Formation of the Zengmu and Beikang Basins,and West Baram Line in the southwestern South China Sea margin

The Zengmu and Beikang basins,separated by the West Baram Line(WBL)in the southwestern South China Sea margin,display distinct geological and geophysical features.However,the nature of the basins and the WBL are debated.Here we explore this issue by conducting the stratigraphic and structural interpretation,faults and subsidence analysis,and lithospheric finite extension modelling using seismic data.Results show that the WBL is a trans-extensional fault zone comprising normal faults and flower structures mainly active in the Late Eocene to Early Miocene.The Zengmu Basin,to the southwest of the WBL,shows an overall synformal geometry,thick folded strata in the Late Eocene to Late Miocene(40.4-5.2 Ma),and pretty small normal faults at the basin edge,which imply that the Zengmu Basin is a foreland basin under the Luconia and Borneo collision in the Sarawak since the Eocene.Furthermore,the basin exhibits two stages of subsidence(fast in 40.4-30 Ma and slow in 30-0 Ma);but the amount of observed subsidence and heat flow are both greater than that predicted by crustal thinning.The Beikang Basin,to the NE of the WBL,consists of the syn-rift faulted sub-basins(45-16.4 Ma)and the post-rift less deformed sequences(16.4-0 Ma).The heat flow(~60 mW/m2)is also consistent with that predicted based on crustal thinning,inferring that it is a rifted basin.However,the basin shows three stages of subsidence(fast in 45-30 Ma,uplift in 30-16.4 Ma,and fast in 16.4-0 Ma).In the uplift stage,the strata were partly folded in the Late Oligocene and partly eroded in the Early Miocene,which is probably caused by the flexural bulging in response to the paleo-South China Sea subduction and the subsequent Dangerous Grounds and Borneo collision in the Sabah to the east of the WBL.

Patterns of upper layer circulation variability in the South China Sea from satellite altimetry using the self-organizing map

Patterns of the South China Sea (SCS) circulation variability are extracted from merged satellite altimetry data from October 1992 through August 2004 by using the self-organizing map (SOM). The annual cycle, seasonal and inter-annual variations of the SCS surface circulation are identified through the evolution of the characteristic circulation patterns.The annual cycle of the SCS general circulation patterns is described as a change between two opposite basin-scale SW-NE oriented gyres embedded with eddies: low sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) (cyclonic) in winter and high SSHA (anticyclonic) in summer half year. The transition starts from July—August (January—February) with a high (low) SSHA tongue east of Vietnam around 12°~14° N, which develops into a big anticyclonic (cyclonic) gyre while moving eastward to the deep basin. During the transitions, a dipole structure, cyclonic (anticyclonic) in the north and anticyclonic (cyclonic) in the south, may be formed southeast off Vietnam with a strong zonal jet around 10°~12° N. The seasonal variation is modulated by the interannual variations. Besides the strong 1997/1998 event in response to the peak Pacific El Nio in 1997, the overall SCS sea level is found to have a significant rise during 1999~2001, however, in summer 2004 the overall SCS sea level is lower and the basin-wide anticyclonic gyre becomes weaker than the other years.

Tectonic boundaries in the South China Sea from aeromagnetic signature

Magnetic data has been widely applied in the tectonic division.High-resolution magnetic data were used to analyze the geotectonic zoning of the South China Sea.Based on the newly compilated magnetic data,the processing results and the distribution of known faults,we consider that the U-shaped line approximately along the South China Sea national boundary of China shown in the magnetic map is a significant geological and geophysical boundary.We first described the linear characteristics of the magnetic data and then applied pseudo-gravity,Euler deconvolution,tilt derivatives,and the texture segmentation method to process the data.Results show that the dividing line between the South China Sea and the surrounding blocks is approximately along this U-shaped line.The dividing line between the South China domain and the South China Sea domain is along with the Dongsha Islands to Xisha Trough,which is different from the previous geophysical zoning results.Our results are almost consistent with those of the gravity data indicating roughly the tectonic zonation along the U-shaped line.

Evidence of China's sea boundary in the South China Sea

According to a series of important historical maps,i.e.,the Location Map of the South China Sea Islands,the Nansha Islands,Zhongsha Islands,Xisha Islands,Yongxing Island and Shidao Island,and Taiping Island（archived by the Territorial Administration Division of the Ministry of Interior of Republic of China in 1946）,and the Administration District Map of the Republic of China published in 1948,the dashed line surrounding the South China Sea Islands represents China＇s sea boundary in the South China Sea at that time.It was both connected with,and an extension of,the land boundary of China.At that time the dashed line was used to represent the waters boundaries while the solid line was used to represent the land boundary—a universal method used in maps that was then recognized internationally.The above observation provides historical and scientific evidence of China＇s sea boundary in the South China Sea that is useful for the international maritime delimitation over the South China Sea area.

Rapid environmental assessment in the South China Sea:Improved inversion of sound speed profile using remote sensing data

Complex perturbations in the profile and the sparsity of samples often limit the validity of rapid environmental assessment(REA)in the South China Sea(SCS).In this paper,the remote sensing data were used to estimate sound speed profile(SSP)with the self-organizing map(SOM)method in the SCS.First,the consistency of the empirical orthogonal functions was examined by using k-means clustering.The clustering results indicated that SSPs in the SCS have a similar perturbation nature,which means the inverted grid could be expanded to the entire SCS to deal with the problem of sparsity of the samples without statistical improbability.Second,a machine learning method was proposed that took advantage of the topological structure of SOM to significantly improve their accuracy.Validation revealed promising results,with a mean reconstruction error of 1.26 m/s,which is 1.16 m/s smaller than the traditional single empirical orthogonal function regression(sEOF-r)method.By violating the constraints of linear inversion,the topological structure of the SOM method showed a smaller error and better robustness in the SSP estimation.The improvements to enhance the accuracy and robustness of REA in the SCS were offered.These results suggested a potential utilization of REA in the SCS based on satellite data and provided a new approach for SSP estimation derived from sea surface data.

Numerical Study on Global Motion of Truss Spar in Frequency and Time Domains for the Liwan 3-1 Area

Using frequency and time domain analysis, the authors analyzed the hydrodynamics and motion behavior of a Truss Spar platform at a water depth of 1500 m in the Liwan 3-1 area of the South China Sea. Firstly, the seakeeping ability is acquired in the frequency domain by calculating the hull's hydrodynamics and comparing with a semi-submersible platform. The random wave analysis for 100-year, 10-year and 1-year return periods in Liwan 3-1 distinctly shows lower heave but larger surge and pitch re-sponses of the Truss Spar than those of a semi-submersible. Secondly, 3-hour motions of the Truss Spar are predicted and compared in the time domain under 100-year return period conditions in Liwan 3-1 and the Gulf of Mexico. Thirdly, the hull/mooring line cou-pled and uncoupled models are compared. Finally, the responses of the Truss Spar under 10-year and 1-year return period conditions are assessed. The results reveal that the mooring line damping reflected by the coupled model distinctly decreases the low frequency motion. The maximum heave response for 100-year return period waves is 1.23m and below 0.1m for the case of 1-year return period.

Late Quaternary upper-water column structure in upwelling areas of the South China Sea

Based on a quantitative analysis of planktonic foraminifera in two gravity cores (17928 and 17954), the history of the upper-water structure of the eastern and western slopes of the South China Sea (SCS) over the last 220 Ka was reconstructed using the transfer function technique. Our results show that lower sea surface temperature (SST) and shallower depth of thermocline (DOT) exist at Core 17928, off Luzon, in the glacial periods; on the contrary, the same situation turned up in the interglacial at Core 17954, off Vietnam. These changes of the upper-water column structure in the two areas are induced by coastal up-welling, which in turn is driven by monsoons, namely, winter monsoon leads to upwelling at the eastern slope, and summer monsoon gives birth to upwelling on the western slope. Moreover, the intensity of upwellings is also closely related to the evolution of the East Asian monsoon. Therefore, we assume that the changes of the upwelling in the two sites indicate strengthenning of winter and

面向决策的地图知识服务

为了将地图的地理政治与历史人文信息融合并转化为情报以服务决策,本文立足“过程地理”与“长时段”的互动组合,考虑空间场域的共时性与时间秩序的历时性,构建了地图知识服务体系,并进行了南海地图知识服务实践研究。首先,基于情报发现、情报评估、情报解释、情报预测和情报交付5种情报分析能力,构建了面向决策的地图知识服务体系,阐释了该体系中知识发现机制、知识评估机制、知识关联与推理机制以及知识交付机制的关键问题与核心环节;其次,基于该体系,从南海地图的资源建设、语义组织、知识关联与知识交付4个方面,开展了南海地图数据库与地图分类体系、南海地图元数据框架与地图本体模型、南海地图知识图谱、南海地图智能问答、南海地图证据链等知识服务实践,为充分发挥南海地图在维权“证据战”决策中的情报价值提供了强有力的理论基础与智能工具。

ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ERRATIC TRACK FREQUENCY FOR TYPHOON IN SOUTH CHINA SEA AND WEST PACIFIC

Typhoons with erratic movement are studied for their annual frequency of occurrence over the South China Sea and Northwest Pacific,based on 102 years of data (1884—1985).It discovers that the years with higher fre- quency tend to get together.There are well-defined periods of 12 and 30 years,revealed with the maximum entropy method (MEM),the latter of low-frequency oscillation being clearer.

从清末民初地理教科书的编写看中国南海疆域的标绘——以胡晋接的著述为考察中心

清末民初史地学家胡晋接编纂地理教科书《新编中华民国地理讲义》,根据中国领土、藩属之地的变迁,以及所理解的领海、内海学说,阐述中国“旧有”和“现今”领土管辖范围的变迁。胡晋接与其弟子程敷锴编纂的《中华民国地理新图》第2图南海“国界”线,明确将东沙岛、西沙群岛绘制在内,表现出对中国南海地理范围的认知。《新编中华民国地理讲义》所编写的中国领土被掠夺、海洋权益被蚕食等内容,成为学堂上“国耻教育”的重要题材,并对以后地理教科书的编写产生了深远影响。《中华民国地理新图》绘制的南海“国界”线成为后继者研究和绘制南海地图的重要出发点和参照系,是中国南海传统疆域线绘制的一个重要思想源头。

华南沿海地震海啸风险分析

1研究背景。21世纪以来,海啸灾害频发,引起世界各国对海啸成因机制及预警研究的重视(安超,2021)。南海北部,特别是滨海断裂带具有发生7级甚至8级地震的危险性,但是否可能引发灾难性的地震海啸却存在争议。人类对自然灾害知识的了解和认知还远远不足,迫切需要开展海啸灾害的相关研究工作(温瑞智等,2022)。

从地图看中国南海海域疆界线的形成与演进——中国南海九条断续国界线

南海诸多岛礁是中国最早发现的领土,南海九条断续线是中国海域疆界线。南海九条断续线的形成与演进,既是重要的海洋地缘政治问题,也是维护国家主权权益和岛礁保护与资源管理的重要问题。南海断续国界线形成的历史线索是中国历史研究中一个尚未拓展的领域。地图是国际上确认领土的一种证据,除了用文字进行阐述外,着重利用地图本身特有的功能来反映这条界线的形成与发展过程。这条疆界线的形成分为雏形期、形成期、成型期3个时期：在20世纪30年代以前,出现在南海的中国海上疆界线的时期,为疆界线形成的雏形期;20世纪30年代为南海疆界线的形成期;20世纪40~50年代,为南海海域疆界线的成型期。从以上时期的地图上可以形象地看到这条海上疆界线的＂连续线＂和＂断续线＂2种画法。同时从地图发展上可以直观地看到这条疆界线由11条线演变成为现今的9条线。这条海域疆界线的形成与演变过程,说明了南海9条断续海域疆界线内的岛礁是中国领土的历史事实,南海9条断续海域疆界线是中国海上国界线。

2000—2009年5、6月华南暖区暴雨形成系统统计分析

利用2000—2009年5月和6月的NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和气象台站常规资料,对产生华南暖区暴雨的500 hPa及以下的环流特征进行统计分析,并将影响暖区暴雨的环流系统划分为三大类型,即切变线型、低涡型和偏南风风速切变辐合型(简称偏南风型)。切变线型在南海夏季风爆发前以冷式切变为主,季风爆发后以暖式切变为主;低涡型在季风爆发前的发生次数远少于季风爆发后,在低涡中心的东北-东南方向最易产生暖区暴雨;偏南风型总体以西风风速切变辐合为主,而南风风速切变辐合在季风爆发后的比例有所增加。对影响暖区暴雨的高空槽分析发现,高原槽对暖区暴雨影响明显,其次为南支槽。低涡型最易受高空槽影响。对各种类型暖区暴雨的合成分析发现,各类型暖区暴雨500 hPa高空槽的位置特点均不相同,暴雨辐合中心均在850hPa以下的低层,副高脊线距雨区约6～8纬距是产生华南暖区暴雨的重要天气形势。

南海1∶100万海南岛幅海洋区域地质调查与编图成果综述

2006—2011年,中国地质调查局实施了1∶100万海南岛幅海洋区域地质调查与编图项目,采用深水多波束、高分辨率单道地震、多道地震、重力、磁力、热流、地质取样、浅地层钻探等地质-地球物理综合调查手段,对海南岛幅内的海底地形地貌、表层沉积物、晚第四纪地层及沉积环境、海底热流、断裂构造及岩浆活动、深部地壳结构、灾害地质以及矿产资源等分布特征开展了调查与研究。本图幅取得的主要成果为:(1)在南海北部发现了新的海底峡谷群,对地理实体进行了命名,划分了海底地貌单元;(2)分析了海底表层及柱状沉积物类型、矿物和地球化学等分布特征;(3)建立了图幅晚更新世以来沉积地层框架,并对沉积环境及古气候演变进行了综合分析;(4)开展了重力、磁力、地震资料的联合反演,分析了深部地壳结构特征;(5)图幅内存在滑坡、泥底辟、埋藏古河道等灾害地质现象,对灾害地质的成因和分布特征进行了深入分析;(6)开展了图幅内的石油与天然气、天然气水合物、重砂矿物、建筑用砂等矿产资源远景区的划分及预测;(7)编制了地形图、地貌图、地质图、构造图、矿产图和环境地质因素图等基础性成果图件以及系列辅助性地质地球物理图件。海南岛幅调查与编图项目的顺利完成为我国全面开展1∶100万海洋区域地质调查提供了很好的借鉴作用。

论证南海海疆国界线

追溯探查历史图件,根据1946年内政部方域司编制的一组"南海诸岛位置图"(南海诸岛位置图,南沙群岛,中沙群岛,西沙群岛,西沙群岛永兴岛及石岛,南沙群岛太平岛)和1948年出版的"中华民国行政区域图"分析,南海诸岛外围的断续线段是我国在南海的海疆国界线;当时划定,是与陆域国界相连的,海上国界是陆域国界的延伸,以断续线段表示是国际地图上对海疆国界线通用的表示方法,当时即获国际认可。上述结果为南海划界提供了科学依据。

运用MODIS遥感数据评测南海北部区域机载激光雷达测深系统参数

为研究中国南海北部海域在CZMIL海道测量模式下的最大可测水深的空间分布情况,首先探讨了现有的南海北部海域漫衰减系数K_d(490)反演算法,运用南海北部海域水色实测数据建立了漫衰减系数K_d(490)和K_d(532)之间的数值关系,总结了漫衰减系数K_d(532)和CZMIL系统最大可测水深之间的关系。通过2014年Aqua-MODIS遥感光谱数据得到了南海北部海域1月、6月、10月的海水漫衰减系数K_d(532)参数,研究发现6月份时该区域平均漫衰减系数相对较小,于是进一步合成了该月份的CZMIL系统测深能力空间分布图。结果表明:CZMIL系统在南海北部海域的可测水深约为0~71.18m;6月份比1月、10月更适合激光测深作业。该研究为南海北部海域开展激光测深作业的时间选择和飞行方案的制订提供了参考。

编制1∶200万南海灾害地质图的若干问题

区域海洋灾害地质图是目前海洋防灾减灾工作急需图种。“九五”期间 ,HY 12 6海洋勘测研究专项下达了编制南海 1∶2 0 0万灾害地质图任务。编制区域海洋灾害地质图尚缺乏成熟的理论和方法 ,也无规范可循。文章仅就海洋灾害地质图的性质、任务、内容 ,灾害地质分类、编制方法 。

中国历史地图上南海“九段线”的国界意义——兼论“九段线”内岛礁和海域的管辖权利

"九段线"全称为"南海九段断续国界线"或"南海断续国界线"。"九段线"内岛礁和海域的管辖权利问题,是南海问题的焦点,对中国维护海洋权益的正当性影响甚大。本文从中外历史地图沿革入手,展开连接式的考证和研究,尝试分别解释中国坚持"九段线"的"国界"意义、"九段线"内岛礁和海域管辖权利以及海域管辖权的历史和现实,以期为中国坚持"九段线"内岛礁和海域的管辖权利提供新的佐证。

南海海底特征、资源区位与疆界断续线

根据南海海底的成因与地形特征 ,并通过建立和分析南海海底数字地形模型 ,将南海的海底分为中央的深海盆地、两侧的阶梯状大陆坡、以及周边亚洲大陆延伸的大陆架 3个地貌单元 .再据 194 7年“南海诸岛位置图”精确计算出二战后依据波茨坦公告为国际认可的断续线疆界的经纬度坐标 ,阐述了中国对南海主权的历史延续性 .最后 ,论述了南海区位与资源的优势 ,论证了其海域具体位置与巨大的经济政治战略意义 .

基于自容式技术的系泊缆水下监测方法

针对深水系泊缆缺少在位监测手段的问题,开展了系泊缆力学行为监测系统的研究。采用悬链线系统集中质量模型对深水系泊缆动力行为开展理论分析,通过改变传统求解中的边界条件,提出了一种适用于深水系泊缆张力监测的测量策略;同时针对水下系泊缆缺少成熟测量装置的问题,基于自容式技术开发了系泊系统水下测量传感器和水下安装/回收装置。监测系统在南海一座半潜式平台开展了5个月的连续测量,证明了监测系统的可靠性;同时通过20 min的采集样本分析,证明了系泊缆测量方法能够有效的获取系泊缆张力信息。