Protection of marine species diversity in China

China has approximately 14 500 krn long coastline that not only offers to dwell for human being but also exists diverse marine organisms. Nowadays, Chinese marine economy development is rapid and marvelous, while we have met very serious problem on losing marine biodiversity. Marine biodiversity can be addressed at the level of diversity within species, between the species and of ecosystems. Each level of biodiversity have been at different extents of threatening. Among this species-level diversity may be the most essential and important for these protecting actions. Species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity. Removing species from marine ecosystems removes those important functions. We have an ethical responsibility to protect marine biodiversity, but the first step is to understand how many marine species exist, and it is important because it provides a measure of how well we know about marine life and their potential ecosystem functions.

Reliability Enhancement of the Diverse Protection System Regarding Common Cause Failures

The issue of CCF （common cause failure） in digital I ＆ C （instrumentation and control） systems is of great interest because an increasing number of such systems are implemented in nuclear power plants. For the mitigation of ATWS （anticipated transients without scram） as well as CCF within the PPS （plant protection system） and the ESF-CCS （engineered safety feature-component control system）, the ADPS （advanced diverse protection system） has been developed by KEPCO E ＆ C （KEPCO Engineering and Construction） Company for new nuclear units in Korea. As compared to the DPS （diverse protection system） design of APR1400, the ADPS has a diverse safety injection function considering a LBLOCA （large break loss of coolant accident） concurrent with the CCF of the PPS and ESF-CCS. Besides the function of SIAS （safety injection actuation signal） initiation, several CCF avoidance features, such as the changes of software design classification, communication methods, equipment platform, and man-machine interfaces, are introduced to enhance the reliability of the ADPS. In addition, the ADPS has recently incorporated four redundant channels with 2-out-of-4 voting logics to enhance its fault tolerant capability. Therefore, it is expected that the ADPS can provide an enhanced reliability regarding possible CCFs in the safety-grade digital I ＆ C systems as well as the ADPS itself.

Recent progress of sugar amino acids: Synthetic strategies and applications as glycomimetics and peptidomimetics

In order to meet the increasing demands for the development of large varieties of new molecules for discovering new drugs and materials, organic chemists are developing many novel multifunctional building blocks, which are assembled rationally to create ‘nature-like＇ and yet unnatural organic molecules with well-defined structures and useful properties. Sugar amino acids（SAAs）, the carbohydrate derivatives bearing both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups, are important ones of these multifunctional building blocks, which can be used to create novel materials with potential applications as glycomimetics and peptidomimetics. This review will focus on recent synthetic strategies of SAAs and their applications in creating large number of structurally diverse glycomimetics and peptidomimetics.