Analysis of the Changes in Rural Chinese Family Structure since Reform and Opening Up

This article uses data from censuses since 1982 to reveal changes in the family structure of rural China since the launch of reform and opening up and against the backdrop of institutional relocation,social transformation and an aging population.Since the advent of reform and opening up,rural family structure and its changes can be divided into two phases.Before the 1990 s,the household contract responsibility system was implemented,labor in rural villages was still mainly engaged in farming,and the number of nuclear families remained stable with a steady rise.After the 1990 s,as reform progress deepened,substantial numbers of young and middle-aged laborers in rural villages began to relocate into non-farming sectors and aging in rural villages rose.As those born in the early days of the family planning policy gradually matured,family structure was directly affected and changed in new ways and forms not seen before.Vocational divisions of labor among the parents of young families and married offspring emerged and the significance of cooperation for family economy and daily life between parents and offspring rose in importance.Also,the prevalence of immediate families with three generations climbed while the standard nuclear families declined,the ratio of middle-aged couples with young children that worked outside the home increased,the function of middle-aged and senior parents in the upbringing of infants and children enhanced,and the commonness of incomplete family types such as only grandparents with grandchildren increased.During this phase,the number of seniors living alone surged to the point of becoming a matter worthy of attention.

The 40-year Anniversary of Reform and Opening-up

In 1978,the third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee started the implementation of opening-up and reform policies,starting a new chapter of China’s economic development.A grand gathering to celebrate the 40th anniversary of China’s reform and opening-up was held by the CPC Central Committee and State Council on December 18,2018.President Xi Jinping addressed the gathering,saying“we shall never forget our original determination and keep in mind our commitment to carry forward reform and opening-up to the end.We shall endeavor to fulfill the people’s demands for beautiful lives and create a new miracle in a new era that amazes the world”.

Practical Significance of Rural Survey of the Communist Party of China after Reform and Opening up

Conducting rural social investigation is the excellent tradition of the Communist Party of China.Since the reform and opening up,the Communist Party of China has undertaken several times of rural investigation,fully grasped the first-hand data of rural development situation of China,and formulated scientific policies and measures.These promote tremendous changes in rural development.Rural investigation of the Communist Party of China covers a wide range of topics,including politics,economy,education,science and technology,health care,sanitation,and population.Undertaking detailed investigation in rural areas is of great significance for development of rural society,scientific administration of the Communist Party of China,and the construction of the socialist society with Chinese characteristics.

The Evolution of China’s National Innovation System During the 40 Years of Reform and Opening Up

From the perspective of economic system transformations and scientific and technological system reforms, this paper investigates the evolution of China’s national innovation system (NIS) during the 40 years of reform and opening up. It concludes that China’s NIS has evolved from weak to strong, from a follower groping its way onto the track of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics. China’s innovation system has experienced a trajectory from “introduction and imitation of complete sets of technology” to “market for technology and imitative innovation,” to “integrated and secondary innovation” and on to “integrated, secondary, collaborative and original innovation combined.” The path of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics is a natural choice of economic, societal, and technological development in the new era.

HAVING FULL UNDERSTANDING OF THE TIMES, COMPLYING WITH THE TREND, STANDING FAST AND MAKING INNOVATIONS: ON CHINA'S DIPLOMACY IN FOUR DECADES OF REFORM AND OPENING-UP

The year 1978 was destined to be an extraordinary year in contemporary Chinese history,which witnessed the convening of the grd Plenary Session of the iuth National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the adoption of reform and opening up policy and setting of new journey of China's diplomacy.

Chinese Experience in Industrial Development During the Forty Years of reform and opening-up

Over the past forty years of reform and opening-up,China's industry has sustained rapid and sound development and generated impressive achievements.Industrialization has entered the second half of its final stage.This experience of successful industrialization with Chinese characteristics constitutes an important component Chinese wisdom and Chinese approaches,and serves as a reference for other developing countries and countries in transition.The Chinese experience in industrial development during this period includes: progressively promoting industrial and economic system reform adapted to local circumstances; seizing the right moment to firmly integrate into the global system of labor division; pursuing the new path of industrialization featuring coordinated development of the "Five Pillars" in keeping up with the times; and developing an industrialization model with Chinese characteristics with concerted efforts of effective market and enabling government.

Forty Years of Reform and Opening Up and the Building of a Moderately Prosperous Society

Over the past forty years of reform and opening up,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has led people of all ethnic groups in the country to carry out the practice of building a moderately prosperous society.Combining Marxism with the contemporary reality of China,the CPC has adapted Marxism to the Chinese context and enriched the theory of building a moderately prosperous society since its initiation.In practice,China already achieved the goal of ensuring the people a moderately prosperous life and is now striving to secure a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,making tremendous progress in economic and social development.To complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieve the intended goal,China should accelerate the advancement of the targeted poverty alleviation strategy,continue to improve the people’s livelihood,and maintain sustained and sound economic and social development.

30 years of reform and opening up:experience and characteristics

This year marks the 30th anniversary of China’s reform and opening-up program,which has brought about unprecedented achievements in the country’s three decades of rapid development. This issue contains three articles on the theme of this 30th anniversary,presenting insights on the past and present and prospects for the coming period. The current issue includes "China’s 30 years of reform and opening up:experiences and characteristics" by Prof. Chen Jiagui;"30 years of prosperity in China’s non-state economy" by Prof. Liu Yingqiu; and "The development of an open economy in China" by Prof. Pei Changhong. These articles evaluate the policies of the past three decades from different angles and looking at different facets,yet each with theoretical as well as practical signif icance. We believe that these historical reflections will steer China on an even more successful path of future reform and opening.

Innovation of Chinese Discourse in the Context of Reform and Opening Up

Through reform and opening up,China has moved from the edge of the world arena to the center and this great historical change in its development has created new requirements for the innovation of Chinese discourse.The remarkable achievements of reform and opening up have not only maintained the vitality of Chinese discourse,but also built the inherent foundation for holding confidence in discourse.The key reason why the policy of reform and opening up has facilitated the historic construction of Chinese discourse is that it is a scientific answer to the questions of our times about how to build socialism in a country relatively backward in the level of economy and education.In a new era for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics,the innovations and development of Chinese discourse have shown new features rarely seen before,among which the most significant is that constructing Chinese discourse is no longer a matter of individual cases but more of a common phenomenon.In the historic journey towards an all-round in-depth reform,broader theoretical space has been created for Chinese discourse.In addition,it is an important signpost in the path of promoting innovative development of Chinese discourse in a new era,namely,how to"tell China’s stories well",and establish an appropriate mode for conveying Chinese discourse to the world.

After Forty Years of Reform and Opening up:A Multi-perspective Analysis of the Innovation and Development of Ideological and Political Education

In the past 40 years of reform and opening up,the political,economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation between China and other countries have been increasing.In particular,with the opening of the doors to the outside world,the intermingling and collision of various cultures and trends from the East and the West have affected the practice and development process of ideological and political education to a certain extent.With the continu­ous penetration of network technology,the ideological and political theoret­ical system under the leadership of the Party has been constantly innovated and improved.Although it has gone through the course of cancellation,restoration,development and then integration and deepening,it has also pointed out a series of new diversified development paths for ideological and political education.Therefore,against such a background,it is impor­tant to deeply understand the distinctive features of ideological and political education in the context of pluralism.Adhering to the principle of keeping pace with the times and the people-oriented education policy and exploring new paths,methods and means of ideological and political education in the context of pluralism are not only in line with the trend of development of the times,but also continue to promote the reform and development of ide­ological and political theory in the new era.

Reform of Rural Planting Structure in China since the Reform and Opening-up and Its Main Problems

Based on the oral interview of six different types of rural families in Houdian Village,Longkou City,Shandong Province,combined with the adjustment of rural reform policies,this paper analyzed reasons for the reform of rural planting structure in China since the reform and opening-up and elaborated the general outline of the reform of the planting structure.From the changes in farmers' attitudes,it explored the achievements and shortcomings of rural reform in the past 40 years.It discussed problems such as shortage of labor resources and vacancy of family education of teenagers in the current sustainable development of rural areas.Finally,it came up with some recommendations for the development of rural areas.

Reform and Opening up,the Motive Power for the Technical Advance of Dongfang Hydroelectric Equipment

Preface On October 13, 1958, in the county town of Deyang in southwestern China, a new power equipment manufacture enterprise-Dongfa ng Electric Machinery was es tablished, which had been placed

Thoughts on High-quality Development of Unconventional Gas in Central China——Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of Reform & Opening-up and New Progress in Foreign Cooperation

In accordance with the development concept of 'innovation,coordination,green,openness and sharing' and to promote the supply-side structural reform,CNPC proposes its new goals and strategy in the new era,and expands the overall strategy into ‘resources,market,internationalization and innovation'to adapt to the needs of cleaner energy development in the new era and highlight innovation,openness and green development.It has been seen that through foreign cooperation in the field of unconventional gas,remarkable results have been achieved in the introduction of international advanced concepts,technologies and management experiences.Tight gas and shale gas resources in Central China are abundant but more challenged in geological condition than that in North American,and there are great geological,technical and economic risks.CNPC has achieved significant phased achievements for the development of tight gas and shale gas in Ordos and Sichuan Basin;however,the development quality of unconventional gas assets needs to be further improved.To achieve high-quality development of tight gas and shale gas,on one hand,we must implement the strategy of self-operation and foreign cooperation combination,take advantage of the in tegration of self-operation with foreign cooperation and realize synergetic development;on the other hand,we need to fully understand that the technical characteristics of tight gas and shale gas are different from those of the conventional energy and unconventional technical measures,management strategies and methods are required.

Improving Lives Forty years of reform and opening up helps drive poverty reduction in China and globally

Li Naluo still remembers how isolated and poor her native village was not so long ago： a few thatched huts,no roads or electricity, secluded in the mountains of south China＇s Yunnan Province. Who would have thought that a few years later, this poor village would rise like a phoenix from the ashes？

Social Security Internationalization During China's Reform and Opening Up from 1978 to 2018——Viewed from the Paradigm of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

China's reform and opening-up policy,launched in 1978,marks the start of the internationalization process of its social security system.This paper takes the notion of "a community with a shared future" as the perspective to analyze the internationalization of social security in the process of China's reform and opening up.Based on China's developments in globalization,it divides the internationalization process of China's social security from 1978 to 2018 into three stages: the stage of reshaping the domestic social security system with reference to the best international practice; the stage of achieving bilateral or multilateral alignment on the premise of equality and mutual benefit,and the stage of injecting Chinese wisdom in social security into the development of global social security.The trajectory of the development of China's social security internationalization shows the incremental evolution within the country,between nations,and in the world community.This paper studies the internationalization process to show China's grand achievements in the four decades of reform and opening-up and to demonstrate Chinese wisdom and confidence.

Evolution of the “Zhejiang Spirit” During the Forty Years of Reform and Opening-up

The "Zhejiang spirit" refers to a theoretical summary of the group consciousness, mental state, value orientation and ideological realm, which is, as a motivating power, owned and recognized by all Zhejiang people, and carries Zhejiang peculiarities. President Xi Jinping, during his term of office in Zhejiang, launched a number of seminars and activities to seek "a Zhejiang spirit that moves with the times." Forty years of reform and opening-up, the "Zhejiang spirit" has experienced an evolution that can be summarized as three improvements: from spontaneous formation to deliberate cultivation, from something limited to eastern Zhejiang to an integrating force that spans the entire Zhejiang Province, and from a mere existence to a role that functions adequately. The "Zhejiang spirit" is extracted from the humanistic spirits shaped in all corners of Zhejiang province. It is "an instrumental ensemble played across the entire province," and represents a certain judgment and interpretation. The "Zhejiang spirit" not only describes and summarizes the past and present, but will also guide and motivate the future, and support people in their enterprising and industrious practices to move with the times.

The Development of China's Intellectual Property Law over the Past Forty Years of Reform and Opening Up

Over the past forty years of reform and opening-up,China has experienced vigorous development of Intellectual Property Law.During this period,it has successively enacted and promulgated a range of basic laws,among which are the Trademark Law of the PRC,the Patent Law of the PRC,the Copyright Law of the PRC and the AntiUnfair Competition Law of the PRC; and many other related laws and regulations,such as the Regulations of the PRC on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants,Regulations on Protection of Integrated Circuit Layout Design and Provisions on the Protection of Geographical Indication Products.In this way,China has gradually established a relatively sound and complete intellectual property law system.Since the beginning of reform and opening-up,China's practice of intellectual property legislation has adhered to its institutional positioning of being subject to its civil law,safeguarding effective market competition and ensuring the implementation of national strategies.It has followed the development rules of relying on scientific & technological progress,targeting economic and social development and adjusting public policies for guiding purposes.Thanks to this,China has formed multiple coordinating mechanisms to settle conflicts of interests between the protection of intellectual property rights(IPR) and the protection of basic human rights,public health,genetic resources,traditional knowledge,etc.In the future development of China's intellectual property law,a trend of codification will emerge,which will primarily "include intellectual property law in the civil code" or "enact an intellectual property code." The modernization of China's Intellectual Property Law will be manifested in the changes of the defining standard of Intellectual Property Rights(IPR)subjects,the utilization patterns of IPR objects and the protection models of intellectual property.This internationalization will center on creating a new order for international IPR protection.

Uplifting a Nation China’s 40 years of reform and opening up has brought tangible benefits to its people and the world

Beijing resident Li Zhangzhe, 58, still keeps a pair of sunglasses he bought nearly 40 years ago.

Asian and African Officials’ Views on China’s 40 Years of Reform and Opening-up

China’s reform and opening-up policy,which started in 1978,has become more effective.The success of reform and opening-up has transformed China from a low-income country to one of the world’s largest economies today.In my view,the success of China’s development lies in the country greatly reducing the number of people living in poverty.According to the World Bank,hundreds of millions of Chinese people have been lifted out of