A rapid-assessment model on the potential of district energy:The case of Temuco in Chile

District energy systems(DES)offer an optimal solution for decarbonising the heating and cooling sector while attaining multiple additional benefits.The first step to analyse the potential of DES in both new and existing markets is through rapid assessments(RA).Currently,publicly available models lack rapid assessments of the technical-economic and environmental potential of DES.This RA model was developed within the framework of UNEP’s District Energy in Cities Initiative to identify DES’s potential spending low time and monetary resources.In this light,the study presents a model for conducting a rapid assessment applied to the case of Temuco,Chile.Results show that a total of 55 MW DH(district heating)capacity is required to cover the heating demand.A wood-chip boiler of 25 MW capacity and a gas boiler of 30 MW capacity are considered in the calculations.The total CAPEX of the project is around 25 billion CLP,with a NPV of 10.5 billion CLP and an IRR of 14%.The project is also estimated to achieve an annual reduction of 24,382 tons of PM10 and 23,692 tons of PM2.5.The model was validated against an independent study conducted by an international consulting company,and the results were found to be in close proximity with the study.Thus,the model can be an effective tool for performing rapid assessments of DES projects in the region and subjecting attractive projects to more detailed pre-feasibility analysis.

A Hierarchical Transactive Energy Management Framework for Optimizing the Reserve Profile in District Energy Systems

District energy systems(DESs)have become a popular form of satisfying comprehensive energy demands for different types of loads in multiple local buildings.For DFISs,the operational flexibility could be maintained by energy conversion and storage facilities.This paper proposes a hierarchical optimization framework for leveraging and aggregating the DES flexibility to provide contingency reserves.To characterize and quantify the flexibility in individual DESs,the concept of available reserve profile,which is measured by a set of indices,is established.A two-stage robust optimization(RO)model is developed for calculating the indices,which considers the uncertainties associated with wind power and ambient temperature.The lower stage of the two-stage model is managed by district energy system operators(DESOs)which submit reserve profiles to the district energy system coordinator(DESC)at the upper stage,which is responsible for the coordination process.Correspondingly,information privacy is preserved using a coordinated data-sharing strategy.Using reserve profiles submitted by multiple DESOs,the DESC applies the proposed coordination model to provide a certain reserve capacity schedule to DESs,which satisfies the stated objectives.The coordination model is formulated and solved based on the special ordered set(SOS)technique and particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm.A test system is developed to illustrate the technical viability and economic feasibility of the proposed technique.

Comparison of Energy Consumption of the 12 Classroom Typical School Buildings in Selected 4 City in Turkey

School is a special place where students come together to become productive individuals of society,acquire basic skills and acquire citizenship knowledge.With the introduction of the new education system(4+4+4)in Turkey in 2012-2013,some difficulties occurred in the spatial structure of the schools.After the new system,increasing number of students and decreasing student requirements have been tried to be solved with temporary solutions.At the same time that millions of students studying in primary schools all over Turkey have the same architectural feature as one type of architectural school project,regardless of the geographical and social situation began to be implemented in all parts of the city.Therefore,the increase in consumption varies depending on the geographical reasons where the type projects are implemented.Selected regions of the four thermal zones in Turkey for this research are provided below:1^st Thermal district in Antalya;2^nd Thermal district in Bursa;3^rd Thermal district in Elaz??;4^th Thermal district in Kars.The calculation of the energy consumption created by the above cities by means of BEP-TR program and comparing classes.

A Feasible and Novel Multi-Generation System Taking Advantage of Two-Stage Compressor for Luxury Hotels

In order to satisfy heating,cooling and domestic hot water demand and energy conversion in luxury hotels,a feasible and novel multi-generation system taking advantage of the two-stage compressor was proposed and analyzed.The feature of this novel system is that the compressing power can be reduced and domestic water can be generated at the same time by adopting two-stage compressors instead of conventional one-stage compressor with a high compressing ratio.The energy-saving mechanism and two operating modes were introduced in detail.In a further way,the thermodynamic performance was calculated by Aspen Plus so as to make a better understanding of this novel system.And the calculation results showed that,in summer and transition seasons operating mode,the system can obtain COP(Coefficient of Performance)7.3,and 60℃ domestic hot water,when evaporating temperature is 4℃;while,in winter season operating mode,the system can obtain COP 3.1,and 58℃ domestic hot water,when evaporating temperature is-24℃.Compared with the conventional independent systems,this system can achieve higher energy-efficient,higher waste heat recovery,reduce energy consumption,and meet multiple energy demands simultaneously.