Tribological behaviors of Fe-Al-Cr-Nb alloyed layer deposited on 45 steel via double glow plasma surface metallurgy technique

Double glow plasma surface metallurgy technique was used to fabricate a Fe?Al?Cr?Nb alloyed layer onto the surface of the 45 steel. The microstructures and composition of th?eA Fl?eCr?Nb alloyed layer were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results indicate thatthe 20 μm alloyed layer is homogeneous and compact. The alloyed elements exhibit a gradient distribution along the cross section. Microhardness and nanoindentation tests imply that the surface hardness of the alloyed layer reaches HV 580, which is almost 2.8 times that of the substrate. Compared with the substrate, the alloyed layer has a much smaller displacement and a larger elastic modulus. According to the friction and wear tests at room temperature, the? FeAl?Cr?Nb alloyed layer has lower friction coefficient and less wear mass, implying that the Fe?Al?Cr?Nb alloyed layer can effectively improve the surface hardness and wear resistance of the substrate.

Influence of the Electrode Distance on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Cr Alloyed Layers Deposited by Double Glow Plasma Surface Metallurgy

Ni-Cr alloyed layers were synthesized on the surface of Q235 mild steel by double-glow plasma surface metallurgy with different electrode distance.The microstructure and phases of the alloyed layer were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS),and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The corrosion behavior of the Ni-Cr alloyed layers both in 3.5%NaCl and 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4) solution were systematically investigated by open-circuit potential(OCP),potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).The obtained results reveal that the Ni-Cr alloyed layer consists of a deposited layer and an inter-diffusion layer.With increasing the electrode distance,the relative thickness,microstructure and phase composition of the Ni-Cr alloyed layers vary greatly.Polarization data show the Ni-Cr alloyed layer with the electrode distance of 15 mm has highest corrosion resistance and lowest corrosion rate,while EIS results reveal the same trend.The highest protective efficiency in 3.5%NaCl and 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4) solution are 99.23%and 99.92%,respectively,obtained for the Ni-Cr alloyed layer with 15 mm electrode distance.When the electrode distance is too large,a thin and porosity Ni-Cr alloyed layer,caused by low plasma density and Kirkendall effect,will be obtained,and will decrease the protective efficiency in corrosive medium.

Study on Mo Diffusion in Double Glow Plasma Surface Molybdenizing of Ti_2AlNb

Ti2AlNb orthorhombic alloy is an attractive high temperature structural material for aero-industries due to its high specific strength and fracture toughness as well as excellent creep resistance. However, insufficient wear-resistance is the main drawback which restricts the actual uses of this alloy in many circumstances. A double glow plasma surface molybdenizing on Ti2AlNb alloy is carried out as an attempt to resolve this problem. This paper deals with the effects of key process parameters on the diffusion behavior of Mo. The composition distribution and microstructare of the alloying layer are analyzed by SEM, XRD and GDS. Micro-hardness distribution profile is measured along the distance from surface to center. The results indicate that both the temperature and the processing time have significant effects on the diffusion process. Finally, the dif- fusion coefficient at optimized temperature of 980℃ is calculated through regression analysis.

Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloyed Burn-resistant Titanium Alloy

Conventional titanium alloy may be ignited and burnt under high temperature, high pressure and high gas flow velocity condition. In order to avoid this problem, we have developed a new kind of burn-resistant titanium alloy—double glow plasma surface alloying burn-resistant titanium alloy. Alloying element Cr , Mo, Cu are induced into the TJ-6A1-4V and Ti-6.5Al-0.3Mo-l.5Zr-0.25Si substrates according to double glow discharge phenomenon, Ti-Cr ,Ti-Mo, Ti-Cu binary burn-resistant alloy layers are formed on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6.5Al-0.3Mo-l.5Zr-0.25Si alloys. The depth of the surface burn-resistant alloy layer can reach to above 200 microns and alloying element concentration can reach 90%. Burn-resistant property experiments reveal that if Cr concentration reach to 14%, Cu concentration reach to 12%, Mo concentration reach to 10% in the alloying layers, ignition and burn of titanium alloy can be effectively avoided.

Quantitative Analysis on Carbon Migration in Double-Glow Discharge Plasma Surface Alloying Process

Carbon migration is of great significance in double-glow discharge plasma surface alloying process, but literature of quantitative analysis about carbon migration is relatively scarce. In this paper differential equations of the carbon and metal concentration distribution were established. By means of differential equations carbon migration was described and a numerical solution was acquired. The computational results fit the experiment results quite well.

DC Plasma Technology Applied to Powder Metallurgy: an Overview

DC plasma is a very promising technology for processing different materials, and is becoming especially interesting when low environmental impact and high-performance treatments are needed. Some of the intrinsic characteristics of DC plasma technology, which make it suitable for powder metallurgy （PM） and powder injection molding （PIM） parts production, are low- pressure processing and plasma environment high reactivity. Moreover it can be considered as a highly competitive green technology. In this work, an overview of some of the important DC plasma techniques applied to PM and PIM parts processing is presented. Emphasis is given to the descriptions of the main characteristics and the technique potentials of plasma-assisted nitriding, plasma-assisted thermal debinding, plasma-assisted sintering, and simultaneously plasma-assisted sintering and surface alloying. The aspects presented and discussed in this paper indicate that DC plasma processes are promising and competitive techniques for PM and PIM parts processing.

A Study of Multi-Permeating TiN/Ti Alloying Layer Using Plasma Surface Alloying Technology

TiN/Ti multi-permeating alloying layer has been formed on the low carbon steel by means of the double glow-discharge plasma surface alloying technique and hollow-cathode effect. The alloying layer was detected by axiovert 25 CA optical microscope with computer analyzing software （LEC）, GDA-2 glow discharge spectroscopy （GDS）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and galvanochemical method. The results showed that the thickness of TiN/Ti multi-permeating alloying layer was about 10μm, the content of Ti on the surface was up to 63.48 wt% and the content of N was up to 12.46 wt%. The atom Ti and N concentrations changed gradually across the depth of the alloying layer and the preferred orientation of TiN/Ti alloying layer was crystal surface （200）. The multi-permeating alloying layer and substrate were combined through metallurgy. The surface appearances of the multi-permeating alloying layer were uniform and of a compact cellular structure. The hardness of the surface was about 1600-3000 HV0.1. The corrosion resistance of the permeating TiN/Ti alloying layer in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution was greatly increased and the corrosion rate was only 0.3082 g/m^2. h.

Surface Metallurgy of Nickle Base Superalloy

The Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloying Technique, the Xu-Tee Process, is a new method to produce high quality alloying layer on the surface of less expensive materials. By using thes technique, the surface alloying layer similar to superalloy Inconel 625 has been obtained on the surface of three kinds of melallic materials (low carbon steel, industrial pure iron, stainless steel Cr18Ni9). The results of the composition and microstructure analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Uffrachon (XRD) show that the alloying layer consistS of y matrix and several precipitates (Laves intermetallic phase and carbide etc.). The electrochemical corrosion results show that the surface alloying layer formed on the surface of stainless steel and industrial pure iron have better corrosion resistance than that of nickel base alloy inconel 625 and stainless steel Cr18Ni9 in 3.5%NaCl solution. The exper iments indicate that it is an effective way to obtain the gradient surface alloying layer on the surfaces of steels by using Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloying Technique.

Plasma surface alloying of titanium alloy for enhancing burn-resistant property

Conventional titanium alloy may be ignited and burnt under high temperature, high pressure and high gas flow velocity condition. In order to avoid this problem,burn-resistant alloying layers were made on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6.5Al-0.3Mo-1.5Zr-0.25Si titanium alloys by using double glow plasma surface alloying technology (DG Technology). Two typical burn-resistant layers Ti-Cr and Ti-Mo were made by DG plasma chromizing and DG plasma molybdenizing, respectively. Burn-resistant properties were tested by layer ignition method using 2 kW laser machine. Ignition experiments result reveals that the ignition temperature of alloyed layer with Mo and Cr concentration above 10% is about 200℃higher than ignition temperature of Ti-6Al-4V substrate.

双辉等离子渗铬界面层对类石墨碳基涂层力学及磨蚀性能的影响

目的 研究渗铬界面层对铬/类石墨碳(Cr/Graphite-Like Carbon,GLC)复合涂层力学性能、结合强度及磨蚀行为的影响,阐明Cr/GLC复合涂层的抗磨蚀机理。方法 以316L不锈钢(316L)为基体,先借助双辉等离子表面合金化(DGPSA)技术制备渗铬界面层,再采用直流磁控溅射(DCMS)技术制备顶层GLC涂层。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪(Raman)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征涂层的微结构与成分,采用纳米压痕仪、划痕仪、摩擦磨损仪和电化学工作站测试复合涂层的力学性能、断裂韧性、结合强度和抗磨蚀性能。结果 渗铬界面层能够促进GLC涂层的石墨化转变,实现硬度分布的梯度变化(基体为3.65 GPa,渗铬界面层为8.97 GPa,表面为13.15 GPa),有效阻碍了裂纹的扩展。与GLC涂层相比,Cr/GLC复合涂层具有较高的断裂韧性和结合强度(≥50 N),在3.5%NaCl溶液中具有更低的摩擦系数(0.055)和更低的磨损率(3.22×10^(-7)mm^(3)/Nm),其抗腐蚀性和化学稳定性也明显更优。结论 通过界面设计,实现了Cr/GLC复合涂层硬度分布的梯度过渡,提高了复合涂层的断裂韧性以及与316L的结合强度,赋予了复合涂层优异的抗磨蚀性能,为其在海洋苛刻环境下的磨蚀防护提供了有益借鉴。

纯钨表面等离子Ta合金层耐腐蚀性能研究

利用双层辉光等离子表面合金化技术在纯钨表面制备Ta合金化改性层以改善材料的耐腐蚀性。研究不同温度工艺参数对Ta合金层组织结构及耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:在不同温度工艺参数下均制备出连续致密的Ta合金化改性层,且随温度升高,合金层的厚度增加。合金层主要由纯Ta相组成。Ta合金层的自腐蚀电位高于基材的,而自腐蚀电流密度较低,即Ta合金层更难以发生电化学腐蚀反应且腐蚀速率更低。900℃合金层的耐蚀性能最佳,腐蚀速率降至8.45×10^(-3)g·m^(-2)·h^(-1),表现出优良的耐腐蚀性。

Cooperative effect of surface alloying and laser texturing on tribological performance of lubricated surfaces

The cooperative effect of laser surface texturing(LST) and double glow plasma surface alloying on tribological performance of lubricated sliding contacts was investigated.A Nd:YAG laser was used to generate microdimples on steel surfaces. Dimples with the diameter of 150μm and the depth of 30-35μm distributed circumferentially on the disc surface.The alloying element Cr was sputtered to the laser texturing steel surface by double glow plasma technique.A deep diffusion layer with a thickness of 30μm and a high hardness of HV900 was formed in this alloy.Tribological experiments of three types of samples(smooth,texturing and texturing+alloying) were conducted with a ring-on-disc tribometer to simulate the face seal.It is found that,in comparison with smooth steel surfaces,the laser texturing samples significantly reduce the friction coefficient.Moreover,the lower wear rate of the sample treated with the two surface techniques is observed.

Tribological Properties of Dimpled Surface Alloying Layer on Carbon Steel

The effect of surface structure and coating on tribological properties of 45^# carbon steel disc was analyzed. A Nd：YAG laser was used to generate rnicrodirnples on steel surfaces. Dimples with diameter of 150 rn and depth of 50 rn were distributed in an orbicular array on disc surface. Then the alloying element Mo was sputtered to 45# carbon steel disc surface by means of double glow plasma technology. Diffusion Mo alloying layer with 30min thickness and high hardness up to 0.025 was formed on the disc surface. Tribological experiments of three types samples （smooth, texturing and texturing＋alloying） were conducted with a pin-on-disc tribometer. It is found that the dimpled-samples are most effective for reducing friction in comparison with smooth steel surthces, improving the lubricating state from boundary to hydrodynamic region.

Corrosion property of copperized layer on Zr formed by double glow plasma surface alloying technique

Zr and its alloys have excellent mechanical properties as new structural material,but in specific application environment,its corrosion resistance still needs to be further explored.In this work,double glow plasma surface alloying technique was used for copperizing on pure Zr surface.Besides,X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscope（SEM） and energy dispersion spectrum（EDS） were employed to characterize the samples.Furthermore,research was also conducted on the polarization curve of the samples in different solutions.Copperizing on surface can improve corrosion resistance of pure Zr in 3.5 % Na Cl and 0.5 moláL-1Na OH solutions.Especially in 0.5 moláL-1Na OH solution,the corrosion resistance can achieve significant improvement.However,copperizing has no influence on the improvement of corrosion resistance of pure Zr in 0.5 moláL-1H2SO4 solution.The results may provide new insight into way for improving the corrosion property of zirconium alloys.

基于双层辉光离子渗金属的离子轰击金属靶材的计算机模拟

轰击离子的产生、输运以及离子对靶材的溅射过程是实现双层辉光等离子渗金属的重要一环。基于辉光放电的理论以及COMSOL Multiphysics软件对典型的双层辉光等离子渗金属装置进行了建模,分析了轰击离子的能量范围,结合经典散射理论和蒙特卡罗方法,使用SRIM软件详细地模拟了Ar+对金属靶材的溅射过程。结果表明:溅射原子的位置集中在金属靶材入射位置的附近,形成环状的溅射坑。溅射原子的能量集中在20 eV内,随着入射离子能量的增加,会出现一些高能量、大角度的溅射原子。溅射产额随着靶材原子d壳层电子填满程度的增加而增大,溅射产额主要来自低能反冲原子。溅射产额越大意味着低能反冲原子越多,能量传递越分散,溅射原子能量越低。

非连续金刚石/Ta基碳化物复合涂层结构及性能

为提升硬质合金的硬度和耐磨性,改善其与金刚石涂层的结合强度,先用双辉等离子表面合金化技术在其表面制备Ta金属层,再用化学气相沉积法对Ta金属层进行碳化-沉积复合处理,制备出非连续金刚石/Ta基碳化物复合涂层。研究了源极与工件极电位差对金属层的影响以及复合涂层的结构与性能。结果表明:制备的金属层均由连续致密的胞状α-Ta组成;随电位差的增大,Ta金属层的显微硬度和结合强度均先升高后降低;电位差为240 V时,Ta金属层的显微硬度和结合力最高,分别达1151HV0.2和117 N;碳化-沉积后,涂层由表面离散分布的非连续金刚石颗粒和TaxC(TaC、Ta2C)组成,其显微硬度提高至基体的1.8倍,磨损率仅为基体的45%。非连续金刚石/Ta基碳化物复合涂层具有良好的结合性能,能有效提升硬质合金的硬度和耐磨性能。

Ti-6Al-4V表面双层辉光离子渗Cr研究

利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术,在Ti-6Al-4V的表面渗入Cr元素,形成Ti-Cr阻燃合金层。系统地研究了温度、保温时间、源极电压、工件电压、极间距等工艺参数对渗层显微组织、成分及厚度的影响,得出了合理的工艺参数。870℃渗Cr 2 h,渗层厚度可达到60μm以上。阻燃合金层的成分呈梯度分布,显微组织为基体组织加少量弥散分布的Cr2Ti金属间化合物。初步阻燃试验证明,渗Cr合金层起到了预期的阻燃效果。

Ti-Cu表面阻燃钛合金研究

利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术,在Ti-6Al-4V的表面渗入Cu元素,在其表面形成Ti-Cu阻燃合金层。阻燃合金层的成分及硬度呈梯度分布,显微组织为基体组织加弥散分布的Ti2Cu金属间化合物。初步阻燃试验证明,渗铜合金层起到了预期的阻燃效果。

钛表面辉光等离子无氢渗碳的研究

采用双层辉光离子渗碳技术在本底真空度为 5×10-3Pa 的高真空下,用 99.999%的高纯氩气进行无氢渗碳。在整个工艺过程中,没有涉及到氢元素,实现了无氢渗碳。试样材质为 TA1 工业纯钛,用透射电镜(TEM)观察渗层结构;X 射线衍射(XRD)测定渗层的相组成;用 M200 耐磨试验机测定渗碳试样的耐磨性能;渗碳试样的磨痕表面状态用 TR240型粗糙度仪测定。渗碳层厚度大于 100 μm。表面层生成的是 TiC,基体仍为 α-Ti。近表面渗层维氏硬度为 6 000 MPa,表面的硬度远大于此值。摩擦系数 0.11。纯钛经过无氢渗碳后,与未经过处理的纯钛相比磨损量仅为纯钛试样的1/1 592.5。研究得出:钛材经过双辉等离子无氢渗碳后,不仅提高了表面的硬度,同时降低了摩擦系数,因而使耐磨性能得到了大幅度的提高。

双辉等离子表面冶金技术的新进展

总结了近年来双层辉光离子渗金属技术的发展,介绍了以双辉工艺在钛及钛合金表面形成阻燃合金,采用无氢渗碳在钛及钛合金表面形成高硬抗磨层,在纯铁、碳钢等基材表面形成时效硬化高速钢,在纯铜表面形成Ti-Cu耐磨合金等表面冶金新技术。