Pseudo-noise preamble based joint frame and frequency synchronization algorithm in OFDM communication systems

Frame and frequency synchronization are essential for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems. The frame offset owing to incorrect start point position of the fast Fourier transform （FFT） window, and the carrier frequency offset （CFO） due to Doppler frequency shift or the frequency mismatch between the transmitter and receiver oscil ators, can bring severe inter-symbol interference （ISI） and inter-carrier interference （ICI） for the OFDM system. Relying on the relatively good correlation charac-teristic of the pseudo-noise （PN） sequence, a joint frame offset and normalized CFO estimation algorithm based on PN preamble in time domain is developed to realize the frame and frequency synchronization in the OFDM system. By comparison, the perfor-mances of the traditional algorithm and the improved algorithm are simulated under different conditions. The results indicate that the PN preamble based algorithm both in frame offset estimation and CFO estimation is more accurate, resource-saving and robust even under poor channel condition, such as low signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） and large normalized CFO.

Nonlinear damage model for seismic damage assessment of reinforced concrete frame members and structures

A nonlinear damage model based on the combination of deformation and hysteretic energy and its validation with experiments are presented.Also,a combination parameter is defined to consider the mutual effect of deformation and hysteretic energy for different types of components in different loading stages.Four reinforced concrete (RC) columns are simulated and analyzed using the nonlinear damage model.The results indicate that the damage evolution evaluated by the model agrees well with the experimental phenomenon.Furthermore,the seismic damage evolution of a six-story RC frame was analyzed,revealing four typical failure modes according to the interstory drift distribution of the structure;the damage values calculated using the nonlinear damage model agree well with the four typical failure modes.

Analysis and combination of four technique-individual EOP time series

Based on four intra-technique combined solutions in SINEX format, we tried at first to assess the accuracy of each single-technique Earth Orientation Parameters(EOPs) series over a past time interval of at least 15 years by comparison with IERS EOP 08C04 combined solution as the reference in this paper. The EOPs studied here mainly consist of four elements, i.e. polar motion(XPO, YPO), Universal Time(UT1-UTC) and length-of-day(LOD). We combined these intra-technique EOP series, each of them associated with a given space geodetic technique by taking advantage of the relationship of the first three EOP components and three rotational parameters which carry the orientation of technique-related reference frame with respect to the estimated weekly inter-technique combined reference frame. Results indicated that the discrepancy between the pole coordinates(XPO, YPO) series, extracted from the intra-SLR combined loose-constraint solutions and the IERS EOP 08C04, seemed to be clearly characterized by systematic errors. Although both the XPO and YPO series determined by intra-VLBI combination had no significant characteristic of system error, they had relatively large difference values at some point with respect to the IERS EOP 08C04, which may be limited by the quantity of observation stations. Since the number of GPS stations is on the increase aimed at better global coverage, the accuracy of pole coordinates provided by IGS was superior to that derived from other space-geodetic techniques. As for DORIS XPO and YPO series from intra-DORIS combined minimal-constraint solutions, the discrepancy range of the former with respect to IERS EOP 08C04 was a little smaller than that of the latter. The objective of this study is twofold: on the one hand to analysis individual EOP series derived from the various space-geodetic techniques, on the other hand to present the new inter-technique combined EOP solution consistent with weekly inter-technique combined reference frame.

Identification and characterization of a novel isoform of hepatopoietin

AIM: To isolate a novel isoform of human HPO (HPO-205) from human fetal liver Marathon-ready cDNA and characterize its primary biological function. METHODS: 5'-RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA 5' ends) was used to isolate a novel isoform of hHPO in this paper. The constructed pcDNA(HPO-205), pcDNA(HPO) and pcDNA eukaryotic expression vectors were respectively transfected by lipofectamine method and the stimulation of DNA synthesis was observed by (3)H-TdR incorporation assay. Proteins extracted from different cells were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS: A novel isoform of hHPO (HPO-205) encoding a 205 amino acid ORF corresponding to a translated production of 23 kDa was isolated and distinguished from the previous HPO that lacked the N-terminal 80 amino acids. The dose-dependent stimulation of DNA synthesis of HepG2 hepatoma cells by HPO-205 demonstrated its similar biological activity with HPO in vitro. The level of MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphorylation by Western blot analysis revealed that HPO-205 might have the stronger activity of stimulating hepatic cell proliferation than that of HPO. CONCLUSION: A novel isoform of hHPO (HPO-205) was isolated from hepatic-derived cells. The comparison of HPO-205 and HPO will lead to a new insight into the structure and function of hHPO, and provide the new way of thinking to deeply elucidate the biological roles of HPO/ALR.

The effect of adenovirus expressing wild-type p53 on 5-fluorouracil chemosensitivity is related to p53 status in pancreatic cancer cell lines

AIM:There are conflicting data about p53 function on cellular sensitivity to the cytotoxic action of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Therefore the objective of this study was to determine the combined effects of adenovirus-mediated wild-type (wt) p53 gene transfer and 5-FU chemotherapy on pancreatic cancer cells with different p53 gene status. METHODS:Human pancreatic cancer cell lines Capan-1^(p53mut), Capan-2^(p53wt),FAMPAC^(p53mut),PANC1^(p53mut),and rat pancreatic cancer cell lines AS^(p53wt) and DSL6A^(p53null) were used for in vitro studies.Following infection with different ratios of Ad- p53-particles (MOI) in combination with 5-FU,proliferation of tumor cells and apoptosis were quantified by cell proliferation assay (WST-1) and FACS (PI-staining).In addition,DSL6A syngeneic pancreatic tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously in to Lewis rats for in vivo studies. Tumor size,apoptosis (TUNEL) and survival were determined. RESULTS:Ad-p53 gene transfer combined with 5-FU significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation and substantially enhanced apoptosis in all four cell lines with an alteration in the p53 gene compared to those two cell lines containing wt-p53.In vivo experiments showed the most effective tumor regression in animals treated with Ad-p53 plus 5-FU.Both in vitro and in vivo analyses revealed that a sublethal dose of Ad-p53 augmented the apoptotic response induced by 5-FU. CONCLUSION:Our results suggest that Ad-p53 may synergistically enhance 5-FU-chemosensitivity most strikingly in pancreatic cancer cells lacking p53 function.These findings illustrate that the anticancer efficacy of this combination treatment is dependent on the p53 gene status of the target tumor cells.

THE PROOF OF FERMAT'S LAST THEOREM

i) Instead of x￣n+ y￣n = z￣n ,we use as the general equation of Fermat's Last Theorem (FLT),where a and b are two arbitrary natural numbers .By means of binomial expansion ,(0.1) an be written as Because a￣r-(-b)￣r always contains a +b as its factor ,(0.2) can be written as where φ_r =[a￣r-(-b)￣r]/ (a+b ) are integers for r=1 . 2, 3. ...n (ii) Lets be a factor of a+b and let (a +b) = se. We can use x= sy to transform (0.3 ) to the following (0.4)(iii ) Dividing (0.4) by s￣2 we have On the left side of (0.5) there is a polynomial of y with integer coefficient and on the right side there is a constant cφ/s .If cφ/s is not an integer ,then we cannot find an integer y to satisfy (0.5), and then FLT is true for this case. If cφ_n/s is an integer ,we may change a and c such the cφ_n/s≠an integer .

A frame synchronization solution for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system

To improve frame synchronization precision, a scheme named training symbol correlation （TSC） is presented for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （ OFDM ） system. Based on the solution from Schmidl and Cox, a timing metric related to TSC scheme is put forward and examined. The specific method to select a threshold value provides more precise detection results, which can be shown by performance comparison between the two schemes through Monte Carlo simulation. Taking IEEE 802.1 la WLAN standard as an example, the proposed approach is superior to the most popular Schmidl scheme in terms of BER.

Ultrafast pulse-dilation framing camera and its application for time-resolved X-ray diagnostic

An ultrafast framing camera with a pulse-dilation device,a microchannel plate(MCP)imager,and an electronic imaging system were reported.The camera achieved a temporal resolution of 10 ps by using a pulse-dilation device and gated MCP imager,and a spatial resolution of 100μm by using an electronic imaging system comprising combined magnetic lenses.The spatial resolution characteristics of the camera were studied both theoretically and experimentally.The results showed that the camera with combined magnetic lenses reduced the field curvature and acquired a larger working area.A working area with a diameter of 53 mm was created by applying four magnetic lenses to the camera.Furthermore,the camera was used to detect the X-rays produced by the laser-targeting device.The diagnostic results indicated that the width of the X-ray pulse was approximately 18 ps.

Time-Hopping Sequence Design for Virtual Full Duplex via Rapid On-Off-Division Duplex

To achieve virtual full-duplex(VFD)communication using half-duplex radios,the rapid on-off-division(RODD)technique has been proposed in recent years.The time-hopping(TH)sequence is critical to controlling self-interference introduced in the paradigm.By constructing the collision model with a symbol level time scale,the periodic collision correlation function properties are introduced as the performance metric for the TH sequence in the RODD system.To achieve the best VFD performance,an optimization-based method for TH sequence design is proposed.In addition,the conventional TH frame structure design for RODD system is improved.Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate that the proposed approach can significantly increase system performance.Results indicate that the TH sequence design is very effective for the RODD system.

一种适用于多径衰落信道的OFDM定时同步算法

提出一种新的正交频分复用定时同步算法,该算法深入研究了在多径衰落信道中第1径不是最强径的情况下,滞后的离散傅里叶变换(DFT)窗定时导致的符号间干扰影响系统性能的问题,通过采用本地产生伪随机噪声(PN)序列与接收信号进行求相关的方法,很容易分离出每条径并搜索到最强径.同时考虑到通常第1径处于深衰落的时间不会持续很长,采用Alpha滤波器,对定时度量函数起到平滑平均的作用,并且进一步引入前向搜索窗以及门限的概念,能准确定位出第1径的位置,大大提高了定时算法的准确概率,因而该新定时算法非常适用于多径衰落信道.

基于伪随机序列前导码的OFDM系统帧同步算法

在正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM)系统接收端,错误估计快速傅里叶变换窗口起始点会导致OFDM帧偏差,从而造成严重的符号间干扰(inter symbol interference,ISI)以及子载波间干扰(inter carrier interference,ICI)。首先建立一个带有帧同步的OFDM系统模型,然后通过理论推导得到帧偏差对OFDM系统的影响。利用伪随机序列自身较好的相关特性,设计了一种基于伪随机序列前导码的帧同步算法,并分析了3种基于循环前缀(cyclic prefix,CP)的传统帧同步算法。通过仿真实验,结果表明所提出的基于伪随机序列前导码的帧同步算法与传统算法相比,即使在较差的信道条件下,如在较低的信噪比或存在较大的载波频率偏移(carrier frequency offset,CFO)时,其帧偏差估计结果更为准确、稳定以及节省资源。

一种新的OFDM定时与频偏联合同步算法

OFDM技术在无线衰落信道中传输高速数据时具有突出的优势。提出了一种以PN序列为前导的快速低复杂度的帧定时和整数倍频偏联合同步算法。理论分析和仿真表明,这种算法在低信噪比和大频偏下具有良好的性能。

双向协作OFDM系统中基于能量定价的功率分配与中继选择算法

该文研究双向两跳协作多中继正交频分复用(OFDM)系统的网络寿命优化问题。由于网络寿命最大化的问题无法直接求解,该文提出一种基于对各节点能量定价的次优算法,即将各子载波的功率分配,中继及源节点选择进行分步优化。首先利用拉格朗日法求解两个方向上的源与各中继节点配对时的最优功率分配,使得网络在满足一定吞吐量和发送功率限制的前提下,消耗能量总价值最小;然后在所有可能的配对中选择每个方向最优的中继节点;最后选择损耗能量价值较小的数据流方向。分别考虑了源与目的节点间有无直接链路两种场景,在有直接链路场景下分析了最大比值合并(MRC)和选择合并(SC)两种分集方式对功率优化的影响。仿真结果表明,该文提出算法的网络寿命比已有算法有显著提高。

OFD-NLFM雷达信号的优化设计及射频隐身性能分析

具有高主副瓣比的雷达信号可以降低无源探测系统的截获概率,从而具有一定的射频隐身特性。利用窗函数反求法设计了非线性调频信号,并利用组合窗法优化非线性调频信号,分析信号的自相关主副瓣比和主瓣宽度。由于多输入多输出雷达具备较好的射频隐身能力,基于单一窗和组合窗设计了正交频分非线性调频信号,给出了不同类型、不同组合系数时信号的自相关主副瓣比、主瓣宽度及互相关峰值电平。研究表明,正交频分非线性调频信号具备较强的射频隐身能力,有较广泛的应用前景。

基于组合窗的OFDM-NLFM信号设计

高主副瓣比、窄主瓣宽度以及良好的正交特性是多输入多输出雷达波形设计的研究重点。利用组合窗法对非线性调频信号主副瓣比以及主瓣宽度进行了优化,分析了组合参数对信号的影响;在此基础上,提出了基于组合窗优化的正交频分非线性调频信号的设计方法,并对点目标正交频分回波信号进行了匹配滤波。仿真结果表明,优化后的雷达信号具有良好的正交性能。

全相位OFDM系统的最大自相关帧同步

针对数字地面广播电视(DTMB)系统,提出了一个对载波频偏具有鲁棒性的新的帧同步算法。该算法通过正交频分复用(OFDM)信号的时域复制和对接收信号实行自相关来实施。自相关数值输出的非关联求和的峰值检测是理所当然的帧起始点。理论证明,载波频率偏移(CFO)对全相位自相关帧同步算法没有影响。通过仿真表明,在频率选择性衰落信道中,提出的方法在有频偏存在情况下比传统算法具有很强的优势,对于DTMB系统的PN420模型,系统保持稳定工作的最大CFO在所提方法中要远远大于传统的方法。

采用OFDM正交频分复用技术的船舶无线通信同步技术研究

在船舶无线通信系统中,信号受海面反射效应、衍射效应和阴影效应等干扰,会出现无线通信信号强度的衰减,甚至出现信号失真。为了解决这一问题,本文采用一种基于OFDM正交频分复用技术的信号调制解调技术,开发一种无线通信的同步技术,不仅提高了船舶无线通信数据帧的同步特性,也提高了无线数据传输的准确度。

OFDM-MQAM在相关Nakagami-m衰落信道上的性能分析

本文研究频率选择性相关Nakagami衰落信道上采用最大比合并(MRC)分集接收的正交频分多路复用M进制正交幅度调制(OFDM-MQAM)系统。使用矩生成函数(MGF)方法和高斯超几何函数、Appell超几何函数或Lauricella函数,推导任意衰落参数频率选择性相关Nakagami衰落信道上MRC分集接收的OFDM-MQAM系统的误符号率(SER)性能,获得了OFDM-MQAM误符号率的一个新的解析表达式。数值计算结果阐明了多径路径数、Nakagami衰落参数和信道脉冲响应抽头间的相关系数对OFDM-MQAM误符号率性能的影响。

基于OFDM技术的CBTC系统中列车速度对车地通信传输性能的影响

基于通信的列车控制(Communication-Based Train Control,CBTC)系统是一种采用先进的通信、计算机技术,连续控制、监测列车运行的列车控制系统.为了提高CBTC系统的传输效率,将正交频分复用技术(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)运用于CBTC系统,从OFDM系统的工作原理出发,研究了列车速度对于OFDM系统子载波非正交性的影响,并以无线局域网(Wireless Local Area Networks,WLAN)技术中的OFDM参数为例,对列车速度引起的信道相干时间变化进行了深入分析与计算.理论计算与仿真结果表明:列车速度对子载波间正交性的影响可以忽略不计;在同样报文长度、不同列车速度下,最低的传输速率并不一定能得到最低的误帧率(Frame Error Rate,FER);通信系统应该根据信道时变情况以及报文长度分别选择不同的传输速率以得到最低的FER.

OFDM系统中新的同步与信道联合估计算法

提出了一种新的基于判决反馈的OFDM同步与信道联合跟踪算法。该算法提取出信道估计结果中包含的同步信息用于实现同步估计,并利用同步估计结果对信道估计结果进行修正,使其尽量逼近真实信道。仿真结果表明该算法在信噪比较大时可以获得较高的估计性能,具有计算量小和实现简单的优点。适当增加块长具有更强的抑制噪声的能力,但却减弱了信道的时变跟踪能力,因此块长的选择必须权衡考虑。