Evaluating Traffic Congestion Using the Traffic Occupancy and Speed Distribution Relationship: An Application of Bayesian Dirichlet Process Mixtures of Generalized Linear Model

Accurate classification and prediction of future traffic conditions are essential for developing effective strategies for congestion mitigation on the highway systems. Speed distribution is one of the traffic stream parameters, which has been used to quantify the traffic conditions. Previous studies have shown that multi-modal probability distribution of speeds gives excellent results when simultaneously evaluating congested and free-flow traffic conditions. However, most of these previous analytical studies do not incorporate the influencing factors in characterizing these conditions. This study evaluates the impact of traffic occupancy on the multi-state speed distribution using the Bayesian Dirichlet Process Mixtures of Generalized Linear Models (DPM-GLM). Further, the study estimates the speed cut-point values of traffic states, which separate them into homogeneous groups using Bayesian change-point detection (BCD) technique. The study used 2015 archived one-year traffic data collected on Florida’s Interstate 295 freeway corridor. Information criteria results revealed three traffic states, which were identified as free-flow, transitional flow condition (congestion onset/offset), and the congested condition. The findings of the DPM-GLM indicated that in all estimated states, the traffic speed decreases when traffic occupancy increases. Comparison of the influence of traffic occupancy between traffic states showed that traffic occupancy has more impact on the free-flow and the congested state than on the transitional flow condition. With respect to estimating the threshold speed value, the results of the BCD model revealed promising findings in characterizing levels of traffic congestion.

ON THE TESTING FOR ALPHA-STABLE DISTRIBUTIONS OF ETHERNET NETWORK TRAFFIC

The modeling of network traffic is important for the design and application of networks, but little is known as to the characteristics of distribution of packets in network traffic. In this letter the distribution of packets in network traffic is explored.

Speed Spatial Distribution Models for Traffic Accident Section of Freeway Based on Computer Simulation

Simulation models for accident section on freeway are built in microscopic traffic flow simulation environment. In these models involving 2-lane,3-lane and 4-lane freeway,one detector is set every 10 m to measure section running speed. According to the simulation results,speed spatial distribution curves for traffic accident section on freeway are drawn which help to determine dangerous sections on upstream of accident section. Furthermore,the speed spatial distribution models are obtained for every speed distribution curve. The results provide theoretical basis for determination on temporal and spatial influence ranges of traffic accident and offer reference to formulation of speed limit scheme and other management measures.

Steady state speed distribution analysis for a combined cellular automaton traffic model

Cellular Automaton （CA） based traffic flow models have been extensively studied due to their effectiveness and simplicity in recent years. This paper develops a discrete time Markov chain （DTMC） analytical framework for a Nagel-Schreckenberg and Fukui Ishibashi combined CA model （W^2H traffic flow model） from microscopic point of view to capture the macroscopic steady state speed distributions. The inter-vehicle spacing Maxkov chain and the steady state speed Markov chain are proved to be irreducible and ergodic. The theoretical speed probability distributions depending on the traffic density and stochastic delay probability are in good accordance with numerical simulations. The derived fundamental diagram of the average speed from theoretical speed distributions is equivalent to the results in the previous work.

Downlink SINR and Rate Distribution of Ultra-Dense Het Nets with Burst Traffic

SINR distribution and rate overage distribution are crucial for optimization of deployment of Ultra-dense Het Nets.Most existing literatures assume that BSs have full queues and full-buffer traffic.In fact,due to ultra-dense deployment of small cells,traffic in small cell varies dramatically in time and space domains.Hence,it is more practical to investigate scenario with burst traffic.In this paper,we consider a two-tier non-uniform ultra-dense Het Net with burst traffic,where macro BSs are located according to Poisson Point Process(PPP),and pico BSs are located according to Poisson Hole Process(PHP).The closed-form expressions of SINR distribution and rate distribution are derived,and then validated through simulation.Our study shows that different from the result of full buffer case,the SINR distribution and rate distribution of users depend on the average transmission probabilities of BSs in burst traffic case.

Optimal Coordination of Transportable Power Sources and Repair Crews for Service Restoration of Distribution Networks Considering Uncertainty of Traffic Congestion

This paper proposes a new method for service restoration of distribution network with the support of transportable power sources(TPSs)and repair crews(RCs).Firstly,a coupling model of distribution networks and vehicle routing of TPSs and RCs is proposed,where the TPSs serve as emergency power supply sources,and the RCs are used to repair the faulted lines.Considering the uncertainty of traffic congestion,the probability distribution of the travel time spent on each road is derived based on the Nesterov user equilibrium model,and a two-stage stochastic program is formulated to determine the optimal routings of TPSs and RCs.To efficiently solve the proposed stochastic mixed-integer linear program(MILP),a two-phase scenario reduction method is then developed to scale down the problem size,and an adaptive progressive hedging algorithm is used for an efficient solution.The effectiveness of the proposed methods and algorithms has been illustrated in a modified IEEE 33-bus system.

Nonsaturation Throughput Enhancement of IEEE 802.11b Distributed Coordination Function for Heterogeneous Traffic under Noisy Environment

In this paper, we propose a mechanism named modified backoff （MB） mechanism to decrease the channel idle time in IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function （DCF）. In the noisy channel, when signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） is low, applying this mechanism in DCF greatly improves the throughput and lowers the channel idle time. This paper presents an analytical model for the performance study of IEEE 802.11 MB-DCF for nonsaturated heterogeneous traffic in the presence of transmission errors. First, we introduce the MB-DCF and compare its performance to IEEE 802.11 DCF with binary exponential backoff （BEB）. The IEEE 802.11 DCF with BEB mechanism suffers from more channel idle time under low SNR. The MB-DCF ensures high throughput and low packet delay by reducing the channel idle time under the low traffic in the network. However, to the best of the authors＇ knowledge, there are no previous works that enhance the performance of the DCF under imperfect wireless channel. We show through analysis that the proposed mechanism greatly outperforms the original IEEE 802.11 DCF in the imperfect channel condition. The effectiveness of physical and link layer parameters on throughput performance is explored. We also present a throughput investigation of the heterogeneous traffic for different radio conditions.

Benefits Analysis of Beam Hopping in Satellite Mobile System with Unevenly Distributed Traffic

Satellite mobile system and space-airground integrated network have a prominent superiority in global coverage which plays a critical role in remote and non-land regions, as well as emergency communications. However, due to the gradual angle attenuations of the satellite antennas, it is difficult to achieve full frequency multiplex among different beams as terrestrial 5G network. Multi-color frequency reuse is widely adopted in both academic and industry. Beam hopping scheme has attracted the attention of researchers recently due to the allocation flexibility. In this paper, we focus on analyzing the performance benefits of beam hopping compared with multi-color frequency reuse scheme in non-uniform user and traffic distributions in satellite system. Aerial networks are also introduced to form a space-airground integrated network for coverage enhancement,and the capacity improvement is analyzed. Besides,additional improved techniques are provided to make comprehensive analysis and comparisons. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the beam hopping scheme has a prominent superiority in the system capacity compared with the traditional multicolor frequency reuse scheme in both satellite mobile system and future space-air-ground integrated network.

A new car-following model yielding log-normal type headways distributions

Modeling time headways between vehicles has attracted increasing interest in the traffic flow research field recently, because the corresponding statistics help to reveal the intrinsic interactions governing the vehicle dynamics. However, most previous micro-simulation models cannot yield the observed log-normal distributed headways. This paper designs a new car-following model inspired by the Galton board to reproduce the observed time-headway distributions as well as the complex traffic phenomena. The consistency between the empirical data and the simulation results indicates that this new car-following model provides a reasonable description of the car-following behaviours.

Distributed Optimal Control for Traffic Networks with Fog Computing

This paper presents a distributed optimization strategy for large-scale traffic network based on fog computing. Different from the traditional cloud-based centralized optimization strategy, the fog-based distributed optimization strategy distributes its computing tasks to individual sub-processors, thus significantly reducing computation time. A traffic model is built and a series of communication rules between subsystems are set to ensure that the entire transportation network can be globally optimized while the subsystem is achieving its local optimization. Finally, this paper numerically simulates the operation of the traffic network by mixed-Integer programming, also, compares the advantages and disadvantages of the two optimization strategies.

Distributed sampling measurement method of network traffic in high-speed IPv6 networks

With the advent of large-scale and high-speed IPv6 network technology, an effective multi-point traffic sampling is becoming a necessity. A distributed multi-point traffic sampling method that provides an accurate and efficient solution to measure IPv6 traffic is proposed. The proposed method is to sample IPv6 traffic based on the analysis of bit randomness of each byte in the packet header. It offers a way to consistently select the same subset of packets at each measurement point, which satisfies the requirement of the distributed multi-point measurement. Finally, using real IPv6 traffic traces, the conclusion that the sampled traffic data have a good uniformity that satisfies the requirement of sampling randomness and can correctly reflect the packet size distribution of full packet trace is proved.

Distribution of driving trajectory of passenger car in highway horizontal curves

In this paper the track behavior of passenger car was studied. The vehicle driving trajectory and driving direction were defined, and a classification of the type of vehicle trajectories along the curves was developed. The statistical parameters of vehicle trajectory samples in free flow and their frequency curves and cumulative frequency curves were achieved, K-S test and chi-square test were used to test normal distribution and gamma distribution for collected sample data, and the probabili- ty density functions were given. At last, dispersion degree between vehicle trajectory random varia- ble and the characteristic value of cumulative frequency curve in each key cross section in curves was analyzied. The proposed conclusion can provide theoretical support for the reasonable optimization of widen curve, design of alignment and the management of counter flow conflicts.

Analysis of DAR(1)/D/s Queue with Quasi-Negative Binomial-II as Marginal Distribution

In this paper we consider the arrival process of a multiserver queue governed by a discrete autoregressive process of order 1 [DAR(1)] with Quasi-Negative Binomial Distribution-II as the marginal distribution. This discrete time multiserver queueing system with autoregressive arrivals is more suitable for modeling the Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM) multiplexer queue with Variable Bit Rate (VBR) coded teleconference traffic. DAR(1) is described by a few parameters and it is easy to match the probability distribution and the decay rate of the autocorrelation function with those of measured real traffic. For this queueing system we obtained the stationary distribution of the system size and the waiting time distribution of an arbitrary packet with the help of matrix analytic methods and the theory of Markov regenerative processes. Also we consider negative binomial distribution, generalized Poisson distribution, Borel-Tanner distribution defined by Frank and Melvin(1960) and zero truncated generalized Poisson distribution as the special cases of Quasi-Negative Binomial Distribution-II. Finally, we developed computer programmes for the simulation and empirical study of the effect of autocorrelation function of input traffic on the stationary distribution of the system size as well as waiting time of an arbitrary packet. The model is applied to a real data of number of customers waiting for checkout in an airport and it is established that the model well suits this data.

Real-Time Traffic State and Boundary Flux Estimation with Distributed Speed Detecting Networks

The rapid development of 5G mobile communication and portable traffic detection technologies enhances highway transportation systems in detail and at a vehicle level. Besides the advantage of no disturbance to the regular traffic operation, these ubiquitous sensing technologies have the potential for unprecedented data collection at any temporal and spatial position. While as a typical distributed parameter system, the freeway traffic dynamics are determined by the current system states and the boundary traffic demand-supply. Using the three-step extended Kalman filtering, this paper simultaneously estimates the real-time traffic state and the boundary flux of freeway traffic with the distributed speed detector networks organized at any location of interest. In order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a freeway segment from Interstate 80 East (I-80E) in Alameda, Emeryville, and Northern California is selected. Experimental results show that the proposed method has the potential of using only speed detecting data to monitor the state of urban freeway transportation systems without access to the traditional measurement data, such as the boundary flows.

考虑车流速度分布扰动的干道绿波最大带宽协调控制

城市车辆速度受多种因素影响呈现某种分布,鲁棒的干道协调控制模型应考虑不同速度下的车辆带宽需求。针对速度波动变化干道传统协调控制方法适用性差的问题,分析了带干扰的干道车辆速度时空分布特征,以推荐速度带宽最大与期望带宽最大为目标,提出了考虑车流速度分布扰动的干道绿波最大带宽协调控制方法。针对佛山市同济路4交叉口干道,速度分布扰动干道协调方法能够提供更符合车辆分布特性的协调方案,比Maxband模型和改进的Maxband模型提升约70%和14%的期望带宽。研究结果表明:笔者方法能够降低Maxband模型平均停车次数25%,平均延误45%和平均排队长度17%;针对不同速度期望和方差情况下的灵敏度分析实验表明,该方法能够为干道提供更具有鲁棒性的干道协调控制方案。

远郊大型冬季活动客流演进及路径分流研究

有效的客流组织是保证大型活动成功举办的关键,通过大型冬季活动的客流特征及意向调查,建立了观众路径选择模型和客流动态演进模型,分析了大型活动各设施节点的客流分布和客流排队时间分布动态变化规律。结果表明:增加取暖房、纪念品店、景观点等设施将提升观众在远郊大型冬季活动中的观赛体验。大型冬季活动的观众可接受的安检/检票、等公交的排队时间及步行到场馆的时间心理阈值为20 min,且观众更愿意选择步行时间短和服务设施数量多的路径;采用路径分流并提供路径实时信息,会使得分流路径上、下游节点的客流分布更为均衡平缓,有效减少客流聚集和长时间排队等待现象。

铁路网车流分配问题研究综述

铁路网车流分配是铁路运输组织中的热点研究问题,也是铁路运营管理层面的重要研究内容。本文分析了铁路网车流分配优化问题的内涵及特点,并从模型构建及算法设计两个方面对国内外相关研究现状及研究特点进行了综述。在模型构建方面,按照决策变量、优化目标和约束条件三个角度对既有研究进行分类,并指出决策变量主要依据点-弧模型和弧-路模型两种基本车流分配模型设置,其中弧-路模型的决策变量相对更少,在大规模车流分配模型中更为适用;优化目标通常选择广义费用中的一种或多种,并兼顾运输效益与点线能力协调进行设置;在约束条件的考虑上,大部分模型以传统约束条件为主,根据不同运输需求设置约束条件。在算法设计方面,分析发现启发式算法成为求解大规模路网问题的主要手段,而基于模型松弛和模型分解的精确算法以及基于模型修改的算法也逐步得到了广泛应用。在归纳分析既有研究特点的基础上,结合铁路货物运输内外部发展环境的变化,进一步展望了车流分配在模型建立、算法求解和创新方面的研究趋势,可为铁路车流分配研究提供一定参考。

卫星网络混合负载均衡策略下的多径流量分配算法

为均衡卫星网络流量分配,满足用户QoS需求,提出一种全局和局部结合的混合负载均衡策略下的多径流量分配算法(HLB-MTD)。根据QoS业务需求进行部分路径筛选,基于表的散列算法进行流量的初次分配;在初次分配的基础上针对突发拥塞进行局部调整,建立重映射目标函数,通过改进交叉和变异概率的遗传算法求出最优解;求得局部优化的,流到路径的映射策略。仿真结果表明,该算法可有效缓解卫星网络拥塞,实现流量均衡分配,在丢包率、平均排队时延、等指标上有更好的提升。

大型医院交通集散空间布局规划及优化研究

近年来医院发展朝着大型化和综合化形式迈进,同时也带来了一系列交通问题。本文就医院外部集散空间布局形式进行研究并改进,以缓解大型医院外部的交通拥堵混乱问题。通过分析大型医院外部空间的使用需求,重新界定了医院交通集散空间的范围与功能;结合其空间流线需求与建筑广场、城市道路设计理论,分析了医院集散空间的交通特征与规划要点;最后提出了各功能区布局原则,并从医院内外临时停车、交通设施布置、道路功能划分等方面阐明了医院交通集散空间的规划方法。针对不同形式医院的布局,分别设置了复合立体型、平面广场型和用地紧缺性三种形式,为城市规划设计者提供参考。