A SIGNAL PROCESSING SCHEME TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF SOME SONAR SYSTEMS

Some statistical characteristics of signal and noise in shallow-water acoustical channel were analysed . Based on the differences in some statistical characteristics between the signal and the noise , the authors developed a new kind of signal processing technique-digital time correlative accumulation to operate sonar systems at a low data rate . Theoretical analyses and expermental results show . the false-alarm probability can be reduced to a low value of less than 10 -4 while the detection probability can reach a relatively high value of more than 0.9. By using the statistical averages of the multiple range detection value , the authors can greatly improve the accuracy of the detection . The method can be used for some other related fields, for example , ultrasonic detection in air medium .

基于被动声呐音频信号的水中目标识别综述

基于被动声呐音频信号的水中目标识别是当前水下无人探测领域的重要技术难题,在军事和民用领域都应用广泛.本文从数据处理和识别方法两个层面系统阐述基于被动声呐信号进行水中目标识别的方法和流程.在数据处理方面,从基于被动声呐信号的水中目标识别基本流程、被动声呐音频信号分析的数理基础及其特征提取三个方面概述被动声呐信号处理的基本原理.在识别方法层面,全面分析基于机器学习算法的水中目标识别方法,并聚焦以深度学习算法为核心的水中目标识别研究.本文从有监督学习、无监督学习、自监督学习等多种学习范式对当前研究进展进行系统性的总结分析,并从算法的标签数据需求、鲁棒性、可扩展性与适应性等多个维度分析这些方法的优缺点.同时,还总结该领域中较为广泛使用的公开数据集,并分析公开数据集应具备的基本要素.最后,通过对水中目标识别过程的论述,总结目前基于被动声呐音频信号的水中目标自动识别算法存在的困难与挑战,并对该领域未来的发展方向进行展望.

基于随机共振的水下目标微弱回波信号增强检测

针对低信噪比下主动声呐探测水下目标的微弱回波信号检测难题,本文提出了一种基于随机共振的微弱回波信号增强检测方法。该方法通过建立频移变尺度随机共振系统,与输入高频微弱回波信号、随机噪声相匹配,实现微弱回波信号的共振增强;进而利用乘积谱与谱峭度构建目标回波亮点增强检测指标,有效提升微弱回波亮点的能量集中程度,抑制杂波及虚假成分干扰。仿真结果表明:在低信噪比下,随机共振系统输出信噪比增益可达5 dB以上,微弱目标回波亮点检测结果更加直观便捷,杂波干扰得到大幅抑制。海试数据处理结果进一步验证了所提方法的有效性和可靠性。

基于解卷积的高精度水下声信标测向方法

针对水下声信标搜寻定位声呐对搜寻定位效率的需求,文章引入一种基于空域解卷积的高精度水下声信标测向方法,对常规波束形成结果进行解卷积处理,提高了声信标搜寻定位声呐的处理增益和测向精度,提高了搜寻定位效率,并且使得为搜索发射频率为37.5 kHz的声信标设计的声呐,同时也具备了对发射频率为8.8 kHz的声信标的搜寻定位功能。通过仿真和实测数据验证了文中方法的有效性。

基于非负矩阵分解的双曲调频信号目标回波增强

双曲调频信号是主动声呐中常用的多普勒不敏感信号。在实际使用中,由于信道变化和混响影响,目标回波较弱。针对水下航行器主动声呐探测性能下降问题,本文提出基于非负矩阵分解的双曲调频信号目标回波增强方法。该方法对目标回波和干扰信号的基矩阵分别定义,将发射信号的时频图作为目标回波的频率信息矩阵,对目标回波的时间信息矩阵做出约束,迭代处理完成目标回波的增强,获得较高增益的匹配回波检测结果。数值仿真和海上试验结果表明:本文方法与传统匹配滤波方法相比,其峰均比值提高了2 dB以上,提高了回波检测结果。

基于占空比特征的高频水声信号粗分类方法

高频水声信号主要包含水声通信信号和主动声呐信号,频带范围通常在3~40 kHz之间,具有信噪比高、隐含信息丰富等特点。图像识别和机器学习类方法受无人平台能量供给限制,难以实现工程应用。针对测距类主动声呐信号与水声通信信号低复杂度分类问题,提出了一种基于占空比特征的高频水声信号粗分类方法,利用水声通信信号和主动声呐信号占空比差异实现两类高频水声信号粗分类。最后,通过仿真信号和实测数据验证了算法的有效性。

小孔径多波束声呐测深算法改进

多波束测深声呐采用多重信号分类算法能够在较小阵列尺寸的情况下保证较高的角度分辨率。然而,由于水底回波的边缘波束信噪比较低,多重信号分类算法伪谱中较强的伪峰干扰会导致后续测深算法的深度估计结果出现错误。针对该问题,提出一种基于最大信噪比的修正峰值搜索算法。该算法假定相邻波束的水底地形具有缓变性,选取回波信噪比最大的时刻,利用多重信号分类算法进行波达方向估计以获取信号角度、时间参考值。然后,分别向左右两侧利用时间期望值对回波信号进行加权与峰值搜索,实现更精确的测深。最后,通过实测数据验证了该文提出算法的有效性,该算法在特定条件下能够将边缘波束的最大测深误差减小25.85%,平均测深误差减小8.02%。

复杂背景下小样本声呐图像目标检测

水下目标检测具有重要意义,在军事和民用领域都发挥着重要作用。实际场景中可以获得的声呐图像非常有限,且声呐图像的信噪比较低,无法得到较好的检测结果。因此,本文引入小样本学习,基于Faster RCNN两阶段目标检测算法,选择不同的策略对模型进行优化,得到了较好的检测结果并验证了小样本目标检测在声呐图像领域的可行性。根据混响对声呐图像的影响进行仿真实验,得到不同混响背景下的声呐图像,对比分析了不同数据集下训练模型的检测性能。实验结果表明,在训练样本中增加混响信号可以提高低信噪比条件下的目标检测精度。

COSTAS波形的主动声呐近似相干处理算法

为了提升探测处理增益,有效对抗水声信道的频率选择性衰落,提出了一种基于COSTAS波形的主动声呐新算法。首先分析了相干融合的原理,然后基于相近频率经历近似相干信道的假设,提出了将近似相干融合应用于声呐回波信号处理,具体实现方式为如下步骤:通过频域波束形成提升回波增益;通过归一化匹配滤波进行相关处理;将匹配滤波后的不同频率的复数进行加权求和,加权系数由信噪比决定。仿真表明,提出的近似相干算法的接收机曲线明显优于非相干处理;同时,湖试结果证明,近似相干方法比现有的非相干处理方法有更高的处理增益,增益提升5~9 dB。

基于线谱特征保持的单枚浮标多目标信号分离算法

针对单枚被动全向声纳浮标多目标信号的分离问题,提出联合非负矩阵分解(non-negative matrix factorization,NMF)和快速独立成分分析(fast independent component analysis,FastICA)的多目标信号盲分离算法。首先,基于空间与谱间相关性优化NMF算法,以增强NMF算法对水声信号调制线谱特征的适应性,提高对线谱的保持优势;然后,以NMF基矩阵优势结合FastICA算法实现水声多目标信号的盲分离。仿真信号实验结果表明,所提算法取得了较高的信号分离精度,可以较好地保持信号的调制特征,同时对分离信号进行了一定的降噪增强,更好地保证了后续目标识别的特征支撑。

Waveform diversity based sonar system for target localization

A new monostatic array system taking advantage of diverse waveforms to improve the performance of underwater tar- get localization is proposed. Unlike the coherent signals between different elements in common active array, the transmitted signals from different elements here are spatially orthogonal waveforms which allow for array processing in the transit mode and result in an extension of array aperture. The mathematical derivation of Capon estimator for this sonar system is described in detail. And the performance of this orthogonal-waveform based sonar is an- alyzed and compared with that of its phased-array counterpart by water tank experiments. Experimental results show that this sonar system could achieve 12 dB-15 dB additional array gain over its phased-array counterpart, which means a doubling of maximum detection range. Moreover, the angular resolution is significantly improved at lower SNR.

High Accuracy Time of Flight Measurement Using Digital Signal Processing Techniques for Subsea Applications

The techniques widely used in ultrasonic measurements are based on the determination of the time of flight (T.o.F). A short train of waves is transmitted and same transducer is used for reception of the reflected signal for the pulse-echo measurement applications. The amplitude of the received waveform is an envelope which starts from zero reaches to a peak and then dies out. The echoes are mostly detected by simple threshold crossing technique, which is also cause of error. In this paper digital signal processing is used to calculate the time delay in reception i.e. T.o.F, for which a maximum similarity between the reference and the delayed echo signals is obtained. To observe the effect of phase uncertainties and frequency shifts (Doppler), this processing is carried out, both directly on the actual wave shape and after extracting the envelopes of the reference and delayed echo signals. Several digital signal processing algorithms are considered and the effects of different factors such as sampling rate, resolution of digitization and S/N ratio are analyzed. Result show accuracy, computing time and cost for different techniques.

Bionic covert anti-reverberation active sonar detection method based on imitating whale whistles

The disguised covert detection method that imitates whale calls has received great attention in recent years because it can solve the traditional problem of the trade-off between long-range detection and covert detection.However,under strong reverberation conditions,traditional echo signal processing methods based on matched filtering will be greatly disturbed.Based on this,a disguised sonar signal waveform design is proposed based on imitating whale calls and computationally efficient anti-reverberation echo signal processing method.Firstly,this article proposed a disguised sonar signal waveform design method based on imitating whale calls.This method uses linear frequency modulation(LFM)signals to replace LFM-like segments in real whale calls,and extracts the envelope of the real whale call’s LFM-like segment to modify the LFM signal.Secondly,this article proposed an echo signal processing method of fractional Fourier transform(FrFT)based on target echo locating of synchronization signals.This method uses the synchronization signal to locate the target echo,and determines the step-size interval of the FrFT based on the information carried by the synchronization signal.Compared with the traditional FrFT,this method effectively reduces the amount of calculation and also improves the anti-reverberation ability.Finally,the excellent performance of the proposed method is verified by simulation results.

Some Aspects of Analysis of Dolphins’ Acoustical Signals

Dolphins produce various types of sounds in a wide range of frequencies. Characteristics of some sounds till now have not been correctly registered, that influenced on interpretation of their functions. Studying of the characteristics and functions of dolphins’ acoustical signals is the purpose of the present work. In this work the acoustical signals of two dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were registered by two-channel system in the frequencies band up to 200 kHz at quasi-stationary position of the dolphins. The dolphins along with whistles are producing the packs of coherent and non-coherent broadband pulses. The waveform and spectrum of coherent pulses was invariable within a pack, but considerably varies from a pack to a pack. The waveform of each non-coherent pulse vary from a pulse to a pulse in each pack, therefore their spectrum also vary from a pulse to a pulse and have many extremums in the band of 6 - 200 kHz. It is very likely that the non-coherent pulses play a part of phonemes of a dolphin spoken language and the probing signals of dolphin’s non- coherent sonar. The use possibility of the signals by dolphins for communication and orientation was considered, as the signals apparently are bimodal. Results of the work have significance for further studying of the dolphin’s sonar and spoken language.

Sonar Image Processing System for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle(AUV)

Sonar image processing system is an important intelligent system of Autonomous Un-derwater Vehicle.Based on TMS320C30 high speed DSP,it is used to realize sonar imagecompression and underwater object detections including obstacle recognition in real time.Inthis paper,the software and hardware designs of this system are introduced and the experi-mental results are given.

The receiving of chirp signals with frequency invariant beam response

A frequency invariant response algorithm is proposed for getting over the signal distortion in high frequency when the beamformer receives the broadband signals. In this method, the weight vector of the reference beam pattern is designed firstly, then the weight vectors when the beam response in the frequency sub-bands approaching the reference response mostly are computed by optimized method or adaptive method. By this method, the beam pattern in each sub-band can be almost kept invariable. As a result, the receiving chirp signal can be improved. Owing to the adoption of the adaptive method to approach the optimized vectors, it has no restricting of the array format and the element directivity, and the method can be used widely.

和差式相位测向法在吊放声纳改进中的运用研究

国内某型吊放声纳在模拟信号处理过程中存在操作复杂和测向精度不高等问题,早期和差式相位测向法需要复杂的显示系统,对人员的操作要求较高,并且误差较大。通过分析影响吊放声纳测向的因素,在模拟处理转变为数字信号处理技术后,基于和差式相位测向原理,同时引入恒虚假检测以及目标参数估计等后处理算法流程,可直接精确地计算出目标方位,降低了对操作技能的要求,最终确定数字化改造的方向,为早期模拟吊放声纳装备性能改进提供了依据和参考。

基于声呐浮标的水声信号采集系统设计

声呐浮标水声信号采集系统是采集和传输水声数据的常用设备。该文针对水声信号动态范围大、频率范围宽、海洋噪声信号的频率特征差异大等特点,基于浮标平台设计了一款多通道、高一致性和宽动态范围的水声信号采集系统。该系统以STM32为主控核心,通过对水声信号进行预处理,实现了四通道固定增益80 dB、动态增益40 dB、频带范围为100 Hz~20 kHz的水声信号同步高速采集。该系统还设计了上位机,将所有通道水声数据通过显示屏进行显示,并根据实际情况对系统状态进行控制。实验测试结果表明,该水声信号采集系统满足设计要求,在声呐浮标信号采集领域具有极大的应用价值。

海底小目标高分辨合成孔径声呐成像技术研究进展

海底小目标的成像探测问题是海底探测领域的经典难题,合成孔径声呐技术为小目标高分辨成像与探测提供了主要技术手段。本文分析了现阶段合成孔径声呐所面临的主要能力提升问题,介绍了合成孔径声呐高分辨成像的基本原理以及多子阵成像技术,并且针对合成孔径声呐面临的技术难点,对运动误差估计与补偿技术、高测绘效率成像技术、非稳定直航下的高分辨成像技术进行了讨论,介绍了相关技术路线与研究进展,并在此基础上展望了海底小目标高分辨成像技术的发展趋势与应用前景。

密集杂波背景下的水下多目标跟踪方法

水下多目标跟踪是水声信号处理领域研究的热点和难点问题。高斯混合概率假设密度(Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density,GM-PHD)滤波器以其高效的计算效率为解决水下多目标跟踪问题提供了保证。然而,GM-PHD滤波器在跟踪目标时需要先验已知新生目标的强度,否则其性能会出现严重退化。针对该问题,提出一种滑动窗两步初始化高斯混合概率假设密度(sliding window two step initialization GM-PHD,SWTSI-GMPHD)滤波器。将提出的滑动窗两步初始化方法嵌入GM-PHD滤波器,利用滑动窗两步初始化方法估计新生目标强度,减少杂波干扰导致跟踪结果中出现的虚假目标。仿真实验表明,在杂波密集环境下,相较于其他跟踪方法,提出方法将跟踪精度提高69.84%,52.62%和41.05%。