Formation and distribution characteristics of Proterozoic–Lower Paleozoic marine giant oil and gas fields worldwide

There are rich oil and gas resources in marine carbonate strata worldwide.Although most of the oil and gas reserves discovered so far are mainly distributed in Mesozoic,Cenozoic,and upper Paleozoic strata,oil and gas exploration in the Proterozoic–Lower Paleozoic（PLP）strata—the oldest marine strata—has been very limited.To more clearly understand the oil and gas formation conditions and distributions in the PLP marine carbonate strata,we analyzed and characterized the petroleum geological conditions,oil and gas reservoir types,and their distributions in thirteen giant oil and gas fields worldwide.This study reveals the main factors controlling their formation and distribution.Our analyses show that the source rocks for these giant oil and gas fields are mainly shale with a great abundance of type I–II organic matter and a high thermal evolution extent.The reservoirs are mainly gas reservoirs,and the reservoir rocks are dominated by dolomite.The reservoir types are mainly karst and reef–shoal bodies with well-developed dissolved pores and cavities,intercrystalline pores,and fractures.These reservoirs arehighly heterogeneous.The burial depth of the reservoirs is highly variable and somewhat negatively correlated to the porosity.The cap rocks are mainly thick evaporites and shales,with the thickness of the cap rocks positively correlated to the oil and gas reserves.The development of high-quality evaporite cap rock is highly favorable for oil and gas preservation.We identified four hydrocarbon generation models,and that the major source rocks have undergone a long period of burial and thermal evolution and are characterized by early and long periods of hydrocarbon generation.These giant oil and gas fields have diverse types of reservoirs and are mainly distributed in paleo-uplifts,slope zones,and platform margin reef-shoal bodies.The main factors that control their formation and distribution were identified,enabling the prediction of new favorable areas for oil and gas exploration.

Reservoir Characteristics and Guidance for Exploration in the Beach Area of Shengli Oilfields

The beach area of Shengli Oilfield lies 1n the east and north of Zhanhua sag which is located in the southern end of Bohai Bay Basin(Fig.1).Its geological situation is generally similar to that in Zhanhua sag.Several decades of exploration shows that this area is the most enriched petroleum area in Bo-hai Bay Basin.Oil and gas distributed there in a same way as in Bohai Bay Basin,but also distributed in its own unique way.

Geological constraints of giant and medium-sized gas fields in Kuqa Depression

There is a gas-rich and well-charged petroleumsystem in the Kuqa Depression where Triassic and Jurassicsource rocks play important roles. Distributed in an area ofmore than 10000 km and with a thickness of up to 1000 m,they are composed of dark mudstones, carbonaceous mud-stones and coal seams containing 6%, 40% and 90% of TOC,respectively, and are mainly the humic organic matter. Ashigh-quality regional cap rocks, the Neogene and Eogenegypsum rocks and gypseous mudstones matched well withthe underlying Neogene and Cretaceous-Eogene sandstones.They have formed the most favorable reservoir-seal assem-blages in the Kuqa Depression. Also the Jurassic sandstonesand mudstones formed another favorable reservoir-seal as-semblage. The traps are shaped late in the fold-thrust belt,mainly fixed in the Tertiary-Quaternary, where ten structurestyles have been distinguished. These traps spread as a zonein N-S, are scattered like a segmental line in W-E and showtier-styled vertically. The best traps are gypsum-salt coveredfault-bend anticlines related to the passive roof duplex. Thispetroleum system is characterized by late accumulation. Inthe early Himalayan Movement, mainly gas condensate andoil accumulated and were distributed in the outer circularregion of the kitchen; whereas in the middle and late Hima-layan the gas accumulations mainly formed and were dis-tributed in the inner circular region near the kitchen. Theoverpressure of gas pools is common and is formed by sealcapacity of thick gypsum layers, extensive tectonic compres-sion and large uplift. The well-preserved anticline traps un-derlying the high-quality regional cap rocks of the Tertiarygypsum rocks and gypseous mudstones are the main targetsfor the discovery of giant and medium-sized gas fields. Aboveconclusions are important for the petroleum geology theoryand the exploration of the fold-thrust belt in foreland basinsin central and western China.

Geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China

Based on the examination of the global researches on oil and gas provinces and large gas fields and the analysis of the features,attributes and distribution of large gas provinces and gas fields,this paper puts forward three indicators of determining large oil and gas provinces:spatial indicator,reservoir-forming indicator and resource indicator.It classifies the gas accumulated areas and large gas provinces in China and analyzes the controlling factors on the distribution of large gas provinces and large gas fields:the lateral distribution is mainly controlled by high-energy sedimentary facies and constructive diagenetic facies,palaeo-highs and their periclinal zones,deep faults,etc,and the vertical distribution is mainly controlled by unconformities,series of evaporates and deep low-velocity highly-conductive beds,etc.It also reveals the main geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China.Large gas fields in four-type basins have their own characteristics and onland large gas fields are dominantly developed in foreland basins and craton basins;there are three types of gas sources,of which,coal is the main source with high gas generating intensity and varying origins;reservoir rocks of the large gas fields(provinces)are of various types and dominated generally by low-middle permeability and porosity pore-type reservoirs;structural traps and litho-stratigraphic traps coexist in Chinese large gas fields and form dense high abundance and large-area low and middle-abundance large gas fields;most of the large gas fields have late hydrocarbon-generation peaks and reservoir formation,and experienced the process of multiple-stage charging and late finalization; large gas provinces(fields)have good sealing and preservation conditions,and evaporates seals are largely developed in large and extra-large gas fields.This paper intends to shed light on the exploration and development of large gas fields(provinces)through analyzing their geological characteristics.

Reservoir forming conditions and key exploration technologies of Lingshui 17-2 giant gas field in deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin

On September 15,2014,China National Offshore Oil Co.,Ltd announced that a high production of oil and gas flow of 1.6
106 m3/d was obtained in Well LS17-2-1 in deepwater area in northern South China Sea,which is the first great oil and gas discovery for self-run deepwater exploration in China sea areas,and a strategic breakthrough was made in natural gas exploration in deepwater area of Lingshui sag in Qiongdongnan Basin.Under the combined action of climax of international deepwater exploration,high oil prices,national demands of China,practical needs of exploration,breakthroughs in seismic exploration and testing technologies,innovations in geological cognition and breakthroughs in deepwater operation equipment,Lingshui 17-2 gas field is discovered.Among these factors,the innovation in reservoir forming geological cognition directly promotes the discovery.The quality of seismic data in the early time is poor,so key reservoir forming conditions such as effective source rocks,high quality reservoirs and oil-gas migration pathways are unable to be ascertained;with support of new seismic acquisition and processing technology,some researches show that Lingshui sag is a successive large and deep sag with an area of 5000 km2 and the maximum thickness of Cenozoic stratum of 13 km.In the Early Oligocene,the Lingshui sag was a semi-closed delta-estuarine environment,where the coalmeasure and marine mudstones in Lower Oligocene Yacheng Formation were developed.The Lingshui sag is a sag with high temperature,and the bottom temperature of source rocks in Yacheng Formation can exceed 250C,but the simulation experiment of hydrocarbon generation at high temperature indicates that the main part of this set of source rock is still in the gas-generation window,with resources of nearly 1 trillion cubic meters,so the Lingshui sag is a hydrocarbon-rich generation sag.In the Neogene,the axial canyon channel from the Thu Bon River in Vietnam passed through the Lingshui sag,and five stages of secondary channels were developed in the axial canyon channel,where four types of reservoirs with excellent physical properties including the axial sand,lateral accretion sand,natural levee sand as well as erosion residual sand were developed,and lithologic traps or structural-lithologic traps were formed.The diapiric zone in the southern Lingshui sag connects deep source rocks in Yacheng Formation and shallow sandstones in the channels,and the migration pattern of natural gas is a T-type migration pattern,in other words,the natural gas generated from Yacheng Formation migrates vertically to the interior of the channel sandbody,and then migrates laterally in the channel reservoirs and forms the reservoirs.Innovations of geophysical exploration technologies for complicated geological conditions of deepwater areas are made,such as the detuning comprehensive quantitative amplitude hydrocarbon detection technology,which greatly improves the success rate of deepwater exploration;key technologies of deepwater safety exploratory well testing represented by the platform-dragged riser displacement technology are developed,which greatly reduces the drilling test cost.The above key exploration technologies provide a strong guarantee for the efficient exploration and development of Lingshui gas field.

全球古生界海相碳酸盐岩大油气田特征及油气分布

古生界海相碳酸盐岩油气对中国能源安全具有重要意义。以全球古生界海相碳酸盐岩大油气田的最新资料为基础,系统统计分析了古生界海相碳酸盐岩大油气田的地质特征及其分布规律。截至2013年底,全球15个含油气盆地中共发现了89个古生界海相碳酸盐岩大油气田,油气可采储量达495.9×10^8t油当量,占全球海相碳酸盐岩层系油气总储量的20.9%。研究表明,大油气田分布在中东、前苏联、北美和亚太地区,其中,大油田主要分布于前苏联和北美,大气田则主要位于中东和亚太,20世纪70年代是大气田发现的高峰期。大油气田的油气主要来自古生界烃源岩,以志留系、石炭系、二叠系和泥盆系（按重要性排序）为主;烃源岩岩性主要为泥页岩、沥青质泥页岩和沥青质碳酸盐岩。盖层以蒸发岩和碎屑岩为主。层系上,油气主要富集于二叠系、石炭系和奥陶系,白云岩和生物礁储集层占重要地位。埋深上,储量分布相对集中的埋深为2500-3000m、3500-4000m和4000-4500m,分别占总储量的52.6%、15.9%和9.5%。油气藏类型上,以构造圈闭为主,不过近年来发现的大油气田的非构造圈闭比例有所增大。建议中国古生界海相油气勘探应重视白云岩储集层,更重要的是,应加强深层海相碳酸盐岩层系油气成藏机理和分布主控因素的研究。

全球碳酸盐岩大油气田分布特征及其控制因素

碳酸盐岩大油气田是以碳酸盐岩为主要储层的一类油气田。据不完全统计,截至2012年底,世界上共发现了1021个大型油气田,其中碳酸盐岩大油气田321个。运用统计分析、资源评价、沉积学等方法理论分析了其中226个主要碳酸盐岩大油气田的地理位置、层系分布、储层规模与埋深及圈闭类型等。分析表明,碳酸盐岩储层主要分布于波斯湾盆地、墨西哥湾盆地、锡尔特盆地、滨里海盆地、美国阿拉斯加北坡、二叠盆地、四川盆地和塔里木盆地等;其中的油气资源主要集中在上古生界、侏罗系、白垩系、古近系和新近系。碳酸盐岩大油气田类型主要为生物礁类、颗粒滩类、白云岩类和不整合与风化壳类,通常规模较大,埋深一般小于3000m,埋深较大的主要为白云岩和超压石灰岩。通过对碳酸盐岩大油气田的分布特征和成藏研究,发现碳酸盐岩大油气田的现今地理位置与垂向分布受控于碳酸盐岩的平面与地层分布,古气候、古纬度控制了烃源岩的生成和碳酸盐岩的发育,古构造及其演化控制了碳酸盐岩的储层规模及油气富集程度,沉积成岩作用控制了碳酸盐岩大油气田的储集性能,有利的生储盖配置是碳酸盐岩大油气田形成的关键。

全球大油气田分布特征

通过对全球1021个大油气田的逐个解剖和统计分析,对大油气田的发现年代、油气属性及地理位置、储层地质时代、岩性、埋深、圈闭类型、储量规模、盆地类型等参数进行分析,探讨大油气田分布的主要特征,并应用含油气域的概念,阐述大油气田在全球8个含油气域中的分布特征。研究认为,全球大油田609个,主要分布于中东地区,全球大气田412个,主要分布于东欧、中亚及俄罗斯地区,大油田和大气田最富集的地区为亚洲和大洋洲及中东地区,其次为欧洲地区;全球大油气田发现高峰在1960—1990年,近20年来也陆续有重要的大油气田被发现;大油气田主要富集于中生界,其次为新生界;大油气田的储集岩性主要为砂岩,其次是碳酸盐岩,但在碳酸盐岩储层中油气储量丰度更大;大油气田主要集中在3km埋深以内;圈闭类型主要是构造圈闭。对最终可采储量分析得出,中东地区油气资源储量巨大,同时发现委内瑞拉的奥里诺科重油带的油气资源也极其丰富。大油气田所在的盆地类型主要是Bally分类模式下的Ⅱ类和Ⅰ类盆地,Klemme分类模式下的Ⅱ类盆地,Mann分类模式下的Ⅱ类和Ⅰ类盆地。在8个含油气域中,特提斯含油气域油气资源最为富集。根据大油气田的分布特征,在未来的大油气田勘探中应加强对北极含油气域、重油带、深水区及岩性圈闭的勘探,在这些领域将可能会有重大的突破。

全球大型油气田的盆地类型与分布规律

本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上,基于世界大型油气田的文献资料及美国地质调查局USGS资料,按照国际上关于原型盆地的经典分类方案,将世界上877个大型油气田及其赋存的153个主要含油气盆地进行重新梳理,构建4幅不同盆地分类方案的全球主要含油气盆地和大油气田分布图及其8幅盆地类型与大型油气田对比关系直方图,明确了全球大型油气田主要赋存的盆地类型及其分布规律,进而比较分析不同原型盆地分类方案对大型油气田分布规律的影响。同时,考虑这些盆地经历复杂构造演化的历史及其与油气成藏的关系,尝试以盆地构造性质的转换或继承关系为主线,进行叠合盆地分类。分类统计结果表明,从叠合盆地类型来看,正反转盆地最有利于大型油气田的形成和发育,继承裂谷盆地和继承前陆盆地居其次,负反转盆地一般不利于形成大型油气田。

北海盆地大油气田形成条件及分布特征

北海盆地为典型的中生代裂谷盆地,其油气的形成与分布具有较明显的特征,了解它们的形成与分布可以指导其他裂谷型盆地的勘探。根据IHS及C&C提供的相关数据,结合生油层、储层、盖层及圈闭特征方面的研究,对北海盆地及邻区已发现的57个大油气田进行分析,得出南北海盆地气源岩为上石炭统威斯特伐利亚阶煤系地层,北北海盆地主要油源岩为上侏罗统到下白垩统沉积的KimmeridgeClay组(英国)、Mandal组、Draupne组(挪威)和Farsund组(丹麦)泥页岩;主力储层分别为南北海盆地的赤底统砂岩,北北海盆地维京地堑内中侏罗统Brent群砂岩及中央地堑内的上白垩统白垩;南部区域盖层为上二叠统盐岩,北部区域盖层以泥灰岩为主。北海大油气田形成与分布的主要受控因素为:有效烃源岩分布及其成熟度;优质储集体的发育及其分布;盐运动及同裂谷期断裂作用产生的相关盐构造和断块背斜、掀斜断块圈闭的发育;区域性盐岩及泥灰岩盖层的有效封盖。这些有利条件共同作用下,北海大油气田在整个区域上具南部产气、北部以油为主的特点;局部上,受有利储层Brent群分布位置和中央地堑区域盐构造运动影响,大油田集中富集于维京地堑西北部与中央地堑中部挪威区域。

南大西洋被动大陆边缘盆地大油气田形成条件与分布规律——以巴西桑托斯盆地为例

南大西洋被动大陆边缘主要经历了前裂谷期、裂谷期、过渡期、漂移期4个演化阶段,发育了4套相应的沉积层序,并形成了巴西(坎普斯、桑托斯及埃斯皮里图桑托盆地等)和西非(尼日尔三角洲、下刚果、加蓬及宽扎盆地等)沿岸一系列被动大陆边缘盆地。近年来,桑托斯盆地深水区发现了Tupi和Jupiter等多个巨型油气田,作为典型的南大西洋被动大陆边缘盆地,其具有代表性的油气地质条件与分布规律可为其他盆地对比和借鉴。桑托斯盆地主力烃源岩为盐下巴雷姆阶—下阿普特阶湖相页岩和盐上赛诺曼阶—马斯特里赫特阶深海相页岩,储层包括盐下裂谷期的湖相碳酸盐岩与盐上浊积砂岩,南大西洋广泛发育的阿普特阶蒸发岩为区域盖层,同时这套蒸发岩对整个盆地的圈闭形成及油气运聚起着控制作用。结合该盆地发育的Guaratiba—Guaratiba/Guaruja/Ilhabela和Itajai-Acu-Ilhabela/Marambaia两个含油气系统与Guaratiba、Guaruja及Ilhabela等5个成藏组合特征,总结了桑托斯盆地大油气田的分布特点与控制因素,对比巴西与西非其他盆地的油气地质条件,分析认为南大西洋深水区盐下裂谷期沉积地层油气资源丰富,勘探潜力巨大,可作为今后油气勘探的重点目标。

扎格罗斯前陆盆地大油气田的形成条件与分布规律

扎格罗斯前陆盆地油气资源极为丰富,开展该盆地大油气田的研究将丰富前陆盆地石油地质学理论,也可为前陆盆地的油气勘探提供参考依据。以扎格罗斯前陆盆地已发现的60个大油气田数据为基础,应用含油气系统的概念和分析方法,对大油气田逐个进行解剖,探讨了扎格罗斯前陆盆地大油气田的形成条件与分别规律。研究表明,扎格罗斯前陆盆地大油气田的油气源主要为下志留统Gahkum组、下白垩统Garau组和中白垩统Kazhdumi组及古新统—始新统Pabdeh组,主要储集于渐新统—下中新统Asmari组石灰岩、中白垩统阿尔布阶—土伦阶Bangestan群石灰岩、三叠系Dashtak组和Kangan组石灰岩及二叠系Dalan组石灰岩中,受中新统Gachsaran组蒸发岩系及上白垩统Gurpi组泥岩等封盖,在褶皱背斜圈闭中聚集成藏。大油气田主要集中在伊朗、伊拉克和叙利亚三国,在1960—1979年间有较大发现,主要富集于中生界和新生界,以碳酸盐岩储层为主,多数埋深小于3km,储量小于1×1010bbl。影响大油气田分布的控制因素包括:盆地的形成和演化及其成盆前的演化历史,烃源岩的有机质类型、热演化和展布,储层有利的储集条件,优质的区域和直接盖层,以及新近纪的造山运动和褶皱作用形成的有利油气聚集的褶皱背斜圈闭和有利油气垂向运移的裂缝通道。这些因素控制了油气的分布区域和聚集层位。

中国与煤成气相关的大型、特大型气田分布特征及启示

与煤成气相关的大型、特大型气田是中国天然气储量的主体。中国含煤盆地众多,但是只有少数大、中型含煤盆地具有形成大型、特大型气田的地质条件。含煤岩系沉积后的构造地质环境对形成煤成气藏的影响更为重要。生气高峰期及成藏期越晚,越快、越有利于含煤盆地转化成为含气(油)盆地,越有利于形成大型、特大型煤成气田。以类前陆型、克拉通内坳陷型及陆缘断陷型含煤-含气(油)盆地勘探前景最好。鄂尔多斯盆地,四川盆地中部、西部和东北部,塔里木盆地北部(库车坳陷),东海盆地西湖凹陷,莺琼盆地,柴达木盆地北部和三湖区,准噶尔盆地北部和南部,松辽盆地深部及南海北部深水区等含煤盆地,仍然是21世纪近、中期中国天然气储、产量保持快速增长的重点地区。

乌拉尔前陆盆地带大油气田形成条件与分布规律

乌拉尔前陆盆地带包括蒂曼—伯朝拉盆地和伏尔加—乌拉尔盆地。该区油气资源十分丰富,目前共发现大油气田28个,为俄罗斯重要的油气生产基地。应用含油气系统评价的方法,通过对乌拉尔前陆盆地的形成演化和石油地质特征的分析,并对典型油气田进行剖析,探讨了主要油气田的形成条件和分布规律。研究认为,在晚泥盆世弗拉斯期-法门期被动大陆边缘阶段,快速沉降时发育良好的多马尼克组烃源岩,岩性主要为泥岩、泥灰岩,为整个盆地带最主要的烃源岩;储集层主要为泥盆—二叠系浅水陆架相的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩;受海西期乌拉尔造山运动的影响,盆地不断抬升,二叠系空谷阶发育良好的区域性膏岩盖层;该盆地带主要发育构造圈闭,其次为构造-地层复合圈闭;受盆地差异沉降的影响,不同地区的烃源岩热演化程度不同,最早的油气生成期为早石炭世;油气主要沿断裂和不整合面运移;油气主要分布在古隆起及其周围斜坡带。研究区的油气勘探处于勘探中期,但蒂曼—伯朝拉盆地的海域部分,伏尔加—乌拉尔盆地的中部、北部和南部勘探程度较低,具有很大的勘探潜力。

北极含油气域大油气田形成条件和分布规律

北极含油气域包括了北极圈以北的广大区域,具有非常丰富油气资源。根据北极地区的构造演化,结合区内地层特征、盆地分布及其发育特征,研究区内油气地质条件,通过剖析研究区大油气田的成藏要素和作用,并结合含油气系统的思想,探讨大油气田的形成条件和分布规律。研究表明,北极地区的构造演化控制了北极含油气域的含油气盆地的形成和演化。其中巨型裂谷的发育、联合古陆的形成与裂解以及北大西洋的形成使北极含油气域具备了优越的油气地质条件。因此,中生界是区内含油气盆地烃源岩、储层和盖层发育的主要层位,其次是新生界。区内主要以大气田为主,大油气田的圈闭类型以构造圈闭为主,油气生成大多开始于侏罗纪,运移高峰则大多发生在白垩纪以后。在大油气田数量和可采储量上,区内白垩系是大油气田分布最多的地层,其次为侏罗系。研究区勘探程度很低,仍有大量的油气资源待开发或未开发,但由于不确定性因素多,区内油气资源的勘探开发风险大,因此对大油气田的分布规律需进一步的研究。

北美含油气域大油气田形成条件和分布规律

北美地区油气资源丰富,全球有近1/5的大油气田分布其中。研究区限于落基山褶皱冲断带、马拉松—沃希托褶皱冲断带、阿巴拉契亚褶皱冲断带和因努伊特褶皱带所围限的北美克拉通以及北大西洋被动大陆边缘地区北美部分,称之为北美含油气域。根据北美地区构造沉积特征,结合盆地分布及其地质结构特征,将北美含油气域划分为5个构造区带。通过深入剖析研究区大油气田的成藏要素和作用,结合含油气系统的思想,探讨大油气田的形成条件和分布规律。研究表明,研究区的构造沉积演化有泥盆纪、二叠纪和白垩纪3个重要时期,对区内大油气田的分布有着重要的控制作用。大油气田分布在落基山前陆地区、马拉松—沃希托前陆地区和中陆地区、内克拉通地区以及北大西洋被动大陆边缘地区,其中,在前陆地区最为集中。区内大油气田的烃源岩、储层和盖层主要位于泥盆系、二叠系和白垩系,圈闭类型主要是背斜圈闭、岩性圈闭和礁型圈闭以及构造和地层的复合圈闭。大油气田的产层深度主要在3km以上,其中泥盆系以大油田为主,二叠系大油田和大气田都较多,白垩系则以大气田为主。

南里海盆地大油气田的形成条件与分布特征

依据南里海盆地中15个大油气田的资料,应用研究含油气系统的思路与方法,对盆地构造沉积演化及油气地质条件进行剖析,探讨了大油气田的形成条件和分布特征。研究认为,南里海盆地主要发育麦考普组-红层组含油气系统,盆地北缘的大型走滑挤压构造带的油气地质条件最为优越,目前已发现的大油气田集中分布在该构造带上。里海东西两侧岸线附近的褶皱带也具备良好的生储盖条件,有望成为盆地今后油气勘探的有利区带;麦考普组-红层组含油气系统比较年轻,油气的生、运、聚活动仍然活跃,因此,即使是目前勘探程度较高的北缘构造带,仍然具有较大的勘探潜力。