Distributed Video Coding Using LDPC Codes for Wireless Video

Popular video coding standards like H.264 and MPEG working on the principle of motion-compensated pre-dictive coding demand much of the computational resources at the encoder increasing its complexity. Such bulky encoders are not suitable for applications like wireless low power surveillance, multimedia sensor networks, wireless PC cameras, mobile camera phones etc. New video coding scheme based on the principle of distributed source coding is looked upon in this paper. This scheme supports a low complexity encoder, at the same time trying to achieve the rate distortion performance of conventional video codecs. Current im-plementation uses LDPC codes for syndrome coding.

Trifocal tensor based side information generation for multi-view distributed video code

Distributed video coding （DVC） is a new video coding approach based on Wyner-Ziv theorem. The novel uplink-friendly DVC, which offers low-complexity, low-power consuming, and low-cost video encoding, has aroused more and more research interests. In this paper a new method based on multiple view geometry is presented for spatial side information generation of uncalibrated video sensor network. Trifocal tensor encapsulates all the geometric relations among three views that are independent of scene structure; it can be computed from image correspondences alone without requiring knowledge of the motion or calibration. Simulation results show that trifocal tensor-based spatial side information improves the rate-distortion performance over motion compensation based interpolation side information by a maximum gap of around 2dB. Then fusion merges the different side information （temporal and spatial） in order to improve the quality of the final one. Simulation results show that the rate-distortion gains about 0.4 dB.

Side information refinement in distributed video coding

Side information （SI） is one of the key issues in distributed video coding （DVC） and affects the compression performance of DVC largely. This paper proposes an SI refinement algorithm, in which the Wyner-Ziv （WZ） frame is split into two parts based on checkerboard pattern, and the two parts are encoded independently but decoded sequentially. In the decoding process, the part 1 is first decoded with the initial SI and partially decoded part （PDP） 1 is used to improve the motion vectors （MVs） and SI of both parts. At the next stage, the part 2 is decoded with the improved SI and PDP 2 is used to further refine MVs of the part 2. Then, SI of both parts are further refined. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the peak signal to noise ratio （PSNR） by up to 1.43 dB when compared with traditional DVC codec.

MAP based blocking artifact reduction for DCT domain distributed video coding

This paper proposes a maximum a posteriori （MAP） based blocking artifact reduction algorithm for discrete cosine transform （DCT） domain distributed video coding, in which the SI and the initial reconstructed Wyner-Ziv （WZ） frame are utilized to further estimate the original WZ frame. Though the MAP estimate improves quality of the artifact region, it also leads to over-smoothness and decreases quality of the non-artifact region. To overcome this problem, a criterion is presented to discriminate the artifact and the non-artifact region in the initial reconstructed WZ frame, and only the artifact region is updated with the MAP estimate. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm provides obvious improvement in terms of both objective and subjective evaluations.

Design of the Quantization Matrix in the Distributed Compressed Sensing Video Coding*

In the frame of compressed sensing distributed video coding, the design of the quantization matrix directly affects the reconstruction quality of the receiving terminal of the video. In this article, we present a new design method of the Gaussian quantization matrix adapting to the compressed sensing coding, for that the distribution of the parameters of the image is featured of the characteristic of approximately normal distribution after measured by compressive sensing. By this way, the parameters of a certain quantity of the image frames depending on the video sequences generated by the Gaussian quantization matrix possess certain adaptive capacity. By comparison with the plan of the traditional quantization, the quantization matrix presented in this article would improve the reconstruction quality of the video.

A NEW APPROACH TO DVC COMBINED WITH ROI EXTRACTION AND RESIDUAL VIDEO CODING FOR MULTIMEDIA SENSOR NETWORKS

The Wyner-Ziv distributed video coding scheme is characterized for its intraframe encoder and interframe decoder which can also approach the efficiency of an interframe encoder-decoder system. In Wyner-Ziv residual coding of video, the residual of a frame with respect to a reference frame is Wyner-Ziv encoded, which can reduces the input entropy and leads to a higher coding efficiency than directly encoding the original frame. In this paper, we propose a new approach of residual coding combined with Region Of Interest (ROI) extraction. Experimental results show that, the proposed scheme achieves better rate-distortion performance compared to conventional Wyner-Ziv coding scheme.

Distributed Adaptive Compressed Video Sensing Using Smoothed Projected Landweber Reconstruction

A novel Compressed-Sensing-based(CS-based)Distributed Video Coding(DVC)system,called Distributed Adaptive Compressed Video Sensing(DISACOS),is proposed in this paper.In this system,the input frames are divided into key frames and non-key frames,which are encoded by block CS sampling.The key frames are encoded as CS measurements at substantially higher rates than the non-key frames and decoded by the Smoothed Projected Landweber(SPL)algorithm using multi-hypothesis predictions.For the non-key frames,a small number of CS measurements are first transmitted to detect blocks having low-quality Side Information(SI)generated by the conventional interpolation or extrapolation at the decoder;then,another group of CS measurements are sampled again upon the decoder’s request.To fully utilise the CS measurements,we adaptively allocate these measurements to each block in terms of different edge features.Finally,the residual frame is reconstructed using the SPL algorithm and the decoded non-key frame is simply determined as the sum of the residual frame and the SI.Experimental results have revealed that our CS-based DVC system yields better rate-distortion performance when compared with other schemes.

基于层修复技术的DVC鲁棒传输框架

针对分布式视频编码(DVC)系统鲁棒传输问题,设计了一种基于层修复的DVC系统传输框架。该传输框架首先对关键帧(K帧)同时采用高效视频编码(HEVC)帧内编码和Wyner-Ziv编码,并将校验信息(Wyner-Ziv码流)作为修复层码流存入缓存中。若当前关键帧有丢失,则向编码端请求该帧对应的层修复码流,在解码端对错误块进行修复,获得关键帧解码质量的提升。同时,研究了层修复码率估计算法,利用已成功解码的位平面辅助完成算法重建。实验结果表明,该传输框架利用关键帧的层修复码流对关键帧失真部分进行了修复,提高了关键帧质量,改善了边信息质量,实现了DVC的鲁棒传输。

A WYNER-ZIV VIDEO CODING METHOD UTILIZING MIXTURE CORRELATION NOISE MODEL

In Wyner-Ziv (WZ) Distributed Video Coding (DVC), correlation noise model is often used to describe the error distribution between WZ frame and the side information. The accuracy of the model can influence the performance of the video coder directly. A mixture correlation noise model in Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) domain for WZ video coding is established in this paper. Different correlation noise estimation method is used for direct current and alternating current coefficients. Parameter estimation method based on expectation maximization algorithm is used to estimate the Laplace distribution center of direct current frequency band and Mixture Laplace-Uniform Distribution Model (MLUDM) is established for alternating current coefficients. Experimental results suggest that the proposed mixture correlation noise model can describe the heavy tail and sudden change of the noise accurately at high rate and make significant improvement on the coding efficiency compared with the noise model presented by DIStributed COding for Video sERvices (DISCOVER).

Rate estimate for regular LDPCA codec in distributed video coding

Accumulated low density parity check （LDPCA） codec is proposed for DISCOVER project in distributed video coding （DVC）, which offers flexible coding rate. Although it can use feedback channel to adapt the rate to the correlation of the video, but in real applications, using feedback channel can not always be possible. To solve this problem, some researchers proposed estimating the code rate at the encoder but the performance was not very good. Based on their researches, this paper considers the impact of convergence rate for iteration on rate estimate, which can be calculated using its check matrix. As a pilot study, this paper pays attention to the regular LDPCA codec. At the same time, it considers the impact of deviation in the estimated crossover probability, which gives some constraints to rate estimate. In the experiment, the proposed algorithm can improve the rate-distortion performance by up to 1 dB-1.2 dB.

DVC中基于亚像素MCI的边信息重建

为了提高边信息重建质量从而提升分布式视频编码的压缩性能,在引入一种基于整像素运动补偿内插(MCI)的边信息重建算法的基础上,提出基于1/2像素和基于1/4像素的亚像素MCI边信息重建算法。实验结果表明,2种算法能有效提高边信息质量,在不改变编码端复杂度的情况下,明显提升视频编码系统的率失真性能。

A new encoder rate-allocation method for distributed video coding

Distributed video coding(DVC)is a new video coding architecture.Compared with traditional video coding schemes,DVC has a simple encoder and complex decoder,which makes it suitable for circumstances where the encoder equipments are simple but the decoder equipments are complex.Most of the existing DVC architectures use decoder rate allocation method with the help of feedback channel.According to the results of the current decoding round,the decoder informs the encoder by feedback channel whether more parity bits are needed.The use of feedback channel not only increases the system delay,but also limits the use of DVC to instances where there is no feedback channel.In this paper,we propose a novel encoder rate allocation method.First,the simple three-step motion estimation is introduced into the encoder to estimate the side information of the decoder,and then the number of parity bits the decoder needs for each bitplane is allocated at the encoder according to the difference of the estimated side information and the current Wyner-Ziv(WZ)frame.Experiment results indicate that the accuracy of the proposed method is 5.18%-52.93% higher than that of the method proposed by Morbee.

从单视点DVC到多视点DVC的研究进展

多视点视频编码对编码器的功耗、复杂度、存储能力和传输能力有较高的要求,而分布式信源编码理论恰恰适应了这一需求。为了使人们对这一技术现状有一概略了解,首先总结了分布式视频编码的基本理论和关键技术,然后介绍了分布式信源编码理论从单视点到多视点的拓展,接着论述了分布式多视点视频编码的研究现状,最后分析了分布式信源编码理论在多视点视频编码领域的发展前景。

DVC中基于广义高斯分布的WZ帧重构算法

为提高分布式视频编码系统解码WZ(Wyner-Ziv)帧的图像质量,提出了基于广义高斯分布的WZ帧重构算法.该算法充分考虑了边信息与原始WZ帧具有较强相关性的特点,将广义高斯分布作为相关模型;在边信息已知情况下,对给定量化区间、计算WZ帧的条件期望并将其作为WZ重构值;将广义高斯分布的形状参数设为0.5,推导出基于广义高斯分布重构WZ帧的闭式表示.实验结果表明,文中提出的基于广义高斯分布的WZ帧重构算法比最小均方误差(MMSE)重构算法的峰值信噪比提高约0.6 d B,并能有效改善重构WZ帧的图像质量.

一种基于人视觉系统的DVC改进算法

为了克服无线多媒体传感器网络中的视频传感节点的处理能力、存储空间和能量严重受限的问题,本文提出一种基于人的视觉系统的分布式视频编码的方案。由于人眼睛的潜在的感受性和视觉掩蔽性能,最小可觉差值以下的变化几乎不能被人的视觉系统感知到。因此,原始帧和边信息之间在感觉阀限之外的信号误差不需要得到纠正。本文基于这种思想,将JND模型应用到WZ编码器中,并对其仿真,实验结果表明,本文所提出的算法在不改变主观质量,甚至提高主观质量时可以较大程度对视频序列进行压缩,降低比特数,具有较好的率失真性能。

DVC中基于块小波变换的边信息生成算法

在运动补偿内插生成的初始边信息基础上,根据图像的时空相关性,自适应地判断块小波变换方式,传送不同地小波系数辅助解码端生成边信息。实验结果表明,对于不同的视频序列,该算法在一定程度上能有效改进边信息的生成质量。

基于朴素贝叶斯分类的DVC-HEVC快速转码

分布式视频编码(DVC)与传统视频编码之间的转码为移动终端设备之间的低功耗视频通信提供了一种有效的实现思路。以DVC与HEVC转码为研究对象,利用DVC解码端信息,针对高效视频编码(HEVC)中复杂度极高的编码单元(CU)划分过程进行复杂度优化研究。在DVC解码端提取与CU划分相关的纹理复杂度、运动矢量及预测残差3种特征信息;在HEVC编码端基于朴素贝叶斯原理建立CU快速划分模型,模型生成后便可以通过输入特征信息对当前CU划分进行快速决策,避免大量率失真(RD)代价计算过程。实验结果表明,本方案在编码比特率略有上升的情况下大幅缩短了HEVC编码时间,平均下降幅度达到58.26%,且几乎不影响视频质量。

DMDVC中基于可靠性评估的边信息融合算法

边信息质量是影响基于深度图的多视点分布式视频编码(DMDVC)系统压缩效率的关键因素之一。为了充分利用时域边信息、空域边信息及深度图来提升DMDVC系统的边信息质量,提出一种基于可靠性评估的融合算法。首先采用运动补偿时域内插(MCTI)算法生成时域边信息,然后采用基于深度图的视点绘制(DIBR)技术生成空域边信息。针对场景中物体快速运动会影响时域边信息质量以及利用DIBR技术生成空域边信息时会产生空洞等问题,有选择地对时域边信息的运动剧烈区域或空域边信息的空洞及边缘区域进行修正。实验结果表明,该算法可以有效地融合时域边信息和空域边信息,较参考文献[4]的融合算法最高可提升5.6 d B。

DVC中基于DCT系数统计特性的量化算法

针对变换域分布式视频编码问题,提出一种自适应量化算法AQSC。根据视频帧离散余弦变换系数的分布特点,确定各子带的重要性,只对重要的子带进行量化及编解码,不重要的子带不进行量化及编码,且在译码时直接用边信息代替。实验结果表明,AQSC算法可提高分布式视频编码系统的率失真性能,减少译码码率,解码后视频序列的整体质量有所提高。