Tribological behaviors of Fe-Al-Cr-Nb alloyed layer deposited on 45 steel via double glow plasma surface metallurgy technique

Double glow plasma surface metallurgy technique was used to fabricate a Fe?Al?Cr?Nb alloyed layer onto the surface of the 45 steel. The microstructures and composition of th?eA Fl?eCr?Nb alloyed layer were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results indicate thatthe 20 μm alloyed layer is homogeneous and compact. The alloyed elements exhibit a gradient distribution along the cross section. Microhardness and nanoindentation tests imply that the surface hardness of the alloyed layer reaches HV 580, which is almost 2.8 times that of the substrate. Compared with the substrate, the alloyed layer has a much smaller displacement and a larger elastic modulus. According to the friction and wear tests at room temperature, the? FeAl?Cr?Nb alloyed layer has lower friction coefficient and less wear mass, implying that the Fe?Al?Cr?Nb alloyed layer can effectively improve the surface hardness and wear resistance of the substrate.

Influence of the Electrode Distance on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Cr Alloyed Layers Deposited by Double Glow Plasma Surface Metallurgy

Ni-Cr alloyed layers were synthesized on the surface of Q235 mild steel by double-glow plasma surface metallurgy with different electrode distance.The microstructure and phases of the alloyed layer were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS),and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The corrosion behavior of the Ni-Cr alloyed layers both in 3.5%NaCl and 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4) solution were systematically investigated by open-circuit potential(OCP),potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).The obtained results reveal that the Ni-Cr alloyed layer consists of a deposited layer and an inter-diffusion layer.With increasing the electrode distance,the relative thickness,microstructure and phase composition of the Ni-Cr alloyed layers vary greatly.Polarization data show the Ni-Cr alloyed layer with the electrode distance of 15 mm has highest corrosion resistance and lowest corrosion rate,while EIS results reveal the same trend.The highest protective efficiency in 3.5%NaCl and 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4) solution are 99.23%and 99.92%,respectively,obtained for the Ni-Cr alloyed layer with 15 mm electrode distance.When the electrode distance is too large,a thin and porosity Ni-Cr alloyed layer,caused by low plasma density and Kirkendall effect,will be obtained,and will decrease the protective efficiency in corrosive medium.

Study on Mo Diffusion in Double Glow Plasma Surface Molybdenizing of Ti_2AlNb

Ti2AlNb orthorhombic alloy is an attractive high temperature structural material for aero-industries due to its high specific strength and fracture toughness as well as excellent creep resistance. However, insufficient wear-resistance is the main drawback which restricts the actual uses of this alloy in many circumstances. A double glow plasma surface molybdenizing on Ti2AlNb alloy is carried out as an attempt to resolve this problem. This paper deals with the effects of key process parameters on the diffusion behavior of Mo. The composition distribution and microstructare of the alloying layer are analyzed by SEM, XRD and GDS. Micro-hardness distribution profile is measured along the distance from surface to center. The results indicate that both the temperature and the processing time have significant effects on the diffusion process. Finally, the dif- fusion coefficient at optimized temperature of 980℃ is calculated through regression analysis.

A Study of Multi-Permeating TiN/Ti Alloying Layer Using Plasma Surface Alloying Technology

TiN/Ti multi-permeating alloying layer has been formed on the low carbon steel by means of the double glow-discharge plasma surface alloying technique and hollow-cathode effect. The alloying layer was detected by axiovert 25 CA optical microscope with computer analyzing software （LEC）, GDA-2 glow discharge spectroscopy （GDS）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and galvanochemical method. The results showed that the thickness of TiN/Ti multi-permeating alloying layer was about 10μm, the content of Ti on the surface was up to 63.48 wt% and the content of N was up to 12.46 wt%. The atom Ti and N concentrations changed gradually across the depth of the alloying layer and the preferred orientation of TiN/Ti alloying layer was crystal surface （200）. The multi-permeating alloying layer and substrate were combined through metallurgy. The surface appearances of the multi-permeating alloying layer were uniform and of a compact cellular structure. The hardness of the surface was about 1600-3000 HV0.1. The corrosion resistance of the permeating TiN/Ti alloying layer in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution was greatly increased and the corrosion rate was only 0.3082 g/m^2. h.

双辉等离子渗铬界面层对类石墨碳基涂层力学及磨蚀性能的影响

目的 研究渗铬界面层对铬/类石墨碳(Cr/Graphite-Like Carbon,GLC)复合涂层力学性能、结合强度及磨蚀行为的影响,阐明Cr/GLC复合涂层的抗磨蚀机理。方法 以316L不锈钢(316L)为基体,先借助双辉等离子表面合金化(DGPSA)技术制备渗铬界面层,再采用直流磁控溅射(DCMS)技术制备顶层GLC涂层。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪(Raman)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征涂层的微结构与成分,采用纳米压痕仪、划痕仪、摩擦磨损仪和电化学工作站测试复合涂层的力学性能、断裂韧性、结合强度和抗磨蚀性能。结果 渗铬界面层能够促进GLC涂层的石墨化转变,实现硬度分布的梯度变化(基体为3.65 GPa,渗铬界面层为8.97 GPa,表面为13.15 GPa),有效阻碍了裂纹的扩展。与GLC涂层相比,Cr/GLC复合涂层具有较高的断裂韧性和结合强度(≥50 N),在3.5%NaCl溶液中具有更低的摩擦系数(0.055)和更低的磨损率(3.22×10^(-7)mm^(3)/Nm),其抗腐蚀性和化学稳定性也明显更优。结论 通过界面设计,实现了Cr/GLC复合涂层硬度分布的梯度过渡,提高了复合涂层的断裂韧性以及与316L的结合强度,赋予了复合涂层优异的抗磨蚀性能,为其在海洋苛刻环境下的磨蚀防护提供了有益借鉴。

纯钨表面等离子Ta合金层耐腐蚀性能研究

利用双层辉光等离子表面合金化技术在纯钨表面制备Ta合金化改性层以改善材料的耐腐蚀性。研究不同温度工艺参数对Ta合金层组织结构及耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:在不同温度工艺参数下均制备出连续致密的Ta合金化改性层,且随温度升高,合金层的厚度增加。合金层主要由纯Ta相组成。Ta合金层的自腐蚀电位高于基材的,而自腐蚀电流密度较低,即Ta合金层更难以发生电化学腐蚀反应且腐蚀速率更低。900℃合金层的耐蚀性能最佳,腐蚀速率降至8.45×10^(-3)g·m^(-2)·h^(-1),表现出优良的耐腐蚀性。

Improving Corrosion Resistance of Q235 Steel by Ni-Cr Alloyed Layer

Ni-Cr alloyed layer was formed on surface of Q235 steel by double glow plasma surface metallurgy to improve the corrosion resistance of substrate. The composition and microstructure of alloyed layer was analyzed by SEM and XRD. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was applied to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the alloyed layer. The results showed working pressure had a great effect on structure of Ni-Cr alloyed layer, and the dense and smooth alloyed layer was prepared at 50 Pa working pressure. Compared with substrate, Ni-Cr alloyed layer exhibited higher corrosion potential, lower corrosion current density and larger charge transfer resistance, which indicated that Ni-Cr alloyed layer significantly modified the corrosion resistance of Q235 steel.

Generation scenarios of anodic structures and experimental realization of turbulence in unmagnetized plasma

In the present work,we report development of a DC glow discharge plasma(GDP)set-up to study controlled evolution of anodic structures having distinctive geometry,size and layers,generated in front of a positively biased electrode,submerged in unmagnetized plasma.For such an anodic structure,we have also investigated the condition under which the turbulence is triggered.Characteristic of these structures,generated in front of a positively biased electrode,depends on multiple parameters such as the ratio of anode to cathode size,electrode separation,gas pressure,biasing configuration such as anode bias,cathode bias and grounding schemes.We attempted to classify different anodic structures observed experimentally,as anode glow,fireball,anode spot,double layer and multiple double layers(MDLs)based on its physical characteristics.Among these structures the present investigation is focused on MDLs.The number of layers,observed in MDLs varied from as high as six to as low as zero,by controlling the operating discharge parameters,externally.Diagnostics were carried out using Langmuir probe.The analysis of floating potential fluctuations corresponds to a multiple anodic structure showed emergence of turbulence,at its critical stage,satisfying condition for self-organized criticality(SOC).This was identified with three slopes observed in the power spectrum,resembling the sand-pile model.Though,the GDP is completely different from that of the magnetically confined plasma,the nature of turbulence observed with SOC,is very similar to that observed in the scrape of layer of fusion devices.Therefore,the present investigation could provide new approach to study turbulence of similar nature,under an experimental condition that is free from the complexities of complicated field geometries used in confinement devices.

双辉技术渗铌对Ti-6Al-4V合金氧化性能的影响

采用双辉等离子渗金属技术在Ti-6Al-4V表面形成均匀致密连续的渗铌合金层。将未渗铌和渗铌的Ti-6Al-4V试样分别在700℃,800℃,900℃进行100h的高温氧化实验,采用XRD,SEM及EDX对试样在900℃氧化100h后的氧化层的相组成、截面形貌及成分分布进行分析,初步探讨Ti-6Al-4V表面渗铌后的抗氧化性能及氧化机理。结果表明:渗铌后的Ti-6Al-4V合金氧化速率常数降低了1个数量级,氧化激活能提高,抗氧化性能明显改善。

双辉等离子表面冶金技术的新进展

总结了近年来双层辉光离子渗金属技术的发展,介绍了以双辉工艺在钛及钛合金表面形成阻燃合金,采用无氢渗碳在钛及钛合金表面形成高硬抗磨层,在纯铁、碳钢等基材表面形成时效硬化高速钢,在纯铜表面形成Ti-Cu耐磨合金等表面冶金新技术。

钛合金双层辉光无氢渗碳

采用双层辉光离子无氢渗碳方法进行钛合金表面处理。结果表明,合金表面形成了含TiC,C,TiAl和V的复合层, 提高钛合金的硬度及耐磨擦性,同时避免了氢脆。经过处理的钛合金表面硬度达HK1100,比基体硬度提高了近4倍。钛合金双 层辉光离子无氢渗碳方法是可行的。

双辉等离子表面Ni-Cr合金渗层的组织及耐蚀性能研究

采用双层辉光等离子表面冶金技术在Q235钢表面制备Ni-Cr合金渗层,对合金渗层的组织特征、成分和耐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明:Ni-Cr合金渗层与基体呈现良好的冶金结合状态;渗层中Ni,Cr元素含量由表及里逐渐减少,厚度约为30μm,渗层主要物相为Ni2.9Cr0.7Fe0.36。电化学极化试验表明经Ni-Cr共渗处理后试样的耐蚀性明显优于基材,且Ni-Cr合金渗层的保护效率高达99.7468%,而孔隙率仅有0.2%。

Fe-W-Mo-Co多元渗镀复合层研究

采用双层辉光离子渗金属技术,在工业纯铁和20钢表面进行W、Mo、Co多元共渗,形成Fe W Mo Co型渗镀复合层.对渗镀层进行了金相组织观察、成分及硬度测量,重点研究了镀层的相组成及镀层与基体间的结合强度.结果表明:纯铁和20钢表面镀层以金属钨、钼为基体,其上分布大量μ相,并有少量Laves相;镀层硬度高达1000～1400HV,固溶和时效处理对硬度提高影响不大;纯铁表面镀层在渗金属、固溶、时效状态下,持续加载100N未发生镀层剥落现象;20钢表面镀层经固溶处理后,所加载荷在100N内未发生剥落现象,但在渗金属及时效态,当载荷加至80N时,镀层开始剥落.

基于正交试验研究0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢等离子渗铪的最优工艺

采用L16正交实验,对0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢双辉等离子渗铪行为进行研究,分析了影响渗铪合金层厚度的主次因素,取最主要因素进行单因素实验,并分析最优工艺下渗铪合金层的元素分布、物相结构以及硬度。结果表明：影响本试验的因素主次为温度〉时间〉电压〉气压〉极间距,优化的工艺参数为源极电压790~810 V,保温时间5 h,极间距25 mm,气压35 Pa,最主要因素温度的优化值为1100℃,此工艺下渗层厚度为35μm;表面组织晶粒细小、分布连续致密、无裂纹,由表及里铪元素含量呈梯度降低,硬度亦呈梯度降低,渗层表面硬度为600 HV0.1,比基材硬度提高约3倍,渗层物相主要为Hf2Fe、Hf C、Hf。

双层辉光等离子渗金属技术制备TiN渗层及其耐NaOH溶液腐蚀性能

采用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术在Q235钢表面上制备了TiN渗层;对渗层的组织、硬度、成分和相结构及其耐NaOH溶液腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明:该渗层是由TiN颗粒均匀分布的扩散层及表面TiN沉积层组成的梯度结构;渗层表面形貌为胞状组织,颗粒致密均匀,表面为金黄色,渗层厚度可达16μm,与基体实现了冶金结合;渗层表面钛和氮原子比为1∶1,表面显微硬度达到了3 120 HV;渗层中TiN(111)衍射峰强度最大,具有明显的择优取向;渗层在4%的NaOH溶液中的耐腐蚀性能比Q235钢的提高了26.8倍,与1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的相当。

0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢表面渗锆合金层的硬度及耐蚀性

利用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术,在0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢表面形成厚约65μm、均匀致密连续的渗锆合金层,并对不锈钢基材与渗锆合金层分别进行硬度检测与电化学腐蚀性能测试。结果表明:渗锆后,试样表面的硬度约为1530 HV0.05,明显大于不锈钢基材的表面硬度(约为350 HV0.05);渗Zr合金层的硬度由表及里逐渐降低,呈梯度分布;在0.5 mol·L-1H2SO4溶液、0.5 mol·L-1HNO3溶液、3.5%NaCl溶液中,不锈钢基材的相对腐蚀速度分别是渗Zr合金层的2.18倍、9.73倍、2.44倍;未处理的不锈钢表面腐蚀较为严重,而渗Zr合金层表面只出现轻微的局部腐蚀,可见经渗锆处理后,不锈钢的耐蚀性能有所改善。

采用双层辉光等离子表面合金化技术在Q235钢表面制备钽改性层及其耐蚀性

采用双层辉光等离子表面合金化技术在Q235钢表面制备钽改性层,并对钽改性层的组织、成分及耐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明:改性层中的钽元素含量呈梯度分布,改性层与基材结合良好;钽改性层的耐蚀性明显优于基材的,其保护效率高达99.88%;钽改性层形成的钝化膜完整,能很好地保护基材。

γ-TiAl合金表面双层辉光等离子铬钨共渗层的高温氧化行为

采用双层辉光等离子表面技术在γ-TiAl合金表面制备铬钨共渗层,用SEM、EDS和XRD分析等方法结合高温氧化试验,研究了该共渗层在高温下的氧化(共100h)行为。结果表明:γ-TiAl合金经双层辉光等离子铬钨共渗后,共渗层表面形貌完好,组织均匀,与基体连接紧密,结合处无孔洞及裂纹等缺陷存在;铬钨共渗层在高温下可形成保护性氧化膜,有效降低了氧化速率,与γ-TiAl合金基体相比,氧化增重降低,抗氧化能力明显提高;随氧化温度升高,铬钨共渗层的氧化增重明显增大,但氧化机制不变;在氧化过程中,除了铬、钨发生内扩散外,基体中的钛、铝元素均发生了显著的外扩散。

不锈钢表面等离子渗锆改性层渗碳处理后的碳化物及硬度研究

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢表面形成了厚约65μm、均匀致密连续的渗锆合金层,然后对渗锆后的试样进行920℃固体渗碳处理;并对不锈钢基材、渗锆试样及渗锆+渗碳后的试样分别进行硬度检测。结果表明:渗碳后,试样的表面硬度较基材及渗Zr试样均有显著提高,且试样由表及里,硬度呈逐渐降低趋势;920℃固体渗碳后,碳化物呈颗粒状弥散分布在渗层上,无共晶碳化物生成;渗碳层的物相为ZrC、Fe3C、FeC8、ZrFe2、ZrO2、Cr2O3、α-Fe、Fe-Cr、Cr1.36Fe0.52;且实际检测到的试样表面中的含碳量要比理论值略大。

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明：随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×（10^12~10^13）cm^-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。