Jet formation and penetration performance of a double-layer charge liner with chemically-deposited tungsten as the inner liner

This paper proposes a type of double-layer charge liner fabricated using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)that has tungsten as its inner liner.The feasibility of this design was evaluated through penetration tests.Double-layer charge liners were fabricated by using CVD to deposit tungsten layers on the inner surfaces of pure T2 copper liners.The microstructures of the tungsten layers were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The feasibility analysis was carried out by pulsed X-rays,slug-retrieval test and static penetration tests.The shaped charge jet forming and penetration law of inner tungsten-coated double-layer liner were studied by numerical simulation method.The results showed that the double-layer liners could form well-shaped jets.The errors between the X-ray test results and the numerical results were within 11.07%.A slug-retrieval test was found that the retrieved slug was similar to a numerically simulated slug.Compared with the traditional pure copper shaped charge jet,the penetration depth of the double-layer shaped charge liner increased by 11.4% and>10.8% respectively.In summary,the test results are good,and the numerical simulation is in good agreement with the test,which verified the feasibility of using the CVD method to fabricate double-layer charge liners with a high-density and high-strength refractory metal as the inner liner.

Smart prediction of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading

The prediction of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading/displacement(Dh)is a challenging task for civil/geotechnical engineers.In this study,a new approach is proposed to predict Dh using gene expression programming(GEP).Based on statistical reasoning,individual models were developed for two topographies:free-face and gently sloping ground.Along with a comparison with conventional approaches for predicting the Dh,four additional regression-based soft computing models,i.e.Gaussian process regression(GPR),relevance vector machine(RVM),sequential minimal optimization regression(SMOR),and M5-tree,were developed and compared with the GEP model.The results indicate that the GEP models predict Dh with less bias,as evidenced by the root mean square error(RMSE)and mean absolute error(MAE)for training(i.e.1.092 and 0.815;and 0.643 and 0.526)and for testing(i.e.0.89 and 0.705;and 0.773 and 0.573)in free-face and gently sloping ground topographies,respectively.The overall performance for the free-face topology was ranked as follows:GEP>RVM>M5-tree>GPR>SMOR,with a total score of 40,32,24,15,and 10,respectively.For the gently sloping condition,the performance was ranked as follows:GEP>RVM>GPR>M5-tree>SMOR with a total score of 40,32,21,19,and 8,respectively.Finally,the results of the sensitivity analysis showed that for both free-face and gently sloping ground,the liquefiable layer thickness(T_(15))was the major parameter with percentage deterioration(%D)value of 99.15 and 90.72,respectively.

Discovery and Significance of the Triassic–Late Paleozoic Double-layered Basement in the Songliao Basin:Based on the Complete Coring Data from ICDP Borehole SK2

The Songliao Basin(SLB)covers an area of approximately 260,000 km2in northeastern Asia and preserves a continuous and complete Cretaceous terrestrial record(Wang et al.,2021).The region is the most important petroliferous sedimentary basin in China because of its continual annual oil and gas equivalent production of tens of millions of tons(ca.220–440 million barrels per year)since 1959.The SLB was previously thought to have developed on Hercynian basement and accumulated continuous sedimentary deposits during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous(Wan et al.,2013;Wang et al.,2016).

Performance and Application of Double-layered Microcapsule Corrosion Inhibitors

Double-layered microcapsule corrosion inhibitors were developed by sodium monofluorophosphate as the core material,polymethyl methacrylate as the inner wall material,and polyvinyl alcohol as the outer wall material combining the solvent evaporation method and spray drying method.The protection by the outer capsule wall was used to prolong the service life of the corrosion inhibitor.The dispersion,encapsulation,thermal stability of microcapsules,and the degradation rate of capsule wall in concrete pore solution were analyzed by ultra-deep field microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,thermal analyzer,and sodium ion release rate analysis.The microcapsules were incorporated into mortar samples containing steel reinforcement,and the effects of double-layered microcapsule corrosion inhibitors on the performance of the cement matrix and the actual corrosion-inhibiting effect were analyzed.The experimental results show that the double-layered microcapsules have a moderate particle size and uniform distribution,and the capsules were completely wrapped.The microcapsules as a whole have good thermal stability below 230 ℃.The monolayer membrane structure microcapsules completely broke within 1 day in the simulated concrete pore solution,and the double-layer membrane structure prolonged the service life of the microcapsules to 80 days in the simulated concrete pore solution before the core material was completely released.The mortar samples containing steel reinforcement incorporated with the double-layered microcapsule corrosion inhibitors still maintained a higher corrosion potential than the monolayer microcapsule corrosion inhibitors control group at 60 days.The incorporation of double-layered microcapsules into the cement matrix has no significant adverse effect on the setting time and early strength.

Individual dynamics and local heterogeneity provide a microscopic view of the epidemic spreading

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe global disasters,highlighting the importance of understanding the details and trends of epidemic transmission in order to introduce efficient intervention measures.While the widely used deterministic compartmental models have qualitatively presented continuous “analytical” insight and captured some transmission features,their treatment usually lacks spatiotemporal variation.Here,we propose a stochastic individual dynamical(SID)model to mimic the random and heterogeneous nature of epidemic propagation.The SID model provides a unifying framework for representing the spatiotemporal variations of epidemic development by tracking the movements of each individual.Using this model,we reproduce the infection curves for COVID-19 cases in different areas globally and find the local dynamics and heterogeneity at the individual level that affect the disease outbreak.The macroscopic trend of virus spreading is clearly illustrated from the microscopic perspective,enabling a quantitative assessment of different interventions.Seemingly,this model is also applicable to studying stochastic processes at the “meter scale”,e.g.,human society’s collective dynamics.

Influence of network structure on spreading dynamics via tie range

There are various phenomena of malicious information spreading in the real society, which cause many negative impacts on the society. In order to better control the spreading, it is crucial to reveal the influence of network structure on network spreading. Motifs, as fundamental structures within a network, play a significant role in spreading. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the influence of the structural characteristics of basic network motifs on spreading dynamics.Considering the edges of the basic network motifs in an undirected network correspond to different tie ranges, two edge removal strategies are proposed, short ties priority removal strategy and long ties priority removal strategy. The tie range represents the second shortest path length between two connected nodes. The study focuses on analyzing how the proposed strategies impact network spreading and network structure, as well as examining the influence of network structure on network spreading. Our findings indicate that the long ties priority removal strategy is most effective in controlling network spreading, especially in terms of spread range and spread velocity. In terms of network structure, the clustering coefficient and the diameter of network also have an effect on the network spreading, and the triangular structure as an important motif structure effectively inhibits the spreading.

Possible Cortical Spreading Depression Recorded Intraoperatively Following a Generalized Seizure: Illustrative Case

Background: We present a compelling case fitting the phenomenon of cortical spreading depression detected by intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) following an intraoperative seizure during a craniotomy for revascularization. Cortical spreading depression (CSD, also called cortical spreading depolarization) is a pathophysiological phenomenon whereby a wave of depolarization is thought to propagate across the cerebral cortex, creating a brief period of relative neuronal inactivity. The relationship between CSD and seizures is unclear, although some literature has made a correlation between seizures and a cortical environment conducive to CSD. Methods: Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and electroencephalography (EEG) were monitored continuously during the craniotomy procedure utilizing standard montages. Electrophysiological data from pre-ictal, ictal, and post-ictal periods were recorded. Results: During the procedure, intraoperative EEG captured a generalized seizure followed by a stepwise decrease in somatosensory evoked potential cortical amplitudes, compelling for the phenomenon of CSD. The subsequent partial recovery of neuronal function was also captured electrophysiologically. Discussion: While CSD is considered controversial in some aspects, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring allowed for the unique analysis of a case demonstrating a CSD-like phenomenon. To our knowledge, this is the first published example of this phenomenon in which intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring captured a seizure, along with a stepwise subsequent reduction in SSEP cortical amplitudes not explained by other variables.

Double-layer model updating for steel-concrete composite beam cable-stayed bridge based on GPS

In order to establish the relationship between the measured dynamic response and the health status of long-span bridges, a double-layer model updating method for steel-concrete composite beam cable-stayed bridges is proposed. Measured frequencies are selected as the first-layer reference data, and the mass of the bridge deck, the grid density, the modulus of concrete and the ballast on the side span are modified by using a manual tuning technique. Measured global positioning system （GPS） data is selected as the second-layer reference data, and the degradation of the integral structure stiffness EI of the whole bridge is taken into account for the second-layer model updating by using the finite element iteration algorithm. The Nanpu Bridge in Shanghai is taken as a case to verify the applicability of the proposed model updating method. After the first-layer model updating, the standard deviation of modal frequencies is smaller than 7%. After the second-layer model updating, the error of the deflection of the mid-span is smaller than 10%. The integral structure stiffness of the whole bridge decreases about 20%. The research results show a good agreement between the calculated response and the measured response.

Computation of the Fatigue Life of Road Wheel with Double-Layer Rubber Flange

In order to increase the fatigue life (FL) of road wheels (RW), a kind of double layer rubber flange (DLRF) is put forward. It consists of two layers of rubber, where metal wires are laid in the inner layer and the outer layer has no inlaid metal wires. Stress, strain and temperature field of DLRF were calculated with ANSYS finite element analysis (FEA) software, FL of DLRF RW was also computed with fracture mechanics fatigue theory. The results of computation indicate that the heat generated in RW's rubber flange (RF) can be reduced by the use of DLRF, and the FL of RW can be increased without affecting the mechanical intensity of RW.

An Important Spreading Event of the Neo-Tethys Ocean during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous: Evidence from Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP Dating on Diabase in Nagarze, Southern Tibet

Widely distributed in Gyangzê-Chigu area, southern Tibet, NW- and nearly E-W-trending diabase（gabbro）-gabbro diorite dykes are regarded as the product of the large-scale spreading of the late Neo-Tethys Ocean. In order to constrain the emplacement age of these dykes, zircons of two samples from diabases in Nagarzê were dated by using the U-Pb SHRIMP method. Two nearly the same weighted mean ^206pb/^23SU ages were obtained in this paper, which are 134.9±1.8 Ma （MSWD=0.65） and 135.5 ± 2.1 Ma （MSWD=1.40）, respectively. They not only represent the crystallization age of the diabase, but also documented an important spreading event of the Neo-Tethys Ocean during the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous. This dating result is of great significance to reconstruct the temporal framework of the late Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Lymphatic spreading and lymphadenectomy for esophageal carcinoma

Esophageal carcinoma(EC) is a highly lethal malignancywith a poor prognosis. One of the most important prognostic factors in EC is lymph node status. Therefore, lymphadenectomy has been recognized as a key that influences the outcome of surgical treatment for EC. However, the lymphatic drainage system of the esophagus, including an abundant lymph-capillary network in the lamina propria and muscularis mucosa, is very complex with cervical, mediastinal and celiac node spreading. The extent of lymphadenectomy for EC has always been controversial because of the very complex pattern of lymph node spreading. In this article, published literature regarding lymphatic spreading was reviewed and the current lymphadenectomy trends for EC are discussed.

Low complexity method for spreading sequence estimation of DSSS signal in non-cooperative communication systems

It is a necessary step to estimate the spreading sequence of direct sequence spread spectrum （DSSS） signal for blind despreading and demodulation in non-cooperative communications. Two innovative and effective detection statistics are proposed to implement the synchronization and spreading sequence estimation procedure. The proposed algorithm also has a low computational complexity with only linear additions and modifications. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the algorithm performs quite well in low SNR environment, and is much better than all the existing typical algorithms with a comprehensive consideration both in performance and computational complexity.

Response of a pile group behind quay wall to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading:a shake-table investigation

The response of pile foundations near a quay wall under liquefaction-induced lateral spreading remains a complex problem. This study presents the results of a shake-table test on a 2×2 pile group behind a sheet-pile quay wall that was subjected to lateral spreading. The quay wall was employed to trigger liquefaction-induced large lateral ground deformation. The discussions focus on the behavior of the pile and the soil and on the bending moment distributions within the group pile and the restoring force characteristics at the superstructure. Overall, the piles exhibited apparent pinning effects that reduced soil deformation. In addition, the rear-row piles near the quay wall experienced larger bending moments than did the front-row piles, indicating significant pile group effects. The tests showed that lateral spreading could be a primary cause of larger monotonic deformations and bending moments. It can also be concluded that the monotonic bending moments were significantly decreased due to the presence of slow soil flow. The stiffness at the superstructure was reduced because of accumulated excess pore pressure before liquefaction, and it was recovered during lateral spreading. The present study further enhances current understanding of the behavior of low-cap pile foundations under lateral spreading.

Dynamical Interaction Between Information and Disease Spreading in Populations of Moving Agents

Considering dynamical disease spreading network consisting of moving individuals,a new double-layer network is constructed,one where the information dissemination process takes place and the other where the dynamics of disease spreading evolves.On the basis of Markov chains theory,a new model characterizing the coupled dynamics between information dissemination and disease spreading in populations of moving agents is established and corresponding state probability equations are formulated to describe the probability in each state of every node at each moment.Monte Carlo simulations are performed to characterize the interaction process between information and disease spreading and investigate factors that influence spreading dynamics.Simulation results show that the increasing of information transmission rate can reduce the scale of disease spreading in some degree.Shortening infection period and strengthening consciousness for self-protection by decreasing individual’s scope of activity both can effectively reduce the final refractory density for the disease but have less effect on the information dissemination.In addition,the increasing of vaccination rate or decreasing of long-range travel can also reduce the scale of disease spreading.

Effects of structural characterizations on fragility functions of bridges subject to seismic shaking and lateral spreading

This paper evaluates the seismic vulnerability of different classes of typical bridges in California when subjected to seismic shaking or liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. The detailed structural configurations in terms of superstructure type, connection, continuity at support and foundation type, etc. render different damage resistant capability. Six classes of bridges are established based on their anticipated failure mechanisms under earthquake shaking. The numerical models that are capable of simulating the complex soil-structure interaction effects, nonlinear behavior of columns and connections are developed for each bridge class. The dynamic responses are obtained using nonlinear time history analyses for a suite of 250 earthquake motions with increasing intensity. An equivalent static analysis procedure is also implemented to evaluate the vulnerability of the bridges when subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. Fragility functions for each bridge class are derived and compared for both seismic shaking （based on nonlinear dynamic analyses） and lateral spreading （based on equivalent static analyses） for different performance states. The study finds that the fragility functions due to either ground shaking or lateral spreading show significant correlation with the structural characterizations, but differences emerge for ground shaking and lateral spreading conditions. Structural properties that will mostly affect the bridges＇ damage resistant capacity are also identified.

Simulating the Spreading of Two Competing Public Opinion Information on Complex Network

In this paper, we investigate the regularity of spreading of information and public opinions towards two competing products in complex networks. By building its mathematical model and simulating its evolution process, we have found the statistical regularity for support rates of two different products at a steady stage. The research shows that strength of the public opinion spreading is proportional to the final support rates of a product.

Empirical models for predicting lateral spreading considering the effect of regional seismicity

A revised empirical model has been developed for predicting liquefaction-induced lateral spreading displacement （LD） as a function of both response spectral acceleration derived from strong-motion attenuation models and geotechnical parameters from Youd＇s LD data set （Youd website）. This revised model is different from the model of Zhang and Zhao, which overcame some drawbacks of earlier models for predicting lateral spreading and was primarily used in Japan and the western U.S. The revised model can potentially be applied anywhere if ground shaking （in terms of 5% damped acceleration or displacement response spectra） can be estimated using local strong-motion attenuation relationships. The revised model is examined using data from Japan and the western U.S. and applied to Turkey and New Zealand, where the ground shaking is estimated using appropriate strong-motion attenuation relationships for each region. The accuracy of the revised model is evaluated by comparing its predicted lateral displacements with those measured in actual earthquakes. The results show that the revised model can account for the effects of local seismicity on lateral spreading displacements and is comparable with existing prediction models.

Double-layered osmotic pump controlled release tablets of actarit: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

The aim of the study was to develop actarit double-layered osmotic pump tablets to overcome the weak points of actarit common tablets, such as short half-life and large plasma concentration fluctuations. Single factor experiment and orthogonal test were applied to optimize the formulation;the pharmacokinetic study was performed in beagle dogs adopting actarit common tablets as reference tablets. The optimal formulation was as follows: drug layer: 150 mg actarit, 240 mg PEO-N80, 50 mg NaCl;push layer: 140 mg PEO-WSR303, 20 mg NaCl;coating solution: 30 g cellulose acetate and 6 g PEG 4000 in 1000 ml 94% acetone solution, 60 mg coating weight gain. The pharmacokinetic study showed that T max was prolonged by the contrast of commercial common tablets with constant drug release rate, but the bioavailability was equivalent. And a good in vivo –in vitro correlation of the actarit osmotic pump tablets was also established. The designed actarit osmotic pump tablets can be applied for rheumatoid arthritis, proposing a promising replacement for the marked common products.

Numerical analyses of pile performance in laterally spreading frozen ground crust overlying liquefiable soils

Lateral spread of frozen ground crust over liquefied soil has caused extensive bridge foundation damage in the past winter earthquakes.A shake table experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of a model pile in this scenario and revealed unique pile failure mechanisms.The modelling results provided valuable data for validating numerical models.This paper presents analyses and results of this experiment using two numerical modeling approaches： solid-fluid coupled finite element（FE） modeling and the beam-on-nonlinear-Winkler-foundation（BNWF） method.A FE model was constructed based on the experiment configuration and subjected to earthquake loading.Soil and pile response results were presented and compared with experimental results to validate this model.The BNWF method was used to predict the pile response and failure mechanism.A p-y curve was presented for modelling the frozen ground crust with the free-field displacement from the experiment as loading.Pile responses were presented and compared with those of the experiment and FE model.It was concluded that the coupled FE model was effective in predicting formation of three plastic hinges at ground surface,ground crust-liquefiable soil interface and within the medium dense sand layer,while the BNWF method was only able to predict the latter two.

Rifting characteristics of eastern subbasin of South China Sea and its spreading pattern

With processing and interpretation of 25 000 km full-coverage multibeam swath data fromthe eastern South China Sea, it is found that NE-trending and NW-trending linear morphological features such as scarps, horsts and grabens, govern the central part (14°-17° N) of eastern subbasin. Compared with reflection seismic profiles, these NE-trending linear morpho-structures are considered to be the representation of basement structures on seabed and can be divided into three linear structural zones. The trend of the central zone is NE45°-50° occurring around extinct spreading center, the trend of the second zone is NE70° - 78° on both sides of the central one and the trend of the third zone is about NE60° just on the north of the second one. These three NE-trending linear zones are formed in late-stage NW - SE-trending seafloor spreading of the eastern subbasin along NW-trending linear faults, and respectively correspond to three spreading episodes: 17.0- 19.0 Ma (5d-5e), 19.0 - 21.0 Ma (5e-6a) and 21.0 - 24.2 Ma (6a-6c) based on the contrast of morpho-structures to magnetic lineation anomalies.