Review and Perspective of Questioned Document Examination Research-Bibliometric Analysis Based on Visual Knowledge Mapping

Background:Questioned document examination(QDE)is a crucial sub-discipline of forensic science,and over the years,this discipline has developed a vast amount of research results and literature.However,the current studies have only reviewed the development of QDE for a period of time or a particular research direction,lacking a comprehensive review of this discipline since its origins.Aim:The aim of this study is to utilize bibliometric methods to review the history and development of QDE since 1934 and also to predict its future research trends.Materials:This study collects the literature of questioned document examination(QDE)from the Web of Science Core Collection database and uses four bibliometric analysis tools:CiteSpace,VOSviewer,SciMAT,and Bibliometric,to process relevant literature data.Methods:Through the analysis methods of journal co-citation analysis,keyword co-occurrence network analysis,literature cocitation analysis,and theme evolutionary analysis,the bibliometric data information in the QDE field is obtained,and a visualized knowledge mapping is constructed.Results:The results show that four research directions have been formed,basically.As far as the development trend of QDE research is concerned,the research field shows the change in content from cursory to detailed and in analysis from qualitative to quantitative,while the research field maintains a close relationship with chemical technology and computer science.Conclusions:The changes in QDE can be attributed to advancements in science and technology,which have influenced research methods.QDE also has a legal aspect,with a focus on enhancing scientific accuracy and evidentiary value.These developments aim to strengthen QDE’s identification power and promote its scientific and standardized growth.This will gradually enhance the reliability and strength of QDE evidence,making it more valuable in judicial practice.

An examination of handwritten signatures forged using photosensitive signature stamp

Signature examination is the most common examination performed by any document examiner.Determination of the authenticity of a handwritten signature on a questioned document is an important task for forensic document examiners in the forensic science field.As a result of continuous developments in technology,a signature stamp can now be created using a photosensitive seal to enable the reproduction of a handwritten signature.These stamps are commonly used in China and several other countries.In this study,10 types of black photosensitive stamp-pad ink,10 brands of fountain pen ink,15 types of black gel ink and six types of black erasable gel ink found on the Chinese domestic market were collected and 10 photosensitive signature stamps were created using the signatures of 10 people.Microscopic analysis,infrared(IR)and fluorescence analyses and microspectrophotometry(MSP)techniques were used to examine the resulting photosensitive signature stamp impressions when applied to printing papers,writing papers and invoice papers.By comparing the printing and spectral characteristics of the photosensitive signature stamp impressions with those of the signatures executed using the fountain pens,gel pens and erasable gel pens,it was possible to determine whether each signature was written or stamped using a photosensitive signature stamp.To validate these results,a 96.7%absolute accuracy and a 99.3%detection rate were achieved over a total of 150 blind tests conducted by five forensic document examiners,thus demonstrating that a combination of the four analysis methods used in this work can provide a more scientific approach and improve the accuracy and the detection rate of the examination process.

Application of Resistance Measurements of Black Gel Ink to Identify Altered Documents

Identification of altered documents written in black gel ink is widely recognized as problematic,especially if both the original and alteredstrokes contain carbon.In this work,we used a black handwriting resistance measurement instrument to measure the resistance values ofink strokes.Because black gel inks are made with different types of pigments,their resistance values could be used to differentiate betweendifferent pen models from the same brand and among brands.In this study,30 black gel inks were classified by their resistance values.In apair‑wise comparison analysis of the results,there were 435 possible pairs and 347(i.e.,79.8%of the total)of these were able to be effectivelydistinguished.This is a nondestructive,convenient,and effective method to identify altered documents.

The Hot Issues and Future Direction of Forensic Document Examination in China

The domain of forensic document examination consists of a variety of professional tasks related to the history and preliminary of questioned documents.The wide area of tasks implemented by forensic document examiners includes the skill to identify the authorship of handwriting and signature;discriminate among genuine,imitated,or disguised handwriting;to examine and analyze components of inks,papers,and other materials connected with documents;and other highly skilled analyses based on specialized technique.The field of handwriting examination is tightly related to empirical knowledge and practical experience.Handwriting is usually thought to be behavioral activities that are identifiable due to the appearance of features and characteristics within the writing.When we assess these features we universally analyze them in two aspects:Both quality and quantity of writing.As mentioned above,the evaluation of quality and quantity is performed by forensic document examiners.The problem is how to conduct this kind of evaluation related to empirical knowledge and experience.There is not consistent answer yet,although many researchers devote themselves to explore in this hot issue,such as mathematical methods applied in handwriting analysis.In this article,several mathematical methods applied to forensic document field are deciphered in domestic perspective of China.In the digital age,we all inevitably deal with problems with the help of computer or computer technology.We also pay close attention to the computer technique assistant in the field of forensic document examination.Standards or criteria of forensic document examination are still hot issues in China.Although we established a few standards or criterion based on requires of practice,it is also a lack of standards or criterion associated to trainees and continuing education in view of practitioners.At the end of this article,the author intends to discuss a piece of a challenge to forensic document examination,which are also universal issues abroad.Those who are critical of the current state of knowledge in this area argue that members of the judiciary have failed to sufficiently address the shortcomings of the forensic document evidence proffered in criminal trials.Specifically,critics of forensic document examination argue that little valuable wording exists in the report to support the validity and reliability of the methodology and findings of forensic document examination.

Study on the Relationship of Continuous Laser Printing and the Distance of Trace on the OPC

This thesis aims to seek the relationship between photosensitive drum cyclical trace distance of two pages(shorted for L’)and continuity printing of laser printers.Characteristics quantification,statistics are chosen to evaluate the data and results.It is indicated that the regularity is existed between L'and continuity printing,and regular performance between different models of HP and Canon printers are consistent.According to the data,L'of continuous printing are summed up,the probability of replacing the front page and the middle page which can meet the continuity regularity are analyzed.The numerical interval is given of noncontinuous printing.The study can enhance the scientificity of printing document examination and have innovation and practical significance in civil disputes,criminal cases,and social community.