Global Distributive Justice and Education

Global distributive justice is directly connected to the increased inequality in the world. This inequality, which includes the huge inequality of education opportunities, is usually understood as unjust. There are two main approaches to this problem： cosmopolitan and statist. Looking from the cosmopolitan point of view, this kind of injustice is related predominantly with the socio-economic relationships among the individuals on the planet. Just the opposite is the view of the so-called statists, who claim that a more just world is not a world of persons who are equal among themselves, but rather a world of nation states which are able to achieve a more just society within their borders and, consequently, a more just and egalitarian global society as well.

Unequal and Universal:The Opposition and Unity of the Confucianism and Mohism in the View of Distributive Justice

Among the hundred schools of scholars in the pre-Qin period,Confucianism and Mohism were prominent.From the perspective of the emotional motivation of distribution and the fact that individual love is unequal,the Confucianism believes that there is an inevitable natural and reasonable distribution gap.From the perspective of distribution results,Mohism,from the ideal inverse of overall utilitarianism,requires the group to“love without unequal”,and believes that the distribution of selfless“universal love”is reasonable.However,the Confucianism and Mohism views on distributive justice are basically the same in the following five aspects.First,equal distribution of basic means of production and livelihood;second,give priority to the elderly and other vulnerable groups in society;third,oppose extreme individualism;fourth,criticize the polarization of too large distribution gap;fifth,public power should be appropriately opened.Therefore,the view of distributive justice of Confucianism and Mohism is both opposite and unified.

Distributive Justice Concept as a Panacea to the Political,Religious,Socio-Economic and Integrity Challenges in the Nigerian Society

It is observed that one of the causes of conflicts and crises in Nigeria society is the inability of the government,religious leaders,politicians and social groups to share equitably benefits,rewards,duties,rights,obligations,and opportunities to the society fairly and excusably to achieve social justice.In the context of the nation’s recent awakening to economic inequalities,it is most helpful here to revisit the meaning and roots of the concept of distributive justice.Distributive justice,requires that the allocation of income,wealth,and power in Nigerian society be evaluated in light of its effects on persons whose basic material needs are unmet.So to address the socio-political,economic,and security challenges of Nigerian society,the unequal distribution of wealth,power,and responsibilities,should be redressed to achieve a peaceful Nigerian society with justice,peace,and security.This work will use qualitative and quantitative methods to undergo the essay.The primary source will be through discussions and interactions with people that have idea on the problems generated by the unequal sharing of the societal power and economic benefits in Nigeria.The secondary source will be the use of the library materials,the Holy Scripture,books,internet,encyclopedia,and journals.Historical,sociological,and analytical approaches will be employed to analyze the data obtained from the sources.The work will dictate the setbacks which Nigeria has suffered by not implementing the principles of distributive justice in the sharing of rewards and responsibilities in Nigerian society.The challenges generated:insecurity,economic depression,political instability that resulted to the creation of different ethnic,religious,and regional militant groups which are strangulating the Nigerian society.To resolve the challenges,the work will address the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria,provisions on the principles of Federal character,Quota System,Fundamental Objectives of State Policy,and the Principles of Fundamental Human Rights as well as considering the implications of the provisions and its effect on the issues to be discussed.Equally,the paper will make recommendations and contribute to how to resolve the irregularities in the sharing of benefits,rewards,and responsibilities in Nigeria society in order to stabilize socio-political,religious,and economic challenges of Nigerian State which will enable us to achieve a peaceful and stable Nigeria with good religion and politics with integrity.

On the Distributive Justice of Land Added Value in the Process of Urban Expansion

It is an unarguable fact that the urban-rural dual structure led to two different results. On the one hand,it had been playing a great role in the city development and prosperity,and on the other hand,it had led the slow development of rural economy and the income gap between rural and urban areas. The government makes efforts to promote the process of urbanization to maintain the sustained development of China's economy and economic transformation which are the two needs of the Chinese reality. But in the top-level design of the policy,the government did not give a fair profits distribution to all social groups. On the contrary,the result of urban development is based on the expense of a part of the people's interests in exchange for the interests of another parts of the people,and especially on the government expropriation in the process of urban expansion. Under Land Administration Law of the People's Republic of China,the government monopolized the expropriation right of the rural land,and the rural collectives and farmers as the land owner and constructors respectively have no rights to decide the land use purposes. In fact,they are forced to accept the land compensation,and because of the little bargaining rights,they gain little from the land value increment. Comparatively,the governments became the biggest beneficiary who made use of the land as a source and capital to earn the achievement in their official career and more money required by the urban development. The paper mainly analyzes the current situation of the distribution of the land added value,elaborates the reasons why the government strives for the land interests,and discusses what farmers lose in the government expropriation. Last but not lest,the author reflects on the land reform and gives a proposal on distribution of land added value.

Education, Political Trust, and Perceptions of Distributive Justice - A Survey Study in China

Using data from the General Social Survey of Wuhan,China in 2014,this study designs three paths to analyze the direct and indirect relationships between education and perception of distributive justice of income.The first path explores whether education directly affects people’s perception of distributive justice.The second path connects education to socioeconomic status to determine whether higher status results in a higher perception of distributive justice.The last path introduces political trust as a mediating variable to evaluate the relationship between political trust and justice perception.Results show that education is the significant factor that affects people’s political trust and perception of distributive justice.

Environmental and Climate Justice in Palestine

To have a clean, safe, and functional environment is not only essential for the purpose of preservation, but also imperative for safeguarding the most fundamental of human rights. Resolution 45/94 of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly also stresses and acknowledges that: “all individuals are entitled to live in an environment adequate for their health and wellbeing” (United Nations Digital Library System, 1991). Environmental and climate justice, which: “emerged in the context of the local environmental struggles of directly oppressed groups”, is a global movement dedicated to ensuring equal protection of people’s human rights (i.e., water, health, life, etc.) in the face of the climate crisis. Moreover, health, environment and human rights are part of the 2030 agenda (in particular, SDG 1, SDG 5, SDG 6, SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 16, SDG 17). Individually, both environmental and climate justice are rooted in an intersectional outlook, by which they highlight the common threads between communities and the people’s inclusion, irrespective of race, class, or gender, in the pursuit of justice. On the other hand, they recognise and acknowledge the role and consequences of climate change in economic, social, and political dimensions;thus, drawing emphasis on the rights of people under the emerging inequities. In the case of Palestine, the Palestinian community is increasingly becoming vulnerable to these effects and the resulting inequalities of climate change. This vulnerability stems from: 1) The right to life;clean WASH;equitable work opportunities;access to resources;and free movement;are all examples of human rights that the Israeli colonial regime infringes upon;2) Infrastructure is essential for climate adaptation: 61% of the West Bank is ultimately barred from building infrastructure (B’Tselem, 2019) and Gaza Strip has major gaps in infrastructure due to intentional destruction by Israel;3) Palestinian deprivation of the sovereign right to natural resources by Israel;4) Apartheid system in water accessibility: Israeli water usage per person is over three times higher than that of Palestinians (their usage is under the WHO recommended minimum per day) (B’Tselem, 2023);and 5) Violent settler attacks. In 2022 alone, the Applied Research Institute-Jerusalem (ARIJ) recorded 1527 settler attacks that targeted land, properties, livestock, agriculture and even Palestinian civilians. The ongoing neglect of these concerns and the persistent colonization of Palestine by Israel unequivocally and unwaveringly affect the human rights of Palestinians. The power dynamics at play especially hamper the Palestinian ability to exercise and fulfill their inalienable human rights and to tackle the obstacles to justice in their environment.

Advancement Towards Spatial Justice:The Barrier-Free Environment Construction from a Gender Perspective

Space is both a product and a producer of social relations.In the spatial domain,gender blindness has long existed,limiting women’s rights of access to and use of space,leading to structural oppression of women’s rights,and giving rise to new gender inequalities.The barrier-free environment construction has the functions of eliminating physical barriers and generating societal norms,and when combined with social changes,can facilitate justice correction across multiple dimensions.However,barrier-free environment construction itself,as a means of justice correction,also suffers from gender blindness.There remains room for improvement in the areas of facility construction,information exchange,and social services within the realm of barrier-free environments.In response to this phenomenon,gender equality offers a new critical perspective.Therefore,integrating a gender perspective into the barrier-free environment construction,focusing on the spatial rights of women,especially groups with multiple vulnerabilities,such as disabled women and elderly women,can contribute to the advancement towards spatial justice.

Challenges to Online Criminal Litigation in the Context of Smart Justice and Responses——Focusing on the Protection of the Right to Defense

Online criminal litigation transcends the constraints of physical time and space and changes the logic and path of trial hearings for some criminal cases with the help of technology.However,the leapfrog shift from the“physical field”to the“virtual field”has brought great challenges to the effective exercise of the defendant's right to defense.Online criminal justice further highlights the imbalance in the relationship between prosecution and defense in the context of smart justice,and proposes a new topic for protecting the human rights of the prosecuted.The introduction of online criminal litigation in judicial practice is intended to achieve justice in a faster and more convenient way.However,the dissipation of the ritualized remote hearings tends to undermine the effectiveness of the defense and impair the defense's ability to cross-examine evidence,while the technically advantageous public authorities can aggravate the barrier to the defense's meeting and reading the case file.The root cause is that technological power instrumentalism overemphasizes pragmatism and the pursuit of truth under the position of authority,thus diluting humanistic care for the subject of litigation.In order to resolve the problem with the quality and effectiveness of the right to defense in remote hearings,it is necessary to transform online criminal litigation from a“practical technical tool”to a“convenient auxiliary method,”and appropriately weigh the limits of pursuing truth against human rights protection in special scenarios.Meanwhile,it is also feasible to provide technical care for the defense and strengthen its ability to cross-examine evidence.Moreover,a covert communication platform should be furnished for the defender's online meeting to actively strengthen the protection of the defendant's right to defense.

Research on Landscape Justice under the Background of Community RenewalMING

A city is a complex giant system,in which landscape is a process,and emphasizes the regulation of social relationships in the process of creating landscape,rather than simply creating a kind of landscape.In response to the slogan of high-quality development of China,communities,as the earliest developed but declining old areas in Chinese cities,are the focus of current urban renovation work.By studying the latest research theories in the process of community renewal,it is concluded that there is a close relationship between“community renewal”and“landscape justice”or“public participation”.Based on this,research related to community renewal and landscape justice were sorted out,and suggestions for future research focus were proposed.

基于深度学习算法的湿法冶金资源回收效率提升方法设计及研究

为进一步提高湿法冶金资源回收率,解决资源回收流程控制的智能化、自动化控制程度不高的问题,提出了一种采用Transformer模型进行金属浸出率预测,再采用Distributional Q-function改进DQN模型进行湿法冶金金浸出率最大化的湿法冶金流程控制方法。结果表明:该系统控制方法能有效提升湿法冶金过程中金属浸出率的预测准确率;基于Distributional Q-function改进DQN模型能有效降低资源回收率最大化模型的迭代计算时间。该法能有效提高某工厂湿法冶金资源回收率。

公平与资源双约束下地方政府何以改善弱者福利——基于服务类社会救助的多案例研究

社会救助作为帮扶弱者的基础性制度安排,在执行过程中面临着维护公平与资源短缺的双重约束。如何在双约束下追求弱者福利最大化是社会救助高质量发展亟待解决的难题。基于弱者福利最大化理念,结合分配正义原则与整体性治理理论,构建双约束下地方政府改善弱者福利的解释框架,并深入剖析多地服务类社会救助创新案例。研究发现:在服务类社会救助探索中,地方政府根据公平与效率的差异作用组合,形成了公平优先型、效率优先型、同步提高型等3种发展路径。分层分类与整体智治是双约束下地方政府改善弱者福利的重要机制。在此过程中,通过以线分层满足底线福利需求、以层分类实现边际效用趋近,保障阶层间公平与阶层内公平;通过数字赋能降低供需双方交易成本、圈层动员整合多元救助力量、标准建设规范公权力与兼顾私诉求,实现有限政府与有限目标。

职业教育高考制度正义的理性表征:一个整全性分析框架

职业教育高考作为从普通高考中独立出来的类型化教育考试制度,其必须彰显一种新式的教育正义,即要以一种更加正义的形式实现优质教育资源再分配。以罗尔斯“原初状态”为逻辑前提,认为职业教育高考制度正义是一种包含分配正义、承认正义、能力正义的复合型正义,且需要同时满足自由平等原则、机会公平原则、禀赋差异原则。而制度正义由理念到落实则需要一种完备的正义论分析工具,即包含形式正义、实质正义、程序正义、感知正义四种理想化表征为一体的分析框架作为理论支点,以此变革教育评价的底层逻辑,重新定义什么是公平的教育评价机制。

对“阅核制”的认识论检讨

学界和实务界对阅核制存在认识分歧,分歧的根源是如何看待正当程序与实体公正的关系。若认为实体正当性来源于程序正当性,会质疑阅核制;若认为实体正当性可以独立于程序正当性,则未必会质疑阅核制。从认识论的角度来看,阅核制以理性主义认识论为基础,认为应该会有一个具有真理性的裁判方案在等待被发现。但即使是理性主义认识论也承认绝对的真理很难到达,当案件无法在真理性判断的基础上达成时,裁判的正当性只能通过正当的诉讼程序来得到保证。从现象学的视角出发,正当的裁判应当是通过诉讼程序对案件所形成的具有“主体间性”的认识结论,因此实体正当性不仅由程序正当性提供担保,实际上也只能通过程序正当性才能生产出来。基于此,程序的正当性就体现在它能够促成具有“主体间性”的裁判结论的形成。哈贝马斯的交往行为理论可以为建构这样的程序提供支撑。阅核制不仅违背了诉讼程序的正当性,实际上也不能增加裁判在实体上的正当性。应通过完善诉讼程序机制来增强诉讼程序的正当性,通过增强诉讼程序的正当性来提升裁判结果的正当性。

论行政处罚裁量自动化中逸脱机制的适用

自动化行政处罚背景下的裁量发生了深刻的变化。行政处罚裁量自动化的应用提升了处罚的效率和客观性,但其“一刀切”的裁量模式导致了行政裁量僵化的现象,这违背了行政裁量的初衷。逸脱机制在破解裁量僵化的问题上发挥着积极作用,为在自动化裁量中探寻逸脱机制适用的路径提供了可能。构建逸脱机制需要在制度规则层面制定逸脱规范、划定逸脱范围、明确逸脱规则、公开逸脱规范,在实践运行层面规范启动主体和适用条件,在事后层面落实备案、更新数据、责任追究等保障手段。

重塑数字时代的文化根隐喻——包华士的生态正义课程观及其启示

包华士是美国著名教育哲学家,毕生致力于环境保护和生态正义教育研究,晚年更是聚焦于课程改革与生态危机的关系研究。他认为,由于数字技术的多重冲击,作为社会文化深层结构的文化根隐喻亟须重新审视与构建,并由此提出了旨在重塑数字时代文化根隐喻的生态正义课程观,倡导在课程设计中融入生态意识,提倡在课程内容上整合低位知识,强调课程实施中运用文化回应性教学。包华士的生态正义课程观为数字时代的课程改革提供了新的启示:课程目标应兼顾个人成长、社会发展与生态正义;课程内容需整合学科知识、代际智慧与在地文化;课程实施要创新教学方法和转变师生关系。

空间正义视域下县域城镇化高质量发展的理论逻辑与实践进路

县域是城乡融合发展的关键节点和区域协调发展的关键枢纽,也是推进新型城镇化高质量发展的重要基础。县域城镇化高质量发展本质上是要解决好城乡区域发展不平衡不充分问题,让更多新市民共享城市发展成果,不断提升居民的获得感、归属感和公平感。立足新发展阶段,需要正视内生型和外生型县域城镇化所呈现的城乡区域差异,并从生产正义、分配正义、制度正义、价值正义等维度出发,深刻分析县域城镇化发展所面临的非正义问题及其困境。空间正义是县域城镇化高质量发展的题中之义,需要基于生产要素回流、深化分配结果的全面性、治理体系与制度创设、人民主体性回归等正义逻辑,在生产空间内培育与壮大县域特色产业和加大人才吸纳力度,在分配空间上提高农民收益分配地位和增强农民综合发展能力,在制度空间内构建县域灵活治理体系和协同推进“三农”制度改革,在价值空间上营造社区良好文化氛围和突破社会阶层隔阂等,以此重塑空间正义并深入推进县域城镇化高质量发展。

白鲜不同生育时期营养元素积累规律及分配特征

以3年生白鲜(Dictamnus dasycarpus)为研究对象,通过测定白鲜不同生育时期根、茎、叶的干质量及营养元素含量,分析白鲜不同生育时期营养元素积累规律及分配特征,为白鲜科学精准施肥提供理论依据。结果表明:白鲜在生长过程中,不同营养元素的积累量由大到小的顺序为氮(N)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、钾(K)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu);在生长初期,N、P、K质量分数相对较高,植物对N、P、K元素的需求较大;出苗期至花蕾期,白鲜根中N、P、K的积累量分配比例明显降低,茎叶中积累量分配比例明显增加;从果前期开始,白鲜茎叶中Ca、Mg质量分数和积累量显著增加,在茎叶中分配比例相对较高;果前期和果中期茎叶中Fe、Mn质量分数显著增加,Fe、Mn元素积累量在果中期相对较高,茎叶中分配比例有所增加;根中Zn质量分数从果前期至果中期显著增加,整株积累量显著增大,果中期在根中分配比例达到最大,白鲜茎叶中Cu、Zn质量分数在花蕾期相对较高,在茎叶中的分配比例达到最大。因此,白鲜出苗期至花蕾期需要补充大量元素(N、P、K)及微量元素(Cu、Zn),果前期至果熟期需要补充中量元素(Ca、Mg)和微量元素(Fe、Mn、Zn)。

新疆冬小麦种质资源粒重基因的分布与育种适用性分析

小麦粒重是重要的产量构成因素之一,也是受遗传因素影响的数量性状。为了解粒重基因在新疆小麦的分布及相关分子标记在育种上的适用性,以253份新疆冬小麦品种为试验材料,利用KASP(竞争性等位基因特异性PCR)标记进行基因型检测,并与2个年份的株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重、粒长、粒宽等育种选择性状进行关联分析。结果表明,优异等位基因TaSus1-7A-Hap1、TaCwi-A1b、TaTGW-7Aa、TaGS5-A1b、TaGS2-A1b、TaGS-D1a、TaSus2-2B-HapH、TaTGW6-A1a、TaGW2-6B-Hap3和TaSus2-2A-HapA在参试材料的分布频率分别为100%、100%、84.98%、56.92%、51.78%、39.13%、33.20%、11.07%、3.16%和1.58%;14对等位基因在参试材料中共出现118种组合;标记GS5-2334-SNP、TaGS2-A1-239IND2、TGW7-986-SNP和GW2-6B-721SNP可应用于小麦粒重的辅助选择;被检测标记的连锁基因均与1个或1个以上育种性状显著相关;GS5-2334-SNP连锁基因TaGS5-A1对粒宽的效应达36.65%,对千粒重效应次之(27.76%),GS5-2334-SNP连锁基因TaGS5-A1对株高和穗粒重、GW2-6B-721SNP连锁基因TaGW2-6B和TGW7-986-SNP连锁基因TaTGW7对粒长、Sus2-2A-20SNP连锁基因TaSus2-2A对穗粒重、千粒重和粒宽的效应均达到10%以上。本研究结果可为分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。

质子入射In靶激发L系特征X射线的角分布研究

本论文实验测量并分析了发射角以10°为间隔,125°-155°范围内,入射能量为250 keV的质子束激发In靶产生的特征L系X射线谱,根据实验测得能谱结果,综合考虑探测器的探测效率后,计算了不同探测角度下特征X射线的相对强度比L_(ι)/L_(γ1);由相对强度比L_(ι)/L_(γ1)与二阶勒让德函数P_(2)(cosθ)之间的函数关系,发现特征X射线Lι在被测能量下呈各向异性发射,推得Lι特征X射线的各向异性参数β为-0.179±0.011,进而得到In靶L_(3)亚壳层的定向度A_(20)为-0.422±0.025,实验结果与理论预测一致.根据PWBA(Plane wave born approximation)模型和ECPSSR(Energy-loss coulomb-repulsion perturbed-stationary-state relativistic)模型,计算了250 keV质子入射下,In靶L亚壳层电离截面σ及Coster-Kronig跃迁矫正因子κ,在根据各向异性参数计算L_(3)亚壳层定向度的过程中考虑了Coster-Kronig跃迁的作用.分析认为本实验碰撞速度下,通过电子转移方式产生空穴的截面比直接电离小的多,所以没有对L_(3)亚壳层定向度进行电子转移因素的修正.

抗冻蛋白对冷冻猪肉品质的影响

研究抗冻蛋白(antifreeze proteins,AFP)对猪肉冷冻过程中品质变化的影响。以商业抗冻剂海藻糖(4 mg/m L)的抗冻效果为参考,以未添加AFP组为对照组,研究不同添加量(0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3 mg/mL)AFP对冷冻猪肉品质、肌原纤维蛋白理化性质、微观结构和水分分布的影响。结果表明:AFP可以减少冷冻猪肉的水分损失,有利于维持猪肉色泽和微观结构;在冷冻贮藏过程中,0.3 mg/mL AFP组猪肉的蒸煮损失、解冻损失及色泽的保护效果最好,其次是0.2 mg/mL AFP组和4 mg/mL海藻糖组;0.2、0.3 mg/mL AFP组剪切力和肌原纤维蛋白总巯基含量显著高于未添加AFP组(P<0.05);核磁共振成像验证了AFP的渗入降低了猪肉中结合水和不易流动水损失;扫描电子显微镜结果显示,0.2 mg/mL AFP使猪肉肌纤维排列整齐,更加紧凑和致密。总体而言,添加AFP对改善冷冻猪肉品质有积极作用,是一种潜在的安全、高效冷冻保护方法。