Livelihood diversification and cropland use pattern in agro-pastoral mountainous region of eastern Tibetan Plateau

This study examined livelihood diversification and cropland use pattern in Keerma village, located in Jinchuan County, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Through stratified random sampling survey, participatory rural appraisal, investigation of households＇ plots and statistical methods, 63 households and 272 cropland plots were systemically investigated and sampled. The results show： （1） Different types of household have variety livelihood strategies, portfolio and income. Livelihood diversification and introducing and expanding off-farm activities can be the future trend, whereas, adverse natural environment, socio-economic conditions and peasants＇ capabilities together affect sustainable livelihood and land use. （2） Each livelihood strategy has its own impact on land use, mainly affecting land use type and land use intensi- fication level. （3） Diversification into off-farm activities could be the key of building sustainable livelihood and the essential approach of realizing sustainable land use in the region.

Impact of livelihood diversification of rural households on their ecological footprint in agro-pastoral areas of northern China

Human-environment relationship is a focus of academic researches and an understanding of the rela- tionship is important for making effective policies and decisions. In this study, based on rural household survey data of Taibus Banner, Duolun county and Zhengxiangbai Banner in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China, we identified the impact of livelihood diversification on ecosystems in these agro-pastoral areas by using the ecological footprint theory and methodology together with the one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） and correlation analysis methods. In 2011, the total ecological footprint of consumption （EFC） was 0.665 g hm2, and the total ecological footprint of production （EFP） was 2.045 g hm2, which was more than three times the EFC. The ecological footprint of arable land consumption （EFAC） accounted for a large proportion of the EFC, and the ecological footprint of grassland production （EFGP） occupied a large proportion of the EFP. Both the ecological footprint of grassland consumption （EFGC） and EFGP had a significant positive correlation with the income, indicating that income was mainly depended on livestock production and the households with higher incomes consumed more livestock prod- ucts. The full-time farming households （FTFHs） had the highest EFP, ecological footprint of arable land production （EFAP）, EFGP and EFGC, followed by the part-time farming households （PTFHs） and non-farming households （NFHs）, which indicated that part-time farming and non-farming employment reduced the occupancy and con- sumption of rural households on local ecosystems and natural resources to some extent. When farming households engaged in livestock rearing, both the EFAP and EFAC became smaller, while the EFP, EFC, EFGC and EFGP increased significantly. The differences in ecological footprints among different household groups should be taken into account when making ecosystem conservation policies. Encouraging the laborers who have the advantages of participating in non-farming employment to move out of the rural areas and increasing the diversification of liveli- hoods of rural households are important in reducing the environmental pressures and improving the welfare of households in the study area. Moreover, grassland should be utilized more effectively in the future.

The future of mountain agriculture amidst continual farm-exit, livelihood diversification and outmigration in the Central Himalayan villages

Agrarian patterns in mountain ecosystems have seen a considerable change in the past decades with a vast proportion of the population abandoning traditional agriculture and diversifying their livelihood options, primarily through out-migration. This trend is especially common amongst the subsistence based family-farming communities in developing countries. This study aims at assessing methods of livelihood diversification and factors influencing farm-exit in Central Himalayan villages of Uttarakhand, India, while trying to understand local perspectives on challenges in pursuing agriculture as a viable livelihood option. We collected qualitative and quantitative data from 951 households across 60 villages evenly distributed across six hill districts of Uttarakhand, using key-person interviews and household surveys. The results of the study highlight that farm-exit is significantly influenced by livelihood diversification, number of migrants, number of female family members, and availability of irrigation facilities. In general, perception of the respondents towards agriculture as a viable livelihood option is rather unenthusiastic, with 87% of the respondents citing human wildlife conflict as the main challenge in pursuing farming, amongst several other challenges. Diversification is an integral component of present rural economy with 80.13% of the total population dependent on more than one source of income, to maintain their livelihoods. However, there is no statistically significant influence of livelihood diversification on annual income of the household. If agro-based entrepreneurial ventures are to be promoted in the region there is an urgent need for timely introduction of radical policy, institutional, and land-reforms. Economic uplifting of the local population through such efforts can also be a possible solution to the growing trends of out-migration in the state.

Livelihood Diversification of Farm Households and Its Impact on Cultivated Land Utilization in Agro-pastoral Ecologically-vulnerable Areas in the Northern China

The relationship between livelihood diversification of farm households and cultivated land utilization has become a core research topic related to global environmental change.Agro-pastoral ecologically-vulnerable areas face challenges such as insufficient ecosystem conservation,low agricultural production,and weak economies.In this study,215 farm households from Zhengxiangbai Banner,Taibus Banner,and Duolun County of Inner Mongolia were surveyed.The sustainable livelihoods framework of the United Kingdom(UK)Department for International Development(DFID)was used to measure the livelihood capital of these farm households.A one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)was applied to examine the differences in the livelihood capital of different types households,and a correlation analysis was applied to analyze its impact on cultivated land utilization.Results showed that households with non-farming activities accounted for 64.7%of the total surveyed households,and non-farming employment was becoming more prevalent.Physical and financial capital was the driving factors for livelihood diversity.Each livelihood capital had key factors that affected household farmland use behaviors,such as the age of householder,the labor ratio,proportion of income,farmland scale,number of machines,and these had a significantly positive or negative influence on farmland use.Full-time farming households were more likely to transfer the land into cultivation and invest more labor,while non-farming households with high income were likely to transfer farmland out and invest more money to develop efficient farming or improve the employment skills.The results of this study suggest that policymakers need to fully consider livelihood changes of local households.It is effective to strengthen labor training,create farmland market and improve the efficiency of farmland utilization.We hope to achieve a win-win scenario to improve local economies and ecosystem conservation.

Livelihood Diversification as an Adaptation Approach to Change in the Pastoral Hindu-Kush Himalayan Region

Migratory livestock raising has been one of the most important livelihood options for people residing in high mountain areas and has made a significant contribution to the economy of the Hindu Kush Himalayan(HKH) region, both in terms of supporting households and in export earnings. However, in recent decades, changes in the socioeconomic situation and increasing climate variability have led to a need to enhance adaptation by building the resilience of local socio-ecological systems, including economic diversification and sustainable management of natural resources. Based on semistructured interviews with pastoral communities in six countries within the pastoral HKH region, this paper discusses the situation, trends and driving forces behind the diversification of pastoral livelihood. For internal diversification the study highlights the need for enhancement of pastoral livelihoods through value-adding activities in the pastoral sectors. For external diversification changes on policy changes are needed to support free out-migration, market exploitation, and multiple resource use. Finally the paper highlights the role of education in determining household adaptation strategies in the face of various socio-ecological pressures and recommends integrating innovative and indigenous knowledge to develop appropriate methods for risk management and resource management in the pastoral HKH region.

Livelihood Capital and Livelihood Diversification for Different Farmers in Yuanjiang Dry-Hot River Valley

Under the analytical framework of sustainable livelihoods,we establish the evaluation indicator system for farmers' livelihood capital,to evaluate the current livelihood capital and livelihood diversification for different farmers in the Dai nationality region of Xinping County in the Yuanjiang dry-hot river valley area,and discuss the relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood diversification. Studies have shown that the mode dominated by agriculture,supplemented by non-agricultural activities,combined with breeding,is the commonly used livelihood strategy for farmers in this region. As farmers change from pure agriculture to non-agriculture,their total livelihood capital and nonagricultural livelihood diversification index will increase,while agricultural livelihood diversification index will decrease. In the meantime,their livelihood activities gradually shift from agricultural to non-agricultural ones,which is mainly reflected in the combination of both agricultural and non-agricultural activities. Regression analysis on livelihood capital and livelihood diversification shows that natural and physical capital is the basis of realizing agricultural livelihood diversification. Farmers with rich natural and physical capital will prefer agricultural livelihood strategies. While financial and human capital is the driving force for farmers' transition from pure agriculture to non-agriculture.

Determinants of Household Choice of Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Selected Drought Prone Areas of the Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Region, Ethiopia

The study aimed at identifying the determinants of household’s choice of livelihood diversification strategies. The result of the study based on a total of 384 sample respondents selected using multistage sampling procedures. Furthermore the study employed bivariate Probit econometric model to identify factors affecting household’s choice of livelihood diversification strategies. The result of the descriptive statistics showed that households in the study area were engaged in four types of combination of livelihood diversification strategies: on-farm only, on-farm plus off-farm, on-farm plus non-farm, and on-farm plus off-farm plus non-farm with their respective share of 34.9, 11.5, 47.9 and 5.7 percent respectively. The econometric model result showed that wealth, sex, education level, livestok holding, and training were negatively and significantly determined households choice of off-farm livelihood strategies;whereas past erosion hazard and distance to market were positively and significantly determined their choice of off-farm livelihood strategies. On the other hand, wealth, dependency ratio, past erosion hazard, market availability, yield loss/reduction due to drought, distance to credit source, distance to market, frequency of extension contact, and ICT ownership (Radio, TV and/or Mobile phone) positively determine household’s choice of non-farm livelihood strategies whereas access to irrigation and distance to credit negatively determined their choice of non-farm livelihood strategies.

Relationship between Prosopis juliflora invasion and livelihood diversification in the South Afar region,Northeast Ethiopia

This study assessed the effects of Prosopis juliflora invasion on livelihood diversification and evaluated the determinants of livelihood diversification in two districts in the South Afar region of Northeast Ethiopia.Using random sampling method,154 households and 2 focus groups composed of 10 individuals were selected from four sites in the two districts.The relationship between P.juliflora invasion and incomes obtained from P.juliflora varied across the study sites.In Awash Fentale District and Amibara District,11.0%and 3.2%of households,respectively,earned income from P.juliflora charcoal production.In total,14.3%of households were involved in charcoal production.In addition,19.9%of households earned income from selling P.juliflora pods and wood materials in the two districts.With the exception of income from P.juliflora charcoal production,the sex of households did not affect incomes from other livelihood activities.Moreover,household educational attainment significantly affected income obtained from vegetables,fruits,and cereal crops.Male householders were engaged in more diverse livelihood activities than female householders.Reversing the severe invasion of P.juliflora on grazing and woodlands in the region is advisable through integrated natural resources,pastoralist participation,and multidisciplinary research strategies.

Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livestock production and marketization:An empirical analysis of grasslands in Inner Mongolia,China

Recent researches have primarily focused on the relationship between livelihood strategies and livelihood capital,with few empirical studies on the sensitivity of livelihood strategies to livestock production and marketization in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China.This study used an income distribution approach to categorize livelihood strategies of the respondents(n=394)into three types,i.e.,herder livelihood strategy(LS1),petty-herder livelihood strategy(LS2),and non-herder livelihood strategy(LS3).Using the multinomial logistic regression model,we compared livestock production and marketization across the three livelihood strategies.Our findings showed that(1)livestock production and marketization tended to favor LS1;(2)an increase in the land asset(contracted and rented grassland)and off-take rate increased the probability of households choosing LS1;(3)stocking rate was higher for LS1;and(4)the higher critical market-related risks perceived by herders were animal price and hay and corn price.Moreover,higher livestock price acted as a deterrent to diversifying into other livelihood strategies(LS2 and LS3).Finally,this study advocates for policies that will promote the land transfer market,adopt modern techniques in animal husbandry,improve the medium for disseminating market information to herders,and provide incentives for long-term livelihood transformation.

基于生计资本的农户可持续生计研究——以滇琼天然橡胶主产区为例

运用海南和云南橡胶主产区615个种植户的调查数据,测算了农户生计资本水平,设计了生计活动多样性指数和家庭收入多元化指数,通过多元线性回归模型和中介效应模型,探讨了生计资本配置对农户可持续生计的影响机制。研究发现:1)农户生计资本积累有助于丰富农户家庭生计活动和收入来源结构,尤其是金融资本积累有助于提升农户生计活动多样性水平;不同生计资本结构对农户生计结果的影响存在地域性差异;自然资本禀赋对海南产区的收入多元化水平有显著推动作用,但在云南产区却可能存在“诅咒”效应。2)地域差异、生产决策和农户特性对可持续生计有重要影响。村庄所处的海拔高、距县城距离远对农户开展多样化生计构成挑战;割胶生产规律固化虽然可能会削弱农户其他生产经营活动,但由于其劳动力调整灵活性强,可更好地稳定家庭收入;土地细碎化具有多元化生计的效果,但不一定有收入效应;虽然贫困户身份可帮助农户获得相关政策的支持,但增强生计能力才是实现可持续生计的关键所在。3)生计资本对生计活动和家庭收入的影响存在中介效应。生计资本对生计多样性的促进作用,有52.70%是通过提高生计资本统筹能力实现的,家庭就业策略优化有助于增强生计资本对收入多元化的促进作用,中介效应达30.52%。最后,建议通过提高农户家庭生计资本统筹能力、加强生计能力建设、扩展就业信息渠道等来增强农户生计综合能力。

Impact of Land Acquisition on the Sustainable Livelihoods in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam

The concept of sustainable livelihood is an attempt to go beyond the conventional definitions and approaches to poverty eradication. These had been found to be too narrow because they focused only on certain aspects or manifestations of poverty, such as low income, or did not consider other vital aspects of poverty such as vulnerability and social exclusion. It is now recognized that more attention must be paid to the various factors and processes which either constrain or enhance poor people＇s ability to make a living in an economically, ecologically, and socially sustainable manner. Construction of nuclear power plants in Vietnam is in the first step of implementing and will be allocated in Thuan Nam and Ninh Hai districts, Ninh Thuan province, an agricultural and poor province in Vietnam. This requires a large area of land mobilized, thus a part of popupation living in the project area has to move far away. Besides the positive effects of this project, there are significantly negative impacts on the people living in the project areas and nearby, and their livelihoods are seriously affected. This paper aims at assessing the impact of the nuclear power plants construction on the livelihoods of people in two districts in Ninh Thuan province, in order to have mechanisms and policies to support reasonably and effectively, contributing to stabilize people＇s lives and local development.

大型城镇集中安置区搬迁移民生计资本组合对家庭收入影响机理的实证研究

易地搬迁移民已成为防止规模性返贫的重要群体。当前,搬迁移民面临着就业市场风险增大,生计资本存量减少以及家庭增收困难等现实问题,优化移民生计资本内部结构,发挥生计资本间的组合效应,提升生计资本组合对移民家庭收入的贡献作用是解决上述问题的重要途径。学界当前与易地搬迁相关的研究多聚焦分析移民生计资本对家庭总收入的作用机制,较少基于结构功能理论视角,从实证层面探讨生计资本组合对家庭不同收入来源的影响及其相互作用机制。本文以贵州省大型城镇集中安置区移民为研究对象,首先测算移民家庭生计资本,分别采用OLS和分位数回归分析生计资本与家庭收入之间的作用机理,然后采用多元线性回归模型测算生计资本间的互补效应和替代效应,构建了移民家庭收入与生计资本组合之间的矩阵分析模型,分别应用tobit和logit回归进行实证检验,并剖析了不同维度下不同生计资本组合对不同类型收入的影响。研究结果表明:(1)移民生计资本总量有助于提升家庭收入水平。在后搬迁时代,自然资本对家庭收入的边际贡献最小,而社会资本对家庭收入呈现负向影响。(2)五大资本中的人力资本与自然资本、物质资本、社会资本以及金融资本之间存在着普适性互补效应,金融资本与社会资本间存在替代效应。(3)互补性生计资本值越大,移民家庭工资收入和财产收入越高;互补性和替代性资本量均较低的家庭主要以获得转移性收入维持生计。

数字素养的农户收入增长效应研究

作为数字时代重要的新型人力资本,数字素养成为农户生计资本的重要组成部分。数字素养的提升使农户能够更好地应用先进技术、获取市场信息、拓展销售渠道、增加非农就业创业机会,从而产生显著的收入增长效应。采用“中国乡村振兴综合调查”(CRRS)2020年的数据,从数字设备操作、数字资源获取、数字技术应用、数字意识4个维度选取18项指标评价样本数字素养,实证检验数字素养对农户收入的影响,结果发现:农户数字素养提升能够显著增加其人均农业收入、人均非农收入和人均总收入,该收入增长效应对流动性约束较强的农户和非城郊村的农户更为显著;数字素养可以通过提高农业劳动生产率的路径增加农户农业收入,也可以通过促进家庭生计多样化的路径增加农户非农收入。因此,数字素养不仅具有显著的农户增收效应,而且有助于长尾群体共享数字红利,应在加强和普及数字素养教育的同时,重点帮扶数字弱势群体以缩小数字鸿沟,并切实提高农业劳动生产率和促进农户生计多样化,充分发挥数字素养的农户增收效应。

气候灾害、农产品价格策略和农户生计脆弱性——来自生态搬迁安置区的考察

在生态搬迁大背景下,农户面临的外部环境、内在心理和应对策略均发生了明显转变,有必要从外部扰动与内部适应的视角探究农户生计脆弱性。基于生计脆弱性理论,探讨实际气候灾害、感知气候灾害和农产品价格策略对农户生计脆弱性的影响,基于广东韶关南水湖生态搬迁安置区425位农户的调研数据进行验证。通过单因素方差分析、回归分析和Bootstrap中介效应检验,得出结论:首先,生态搬迁安置区农户感知气候灾害有其特殊性,与村子位置、社会关系和生计转换能力有关;其次,实际气候灾害和感知气候灾害均会加剧农户生计脆弱性,但感知气候灾害的影响力大于实际气候灾害,这与以往研究观点不同,也反映出农户对于气候灾害的担忧心理较为突出;最后,气候灾害及其后续的农产品价格策略是影响农户生计脆弱性的重要因素。

参与旅游对农户生计脆弱性的影响机制

农户的生计脆弱性关系脱贫成果的巩固和乡村振兴战略的推进。基于可持续生计理论,实地调查了恩施土家族苗族自治州乡村旅游地432户农户,通过t检验、方差分析等方法比较了不同旅游参与程度农户的生计脆弱性,运用多元线性回归、倾向得分匹配等稳健性检验、中介效应检验方法,深入探究了农户参与旅游对生计脆弱性的影响机理。研究发现,参与旅游降低了农户的生计脆弱性,尤其是提高了农户的适应力。在不同旅游参与程度的农户中,旅游兼营型农户的生计脆弱性最低,适应力最高。机制分析表明,农户通过参与旅游增强了生计技能和收入多样化等内生发展动力,降低了自身的生计脆弱性。农户参与旅游对生计脆弱性的影响因乡村旅游发展模式不同而存在异质性,仅生态农业依托模式的农户通过参与旅游显著降低了其生计脆弱性。恩施州乡村旅游地应提升乡村旅游社区参与程度、增强农户的内生发展动力,以降低农户的生计脆弱性,推进乡村振兴。

乡村振兴背景下重大水电工程移民可持续生计评价研究——基于南水北调丹江口河南库区的实证调研

“乡村振兴战略”一经提出,就因其在我国全面建设社会主义现代化国家进程中占据的重要地位受到广泛关注。乡村振兴战略的总体目标要求与重大水电工程移民后期的发展目标在改善人民生活方面具有高度的一致性,为重大水电工程移民发展带来新机遇。本文基于乡村振兴战略的目标要求,根据英国国际发展署的可持续生计分析框架,选取物质基础、生活环境和社会适应性3个维度,构建了重大水电工程移民可持续生计评价指标体系,并基于复合模糊物元与层次分析法,建立了重大水电工程移民可持续生计综合评估数学模型,最后选取南水北调丹江口河南库区移民进行实证分析。结果表明:南水北调丹江口河南库区移民总体生计情况的调查现值与生计维持目标、可持续生计目标分别相差0.0085、0.1725,说明南水北调丹江口河南库区移民的生活状况总体上已经达到了可持续生活的标准,但是离可持续生活目标还有一段距离,这主要是由于经济基础与社会适应能力所造成的。因此,移民管理机构应该努力调整产业结构、增加移民收入,帮助移民尽快融入当地社会,促进移民生计尽快实现可持续发展。

易地搬迁后续扶持政策效果评价与影响因素--基于西部10省1297户的实地调查数据

易地搬迁后续扶持工作既是助力搬迁群众稳定增收、加速社会融合、化解致贫返贫风险的关键,更是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接、推进实现共同富裕的核心要义。基于西部10省1297户农户的微观调查数据,采用主成分分析法和工具变量分位数回归模型,综合评估后续扶持政策成效并进行区域优先序评价,进而剖析后续扶持政策效果的影响因素,并立足情景化的个体生存状态,从多维视角探寻政策实施效果的异质性及其成因。研究发现:第一,后续扶持政策效益存在显著地区差异,大致呈现“西北高西南低”的空间分布特征;第二,非农生计、社会资本和内生动力是政策效果得以跃升的关键;第三,进一步讨论得知,农户收入层级与政策效益呈正相关关系,且安置区类型、社会资本差异和性别差异均会影响后续扶持政策效益的稳定性。为此,各地后续扶持工作应完善升级安置区配套基础和公共服务设施;多管齐下加快发展主导产业,加快推进群众经济社会融入步伐;激活群众自我发展内生动力;出台和优化差异化的后续扶持政策,增加搬迁群众的主观福利。

景区依附型安置区农户生计资本对生计策略的影响研究——以广东云门山旅游度假区周边安置区为例

易地搬迁是实现贫困群众跨越式发展的有效途径,旅游景区周边是搬迁安置区选址的重要考虑。该文以广东云门山旅游度假区周边的搬迁安置区为例,分析搬迁后农户生计资本的变化,以及生计资本对生计策略的影响。结果表明,搬迁带来农户生计资本的增加,表现在自然资本、物质资本、金融资本、社会资本和文化资本等方面;不同类型农户的生计资本的表现不同,从高到低依次为旅游主营型、旅游兼业型和非旅游经营型;生计资本的变化影响农户生计策略,以自然资本的影响为最大。该文为评估景区依附型搬迁安置区农户的生计现状提供理论依据,为制定搬迁安置区民生相关政策、促进旅游目的地农户生计可持续发展和乡村振兴提供经验借鉴。

基于AHP-TOPSIS法的水库移民生计资本及生计稳定性研究

水库移民因征地搬迁而被迫重建生计系统,发掘移民生计资本优势,探究如何促进移民安置后的生计稳定和生计系统协调具有重要意义。以172项重大水利工程之一的广西LJ水利枢纽工程移民为例,以可持续生计框架为基础,考虑生计环境因素,采用AHP-TOPSIS法构建移民生计资本测度体系,使用收入多样性、自然资源依赖度及收入风险度衡量水库移民的生计稳定性,横纵向对比分析不同搬迁安置方式移民生计资本及生计稳定性变化,并根据耦合协调度修正模型研究其生计协调发展现状。研究结果表明:3种搬迁安置方式移民之间的6类生计资本增长存在显著差异,生计稳定性的变化也表现不同,由此影响了其生计协调发展状况。进城(集)镇安置移民得益于集镇商贸优势,将住房改造成商业门面以经营非农产业,有效利用经验优势和资本增量促进生计稳定,搬迁后的生计稳定性为三者最高,生计协调发展较好;集中居民点安置移民生计环境显著改善,自然资本降幅不大,人力资本较高,但尚未能充分利用,移民收入来源减少,生计稳定性下降,生计系统勉强协调;分散自主安置移民从业环境改善,人力资本增长率较高,移民自主发挥优势提高生计稳定性,生计系统接近初级协调发展。在本研究基础上,针对不同搬迁安置方式提出了促进移民生计可持续发展的建议。

社会网络助推水库移民数字化生计的增收效应研究

因修建国家水电工程,搬迁后的大量农村移民往往面临着土地资源不足和库区产业空心化带来的生计恢复困境,“数商兴农”为移民家计数字化提供了契机。首先从移民社会网络分类及重构进程出发,探寻了以安置区信任感为中介的网络与数字化行为间的作用机制;然后基于三峡库区移民安置村的实地调查数据,通过UCINET工具得出各类型移民社会网络结构与特征值;最后采用二次指派回归法(QAP),分析异质性网络对移民数字化生计模式增收的影响以及特殊与一般信任感所起的差异化中介效应。研究发现:数字化家计模式能有效解决移民农业与非农生计中的痛点,而不同类型社会网络则对其具有差异化的助推效应;集中或分散安置方式会影响各子类网络带来的数字化家计收入水平,信任感的中介作用显著且一般信任关系处于主导地位;迁入地的选择同时影响社会网络重构与数字化家计发展进程,也将引发信任感中介效应的强弱变换。由此建议根据区位条件、扶持资源配置、安置方式、安置主体等特征,借助重构后的社会网络与数字技术的深度融合实现移民家庭生计数字化增收,拓宽移民收入渠道的同时持续推动移民生计可持续发展。