。而工业过程的故障可能会被过程的非平稳特性所掩盖,这给复杂工业过程的质量相关故障检测带来巨大挑战。本文提出了一种基于动静特征融合且面向复杂非平稳工业过程的分布式质量相关故障检测方法。首先,利用最小冗余最大相关算法揭示和量化过程变量与质量变量之间的线性和非线性关系,并选择最具代表性的过程变量,消除所选过程变量之间的冗余性。其次,利用增广迪基–富勒检验(ADF)检验方法将所选的过程变量划分为平稳变量和非平稳变量。再次,利用工业过程的机理知识将复杂工业过程划分为多个有物理意义的子块,子块之间的信息交互通过公共变量实现,构建局部子块模型,该模型包括来自其邻居子块的信息。然后,通过偏最小二乘和长短期记忆网络方法分别提取子块中平稳变量及非平稳变量的静态特征和动态特征,并进行特征融合;利用规范变量分析算法来最大化融合后的动静态特征与质量变量之间的相关性,构建局部质量异常检测的统计量和控制限。最后,通过贝叶斯推理将局部检测结果进行融合,实现全局质量相关的故障检测。为了验证所提方法的有效性,采用河北某公司浮法玻璃生产过程的实际数据进行了实验。实验结果表明:本文所提质量相关分布式故障检测方法能够准确检测复杂非平稳过程的故障,故障检测率为100%,误报率为4%,比规范变量分析方法等具有更好的故障检测性能。综上所述,所提方法有效融合了动静特征以充分利用过程信息,在提高故障检测率同时显著降低了误报率,能够为复杂非平稳工业过程提供可靠技术支持。

基于静强度分布参数的复合材料剩余强度及寿命预测

为探讨剩余强度及疲劳寿命与初始静强度分布参数之间的关系,构建基于初始静强度分布参数的剩余强度和疲劳寿命计算模型。在模型构建过程中未涉及复合材料结构的层数、铺层厚度和铺层方向,适应性强。模型参数可通过静力试验和剩余强度试验获得,试验成本相对疲劳试验较低。剩余强度和疲劳寿命与初始静强度变异系数及其分布参数有关,当初始静强度服从威布尔分布时,疲劳寿命亦服从威布尔分布,可为开展疲劳可靠性提供借鉴和参考。算例表明,基于建立的模型,剩余强度计算结果最大误差为-1.58%,疲劳寿命与试验数据吻合较好。

容积弧形调强放疗与静态调强放疗在宫颈癌根治性放疗中的剂量学分析

目的 研究观察容积弧形调强放疗与静态调强放疗在宫颈癌根治性放疗中的剂量学。方法 目的选取泰兴市人民医院2018年1月—2023年12月收治的60例宫颈癌患者,根据治疗方法不同分组,每组30例,观察组进行容积弧形调强放疗,对照组进行静态调强放疗。比较二者靶区和危及器官的剂量分布、总机器跳数和有效治疗时间。结果 观察组患者临床靶体积-计划靶体积及临床靶体积-计划靶体积的D2%、D95%、CI的受照剂量均高于对照组,而HI、D98%指标低于对照组患者;其危及器官(小肠、脊髓、直肠、股骨头)Dmean、V40及D2%的受照剂量均少于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组患者的有效治疗时间(82.35±6.34)d及总机器跳数518.34±22.33均少于对照组患者的(342.72±10.62)d及635.52±42.52,差异有统计学意义(t=115.301、13.363,P均<0.05)。结论 两种放疗方式均可达到剂量学要求,但相较于静态调强放疗,容积弧形调强放疗法计划靶区均匀性、适形度更佳,危及器官的剂量更少。

基于BOTDA的砂土地基预应力管桩抗拔静载试验研究

针对砂土地基抗拔桩受力性能与荷载传递机理研究不足问题,将布里渊光时域分析(BOTDA)光纤传感技术应用于长江下游地区厚层砂土地基预应力管桩原位抗拔静载试验研究,采用特殊设计的桩身刻槽钻孔、光纤粘贴保护、接桩过程连续植纤等技术工艺,实现了预应力管桩在拉拔过程中桩身受力变形状态的分布式测量与数据精确定位。研究结果表明:在上拔荷载作用下,试验桩桩身轴力沿桩身方向逐渐减小;桩侧摩阻力在下桩发挥效果较好,上桩侧摩阻力较小,全桩长侧摩阻力最大值在桩底;抗拔桩随上拔荷载的增加,轴力逐渐向下传递,向下传递的轴力主要由预制管桩侧摩阻力承担;分布式光纤应变传感技术能较好地监测预应力管桩桩身贯入施工因素对抗拔承载特性的影响。研究结果可在其他类型抗拔桩受力特性监测项目中推广应用。

座椅静态舒适性仿真与性能优化

为提高普通家用轿车的座椅静态舒适性,基于SAE-J826工装有限元模型和CASIMIR软件提供的第50百分位柔性人体有限元模型,提出了包含H点位置预测和座垫压力分布均匀性的座椅静态舒适性仿真分析方法,并利用HyperStudy优化工具平衡和提升了座椅静态舒适性能,仿真结果与试验结果取得了较好的一致性。