Impact of the central Pacific zonal wind divergence and convergence on the central Pacific El Nio event

The central Pacific（CP） zonal wind divergence and convergence indices are defined, and the forming mechanism of CP El Nio（La Nia） events is discussed preliminarily. The results show that the divergence and convergence of the zonal wind anomaly（ZWA） are the key process in the forming of CP El Nio（La Nia） events. A correlation analysis between the central Pacific zonal wind divergence and convergence indices and central Pacific El Nio indices indicates that there is a remarkable lag correlation between them. The central Pacific zonal wind divergence and convergence indices can be used to predict the CP events. Based on these results, a linear regression equation is obtained to predict the CP El Nio（La Nia） events 5 months ahead.

Detonation Shock Dynamics Relations for RDX-TNT Based Cast Explosives

RDX and TNT based explosives are very useful in performing research and development works especially when complex shaping of an assembly is required due to their molding capability and the range of ratios in which they can be mixed. In this paper, for these compositions, detonation shock dynamics （DSD） relations between normal detonation velocity D. and detonation wave curvature κ are determined for RDX： TNT explosives in weight ratios 40：60, 50：50 and 60：40. Experiments are performed with 50 mm diameter rate sticks of approximately 200 mm length using high speed rotating mirror camera and time measurement probes. The results show that first order DSD relation is indeed representative of these explosives. The slope of this relation increases by increasing TNT contents in these explosives. Going from 40% to 60% TNT, the data show an increase of more than 100% in negative slope of Dn-κ relation.

Nonlinear delay difference equations for housing dynamics assuming heterogeneous backward-looking expectations

China＇s first interest rate hike during the last decade, aiming to cool down the seemingly overheated real estate market, had aroused more caution on housing market. This paper aims to analyze the housing price dynamics after an unanticipated economic shock, which was believed to have similar properties with the backward-looking expecta- tion models. The analysis of the housing price dynamics is based on the cobweb model with a simple user cost affected demand and a stock-flow supply assumption. Several nth- order delay rational difference equations are set up to illustrate the properties of housing dynamics phenomena, such as the equilibrium or oscillations, overshoot or undershoot and convergent or divergent, for a kind of heterogeneous backward-looking expectation models. The results show that demand elasticity is less than supply elasticity is not a necessary condition for the occurrence of oscillation. The housing price dynamics will vary substantially with the heterogeneous backward-looking expectation assumption and some other endogenous factors.

Influence of the Eastern Pacific and Central Pacific Types of ENSO on the South Asian Summer Monsoon

Based on observational and reanalysis data,the relationships between the eastern Pacific(EP)and central Pacific(CP)types of El Niño−Southern Oscillation(ENSO)during the developing summer and the South Asian summer monsoon(SASM)are examined.The roles of these two types of ENSO on the SASM experienced notable multidecadal modulation in the late 1970s.While the inverse relationship between the EP type of ENSO and the SASM has weakened dramatically,the CP type of ENSO plays a far more prominent role in producing anomalous Indian monsoon rainfall after the late 1970s.The drought-producing El Niño warming of both the EP and CP types can excite anomalous rising motion of the Walker circulation concentrated in the equatorial central Pacific around 160°W to the date line.Accordingly,compensatory subsidence anomalies are evident from the Maritime Continent to the Indian subcontinent,leading to suppressed convection and decreased precipitation over these regions.Moreover,anomalously less moisture flux into South Asia associated with developing EP El Niño and significant northwesterly anomalies dominating over southern India accompanied by developing CP El Niño,may also have been responsible for the Indian monsoon droughts during the pre-1979 and post-1979 sub-periods,respectively.El Niño events with the same“flavor”may not necessarily produce consistent Indian monsoon rainfall anomalies,while similar Indian monsoon droughts may be induced by different types of El Niño,implying high sensitivity of monsoonal precipitation to the detailed configuration of ENSO forcing imposed on the tropical Pacific.

Yampa River-Colorado River Drainage Divide Origin Determined from Topographic Map Evidence, Southern Routt County, Colorado, USA

Detailed topographic map evidence and a new Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm are used to determine the previously unexplained Yampa River-Colorado River drainage divide origin. The Yampa River now flows in a north direction away from the Colorado River (between the Park Range to the east and the Flat Tops region to the west) before turning in a west direction to reach the Unita Mountains where it joins the south-oriented Green River, which eventually joins the southwest-oriented Colorado River. Topographic maps show the Yampa-Colorado River drainage divide is asymmetric with steeper slopes leading to the Colorado River, barbed (south-oriented) tributaries leading to north-oriented Yampa River headwaters (especially near the Yampa River turn to the west), and evidence of a large north-to-south oriented diverging and converging channel complex that preceded present-day drainage routes. Map evidence is interpreted to mean massive south-oriented floods flowed through what are now north-oriented Yampa River headwaters valleys and that headward erosion of a deep west-oriented valley beheaded and reversed those south-oriented flood flow channels to create the north-oriented Yampa River headwaters and the Egeria Park area Yampa-Colorado River drainage divide seen today. Large south-oriented floods leading to the Colorado River (while regional uplift was occurring) are inconsistent with accepted Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm predictions, but are predicted by a newly proposed Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm in which a thick continental ice sheet created a deep “hole” by eroding underlying bedrock and also by causing crustal warping that raised the present-day northern Colorado east-west continental divide as immense south-oriented meltwater floods flowed across it.

Autonomous convergence and divergence of the self-powered soft liquid metal vehicles

Conventional rigid machines, even biological systems in nature, generally do not own the capabilities like autonomous convergence or divergence. Here, such extraordinary behavior was demonstrated for the first time with the liquid metal vehicle. This synthetic soft machine fueled with an aluminum flake could initiate its autonomous locomotion in an opentop circular channel containing NaOH solution, like a running vehicle. If cutting a large machine into several smaller separately running vehicles, each of them still resumes its traveling state along the original track and chases each other. If the volumes of such dispersive vehicles were close to each other and they were all squeezed in the channel, the vehicles would move syn-chronously with oscillation. Otherwise, such self-motion would become desynchronized with interval between the inequable vehicles decreased gradually. If their volumes were significantly different, and the smaller vehicles were not squeezed in the channel, the faster vehicle would overtake the slower ones, until they finally coalesced seamlessly. The assembled vehicle could deform itself along with change of its velocity. This finding may shedlight on future researches on smart material, fluid mechanics and soft matter to self-fueled machine and biomimics. It would also offer opportunities for constructing self-reconfigurable soft robots.

Cloning and molecular evolution research of porcine GAD65 gene

Glutamate decarboxylase （GAD） has been found in animal and higher plant tissues as well as in yeasts and microorganisms. In animals the enzyme plays an important role in central nervous system activity because the enzyme substrate glutamic acid is a mediator of excitation process and the product, gamma-aminobutyric acid, is the most important mediator of inhibition process in the central nervous system. GAD65 is one form of the glutamate decarboxylases （GAD）, GAD65 has been identified as a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes, so the GAD65 gene of porcine was cloned by RT-PCR method to construct phylogenetic tree, the homology of 13 glutamate decarboxylases （GAD） of different origin was analyzed by multiple alignment.

Spatio-temporal Pattern and Driving Forces of Comprehensive Agricultural Productivity in Jilin Province,China

Improving comprehensive agricultural productivity is an important measure to realize agricultural modernization.Based on the data from Jilin Statistical Yearbook,this study analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of comprehensive agricultural productivity discrepancy in the main agricultural production areas of Jilin Province,China.The comprehensive agricultural productivity of 25 county-level administrative units were evaluated by a comprehensive index system based on five aspects which included 20 indicators from 2004 to 2017.The pattern of the discrepancy was analyzed by the spatial differentiation indices and spatial convergence theory.The results were as follows:1) the overall comprehensive agricultural productivity was in a ’W-type’ rising trend;2) the discrepancy was in’inverted W-type’ trend;3) the spatial distribution characteristics were mainly discrete plaque and ’inverted V-type’;4) the formation of differences was forced by a combination of internal and external driving forces.Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of rising agricultural productivity and the level of economic and social developments in different counties in Jilin Province.

Observational and Mechanistic Analysis of a Nighttime Warm-Sector Heavy Rainfall Event Within the Subtropical High over the Southeastern Coast of China

In August 2021,a warm-sector heavy rainfall event under the control of the western Pacific subtropical high occurred over the southeastern coast of China.Induced by a linearly shaped mesoscale convective system(MCS),this heavy rainfall event was characterized by localized heavy rainfall,high cumulative rainfall,and extreme rainfall intensity.Using various observational data,this study first analyzed the precipitation features and radar reflectivity evolution.It then examined the role of environmental conditions and the relationship between the ambient wind field and convective initiation(CI).Furthermore,the dynamic lifting mechanism within the organization of the MCS was revealed by em-ploying multi-Doppler radar retrieval methods.Results demonstrated that the linearly shaped MCS,developed under the influence of the subtropical high,was the primary cause of the extreme rainfall event.High temperatures and humidity,coupled with the convergence of low-level southerly winds,established the environmental conditions for MCS develop-ment.The superposition of the convergence zone generated by the southerly winds in the boundary layer(925-1000 hPa)and the divergence zone in the lower layer(700-925 hPa)supplied dynamic lifting conditions for CI.Additionally,a long-term shear line(southerly southwesterly)offered favorable conditions for the organization of the linearly shaped MCS.The combined effects of strengthening low-level southerly winds and secondary circulation in mid-upper levels were influential factors in the development and maintenance of the linearly shaped MCS.

Study of the climatic teleconnection between the Siberian high and maritime continent warm pool

This paper attempts to establish a method for analysing the relationship between the polar and equatorial climate of the Northern Hemisphere. The Arctic Oscillation （AO） is known to have no direct relationship with the monsoon over the Maritime Continent （MC）. Thus, an index called the Siberian High（SH^Maritime Continent（MC） Index （SHMCI） is developed to represent the mean sea level pressure difference between the SH and the warm pool over the MC. This index indicates a strong link with the monsoon circulation. A positive （strong） value of the SHMCI is associated with strong meridional winds and intense and frequent cold surge events over the South China Sea. The correlation between the AO index and the SHMCI is -0.39, which is medium but statistically significant; however, it is not sufficiently conclusive to infer direct correlation. Nevertheless, the SHMCI can be used as a tool to relate the AO with the monsoon over the MC because of the influence demonstrated by the AO towards the SH. Further analysis on the convergence and divergence anomalies over the MC reveals an impact discernible only from the SHMCI. This implies that the SHMCI manifests clearly the relationship between the Arctic and equatorial climate.

Strong and Weak Property of Travelling Wave Front Solutions for a Class of Degenerate Parabolic Equations

In this paper we study the strong and weak property of travelling wave front solutions for a class of degenerate parabolic equations. How the strong and weak property changes under the effects of wave speed and reaction diffusion terms are showed.

Uniform and L-convergence of Logarithmic Means of Walsh-Fourier Series

The （NSrlund） logarithmic means of the Fourier series of the integrable function f is：1/lnn-1∑k=1Sk（f）/n-k, where ln：=n-1∑k=11/k.In this paper we discuss some convergence and divergence properties of this logarithmic means of the Walsh-Fourier series of functions in the uniform, and in the L^1 Lebesgue norm. Among others, as an application of our divergence results we give a negative answer to a question of Móricz concerning the convergence of logarithmic means in norm.

Dissipative flow features of Carreau nanofluid with thermal radiation inside plane wall channel:Jeffery-Hamel analysis

The current article communicates a numerical investigation on laminar flow of dissipative generalized Newtonian Carreau nanofluid flowing through vertical conduit with converging and diverging plane walls.Thermal and concentration characteristics due to enthalpy change,activation energy,and non-linear thermal radiation have been examined in the presence of buoyancy forces.The channel walls for both temperature and volumetric fraction are assumed to be isothermal.The instability mechanism of nanofluids is reported using a two-phase nanofluid model,which works reasonably well for nanoparticle concentrations below a certain threshold.A Jeffery-Hamel(J-H)flow model is developed by assuming an incompressible purely radial flow of Carreau nanofluids with heat and mass transportation.Using the suitable non-dimensional variables,the resulting nonlinear partial differential equations are turned into a system of ordinary differential equations.The modified governing equations are then numerically solved using the built-in boundary value problem solver bvp4c,on the template form of commercial software MATLAB.The impacts of material,geometrical and thermophysical parameters governing the J-H problem are discussed and illustrated.Results indicate that higher buoyance forces incline the velocity profiles in converging enclosure,while a slight reduction is perceived in opposing forces.A significant decrease of wall heat transmission is reflected for larger values of activation energy and radiation parameter.For endorsing this communication,a comparison analysis is established with existing research and noticed a remarkable agreement.Practically,the flow inside converging and diverging channels are deployed in nuclear reactors that use plate-type nuclear energies,high heat-flux condensed heat exchangers,high-performance micro-electronic cooling systems,jets,rockets nozzles,and jet propulsion inlet.

Synthesis of ester-capped carbosilane dendrimers via a hybrid divergent–convergent method

A series of novel ester-capped carbosilane dendrimers（G0-COOCH3–G2-COOCH3） were designed and successfully synthesized via a hybrid divergent–convergent method through a facile hydrosilylation reaction. The structures of these dendrimers were confirmed by FTIR,1H NMR, and HRMS analyses.

Russian,Chinese and Indian Ambivalence Policies on Iranian Nuclear Question

The Iran policy of Russia,China and India is one of ambivalence.While going along with the US-sponsored resolution in the United Nations to end the alleged Iranian nuclear weapon program,the three nations have been opposed to any“crippling sanctions”against Iran.The current paper analyzes this policy of ambivalence and attributes it to a curious mix of convergence and divergence of their interests with the Persian nation.It also recommends how Tehran could mould this policy in its favor.