Spatial distribution features of sequence types of moderate and strong earthquake in Chinese mainland

Based on 294 earthquake sequences with magnitude greater than or equal to 5.0 occurred in Chinese mainland since 1970, the spatial distribution features of sequence types have been studied. In southwestern China, it takes mainshock-aftershock sequence type （MAT） as the major in Chuan-Dian rhombic block and concerned Xianshuihe-Anninghe-Xiaojiang seismic belt, as well as in Jinshajiang-Honghe seismic belt. Multiple mainshock type （MMT） mainly distributes in western Yunnan, and Longlin and Lancang areas in Tengchong-Baoshan block in west of Nujiang-Lancangjiang fault zone. A few isolated earthquake type （IET） mainly occurred in northwestern Sichuan and there is no IET occurred in Yunnan region. In northwestern China, it takes mainshock-aftershock sequence type （MAT） as the major in west segment of South Tianshan in Xinjiang region. Some MMT also occurred in this area in the intersection of Kalpin block and the Puchang fault zone. It takes IET as the major in middle Tianshan in Xinjiang. Along the Qilianshan seismic belt, most of sequences are MAT. In Qinghai region, it takes MAT as the major, but the regional feature of the spatial distribution of sequence types is not very clear. In North China, it takes MAT as the major in Yinshan-Yanshan-Bohai seismic belt, north edge of North China, and in Hebei plain seismic belt, as well as in sub-plate of lower river area of Yangtze River. In intersection of north segment of Shanxi seismic belt and the NW-trending Yinshan-Yanshan-Bohai seismic belt, there are several moderate or strong MMT with magnitude from 5.0 to 6.0 occurred. In south of North China around the latitude line of 35°N, it takes IET as the major. The spatial distribution of sequence types is relevant to the patterns of tectonic movements. MAT is mostly produced by the ruptures of locked units or asperities or the neonatal separating segments inside the fault zones. MMT is generally relevant to the conjugate structures or intersection of many tectonic settings. Further extension of simple fault often produces IET. Spatial distribution of sequence types is also correlative to the regional and deep environment of crustal medium to some extent. MAT mainly distributes in high velocity area in upper crust or in the transition zone between high velocity area and low velocity area, MMT mostly occurred in the low velocity area in upper crust.

THE RELATION OF SEQUENCE DISTRIBUTIONS OF S-SBR TO ITS MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS

The relationship between sequence distributions and molecular weight distributions of S-SBR, obtained from styrene and butadiene anionic copolymerization at various conversions with THF/Li^+ as an initiator has been studied by ^(13)C-NMR,GPC. The results showed that the molecular weight distributions of the copolymer couldbe correlated sophisticatedly to the binary sequcne distributions or the monomer unit distributions of the copolymer in a corrected Poisson's distribution from.

COMONOMER SEQUENCE DISTRIBUTION IN METALLOCENE-BASED ETHYLENE/1-BUTENE (S-34) AND ETHYLENE/1-HEXENE (S-43) COPOLYMERS

Metallocene based polyethylenes were prepared by SMOPEC's 'metallocene adduct' technology in a gas phase fluidized bed model reactor. The C-13-NMR spectra of ethylene/1-butene (S-34) and ethylene/1-hexene(S-43) copolymers were studied in a manner analogous to that established by Hsieh and Cheng. The comonomer sequence distributions of copolymer samples were obtained. The results show that these metallocene based copolymers contain a small amount of butene and hexene, and the EE and EEE sequences are dominant.

Effects of Sequence Distribution and Physical Aging on Physical Properties of PES/PEES Random, Block, and Alternative Copolymers

The random, block, and alternative copolymers of poly ether sulfone（PES） and poly ether ether sulfone（PEES） were synthesized v/a three kinds of methods. The chemical structures of the three kinds of copolymers were characterized by ^13C NMR. Three kinds of PES/PEES copolymers（ Tg =215 ℃ ）, which were almost identical in composition but different in sequence distribution, were used. Their physical aging process was studied by differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） at three aging temperatures ranging between Tg -15 ℃ and Tg -25℃. The experimental results reveal that the alternative copolymer shows a lower enthalpy relaxation time 〈T〉 and apparent activation energy when compared with the random and block copolymers. The result of the electron-microscopy investigation of the three copolymers that were treated at 200 ℃ for 96 h indicates that the molecular aggregation of the copolymers changed from a randomly coiled amorphous phase to an ordered phase, and the ordered structure of the alternative copolymer was more distinct than that of the random phase. The experimental results of this study suggest that the motion of the sagments is affected by the different molecular-chain sequence distribution.

Frequency and Distribution of Microsatellites in the Genome of Filamentous Fungus,Neurospora crassa

A total of 38.0 Mb of publicly available DNA sequence in Neurospora crassa was researched for mono- to hexanucleotide simple sequence repeats (SSR or microsatellite) to determine the type, size and frequency. A total of 14 788 SSRs were observed in the whole genomic DNA sequence, about one every 2.57 kb, with the criteria of SSR length >15 bp and 80% matches. The most abundant microsatellite was trinucleotide repeat, the number was 4 729, followed by hexanucleotide and mononucleotide repeats, the numbers were 2 940 and 2 489 respectively, and the least abundance was dinucleotide repeat, only 691 were found. Among the 10 082 ORFs, 4 094 SSRs were harbored in 2 373 ORF (no intron) of the organism. One thousand and fifty six ORFs harbored only one SSR. Similar with other organisms, tri- and hexanucleotide repeats were predominant in ORFs, 54.1 and 48.8% of tri- and hexanucleotide repeats were distributed in ORF region. The density of these two motifs was overpresented in coding regions, because ORF region and coding region constitutes only 46 and 38.3% of genomic sequence, respectively. Upstream and downstream 300 bp of regulatory regions were high density regions of SSRs, particularly density of pentanucleotide SSR in upstream region was as high as five times of average density in genomic DNA, density of di- and tetranucleotide SSR was also more than two times of average density. The density of penta-, tetra-, di- and mononucleotide SSRs was relatively higher than average density. There were 47 SSRs in mitochondria 64 840 bp DNA sequence, their distribution is similar with genomic DNA sequence. These results suggested that SSRs were clustered in regulatory regions of genomic DNA.

STUDY ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF DISTRIBUTION OF SUBSTITUENTS ALONG THE CHAINOF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE

Four new paranmeters, and , and have been proposed to describe the average length of the sequence of substituted anhydroglucose units and that of unsubstituted ones respectively along the CMC chain. The methods for determining those parameters have also been presented . Six CMC samples have been characterized in terms of intrinsic viscosity, degree of substitution （DS）, index of substitution（SI）;and . It has been proved experimentally that, not only can describe the sequence distribution along the CMC chain, but also can be used for calculating SI and estimating the average degree of substitution in the substituted glucose rings.

STUDY ON THE SEQUENCE STRUCTURE OF SBR BY ^(13)C-NMR METHOD Ⅵ MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF THE SEQUENCE OF SBR

A program of Monte Carlo simulation of binary copolymerization for E-SBR (emulsion polymn. SB rubber) was made according to the terminal model. The simulation results obtained by this program were in good agreement with those experimental ones. A detail microstructure information of E-SBR molecular chain has been provided.

STUDY ON THE SEQUENCE STRUCTURE OF SBR BY ^(13)C-NMR METHOD Ⅱ. PEAK ASSIGNMENT FOR ALIPHATIC CARBONS SPECTRA

The study on ^(13)C-NMR spectra of aliphatic carbon region of emuision-processed and solution-processed (by lithium catalyst) SBR was carried out. The assignments for more than thirty odd peaks observed experimentally were made by using 'corresponding analysis' method, combined with the empirical parameters reported in literature. The peak intensifies were calculated based on BemouUian statistic assumption.

STUDY ON THE SEQUENCE STRUCTURE OF SBR BY ^(13)C—NMR METHOD Ⅰ. ASSIGNMENT FOR UNSATURAT CARBONS SPECTRA

The sequence structures of emulsion-processed SBR and solution-processed (by lithium catalyst) SBR were investigated by ^(13)C-NMR spectroscopy. Seventeen peaks within unsaturated carbon region were recorded under the adopted experimental conditions. Assignments for these peaks were made by empirical-parameter-evaluation method.

Almost sure limit theorem for the maximum of a class of quasi-stationary sequences

This paper investigates the problem of almost sure limit theorem for the maximum of quasi-stationary sequence based on the result of Turkman and Walker. We prove an almost sure limit theorem for the maximum of a class of quasi-stationary sequence under weak dependence conditions of D （uk, un） and αtm,ln = 0 （（log log n）-（1＋ε））.

Studies on Kinetics of Chlorination Reaction of Polyethylene

Through kinetic method, the reaction mechanism and the rate equations of chlorination of polyethylene are suggested in this paper. The rate of chlorination is second order with respect to the concentration of methylene remained and chlorine, respectively. Apparent changes in crystallinity during chlorination processes were determinated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). The mathematical model relating crystallinety with kinetic parameters and function of sequence length distribution are derived.

STUDIES ON THE SEGMENTAL STRUCTURE OF POLYESTER-POLYETHER

In this paper the change of segment ratio, segmental sequence distribution and randonmess B of PET-PTMG block copolymer have been investigated by IR and ^(13)C-NMR spectra during the polycondensation reaction.

Microstructural Characteristics Analysis of PCE Copolymer from Methyl Allyl Polyethylene Glycol and Methacrylic Acid based on Determination of Monomer Reactivity Ratios

The reactivity ratio of monomer and the microstructure of copolymer as polycarboxylate ether(PCE)superplasticizer were investigated.Polycarboxylate ethers(PCEs)were synthesized from methyl allyl polyethylene glycol(MAPEG,Mw=2400 g/mol)and methacrylic acid(MAA)via aqueous free radical copolymerization in low conversion(P<20%).Gel permeation chromatography(GPC)and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)were used to track the residual concentration of the reactants and the amount of copolymer formed during the copolymerization.The reactivity ratios of monomers,MAPEG and MAA,were determined as r1(MAPEG)=0.0489 and r2(MAA)=1.6173,respectively,by employing the K-T and YBR methods.According to the obtained monomer reactivity results,the sequence distribution of the copolymer,the number average length of MAA in the polymerisate were found to decline with the decrease of the mole fraction of MAA in the polymerization system.As a result,the distribution of chain segments becomes narrower and the copolymer structure becomes more uniform.Therefore,uniform polymers could be obtained by slowly adding MAA monomer during copolymerization process.

THE EFFECT OF MONOMERS FEEDING METHODS ON EMULSION COPOLYMERIZATION OF VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE AND ACRYLATES

The emulsion copolymerization of vinylidene chloride (VDC) with methyl-methacrylate(MMA) and acrylonitrile (AN) was carried out by batch, seeded batch and semicontinuous pro-cesses,respectively. Significant differences were found in the physical and mechanical propertiesof the latexes and films, depending on the methods of monomer feeding. The results both intheory and experiments demonstrated that the copolymer composition and the length of the VDC sequences in the copolymer could be controlled by the modes of monomer feeding process.

CRYSTALLIZATION SEGREGATION DSC STUDIES OF PP/PE COPOLYMERS

The structural analysis of two PP/PE copolymer samples, 1 and 2, was conducted by using C-13-NMR, GPC and crystallization segregation DSC (CSDSC) techniques. A pure polypropylene sample was also used for comparison. It was found that the two copolymer samples are very close in composition (the ethylene mol content is 4.3% and 4.5%, respectively), stereoregularity (96% and 97%) and molecular weight (M-w = 7.0 x 10(4) and 7.3 x 10(4); M-w/M-n = 5.0 and 6.1, respectively). While the CSDSC thermograms of the two samples are quite different from each other. Sample 1 shows a higher average melting temperature and a broader distribution of its thermogram These phenomena were explained as an indication of a less uniform distribution of ethylene units along the PP chains for sample 1. It was noted that CSDSC is a very sensitive and convenient technique for structural studies of copolymers.

^(13)C-NMR STUDY OF ETHYLENE-1-OCTENE COPOLYMERS

A ^(13)C-NMR method is presented for a quantitative determination of the respective monomercomposition and sequence distributions in ethylene-1-octene copolymers prepared with supportedtitanium/magnesium catalyst. On the basis of the sequence distributions, the ethylene-1-octenecopolymerization mechanism was studied. It was found that the observed sequence distributions inethylene-1-octene copolymers are satisfactorily predicted by the two-site model M/M,in whichthe copolymerization proceeds according to first-order Markovian statistics at the two differentsites.

Molecular analysis of bacterial community in the tap water with different water ages of a drinking water distribution system

Bacterial community in the drinking water distribution system （DWDS） was regulated by multiple environmental factors, many of which varied as a function of water age. In this study, four water samples with different water ages, including finished water （FW, 0 d） and tap water （TW） [TWI （1 d）, TW2（2 d） and TW3（3 d）], were collected along with the mains of a practical DWDS, and the bacterial community was investigated by high-throughput sequencing technique. Results indicated that the residual chlorine declined with the increase of water age, accompanied by the increase of dissolved organic matter, total bacteria counts and bacterial diversity （Shannon）. For bacterial community composition, although Proteobacteria phylum （84.12%-97.6%） and Alphaproteobacteria class （67.42c/,~93.09%） kept dominate, an evident regular was observed at the order level. In detail, the relative abundance of most of other residual orders increased with different degrees from the start to the end of the DWDS, while a downward trend was uniquely observed in terms of Rhizobiales, who was inferred to be chlorine-resistant and be helpful for inhibiting pipes corrosion. Moreover, some OTUs were found to be closely related with species possessing pathogenicity and chlorine-resistant ability, so it was recommended that the use of agents other than chlorine or agents that can act synergically with chlorine should be developed for drinking water disinfection. This paper revealed bacterial community variations along the mains of the DWDS and the result was helpful for understanding bacterial ecology in the DWDS.

Impact of disinfection on drinking water biofilm bacterial community

Disinfectants are commonly applied to control the growth of microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems. However, the effect of disinfection on drinking water microbial community remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the impacts of different disinfectants（chlorine and chloramine） and dosages on biofilm bacterial community in bench-scale pipe section reactors. Illumina MiS eq sequencing illustrated that disinfection strategy could affect both bacterial diversity and community structure of drinking water biofilm. Proteobacteria tended to predominate in chloraminated drinking water biofilms, while Firmicutes in chlorinated and unchlorinated biofilms. The major proteobacterial groups were influenced by both disinfectant type and dosage. In addition, chloramination had a more profound impact on bacterial community than chlorination.

Investigation of drinking water bacterial community through high-throughput sequencing

Delivery of safe and pathogen-free drinking water is crucial to public health.However,there exist challenges to the maintenance of the sterility of drinking water throughout the drinking water distribution systems（DWDS）.Microbial growth in DWDS,such as growth of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms,can lead to severe health problems in consumers（Berry et al.,2006;Brettar and Hofle,2006;Lu et al.,2014;Zhang et al.,2015）.

Design and implementation of the NaI(Tl)/CsI(Na) detectors output signal generator

We designed and implemented a signal generator that can simulate the output of the NaI（Tl）/CsI（Na）detectors＇pre-amplifier onboard the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope（HXMT）.Using the development of the FPGA（Field Programmable Gate Array）with VHDL language and adding a random constituent,we have finally produced the double exponential random pulse signal generator.The statistical distribution of the signal amplitude is programmable.The occurrence time intervals of the adjacent signals contain negative exponential distribution statistically.