Microstructure and forming mechanism of metals subjected to ultrasonic vibration plastic forming: A mini review

Compared with traditional plastic forming,ultrasonic vibration plastic forming has the advantages of reducing the forming force and improving the surface quality of the workpiece.This technology has a very broad application prospect in industrial manufactur-ing.Researchers have conducted extensive research on the ultrasonic vibration plastic forming of metals and laid a deep foundation for the development of this field.In this review,metals were classified according to their crystal structures.The effects of ultrasonic vibration on the microstructure of face-centered cubic,body-centered cubic,and hexagonal close-packed metals during plastic forming and the mech-anism underlying ultrasonic vibration forming were reviewed.The main challenges and future research direction of the ultrasonic vibra-tion plastic forming of metals were also discussed.

MPI/OpenMP-Based Parallel Solver for Imprint Forming Simulation

In this research,we present the pure open multi-processing(OpenMP),pure message passing interface(MPI),and hybrid MPI/OpenMP parallel solvers within the dynamic explicit central difference algorithm for the coining process to address the challenge of capturing fine relief features of approximately 50 microns.Achieving such precision demands the utilization of at least 7 million tetrahedron elements,surpassing the capabilities of traditional serial programs previously developed.To mitigate data races when calculating internal forces,intermediate arrays are introduced within the OpenMP directive.This helps ensure proper synchronization and avoid conflicts during parallel execution.Additionally,in the MPI implementation,the coins are partitioned into the desired number of regions.This division allows for efficient distribution of computational tasks across multiple processes.Numerical simulation examples are conducted to compare the three solvers with serial programs,evaluating correctness,acceleration ratio,and parallel efficiency.The results reveal a relative error of approximately 0.3%in forming force among the parallel and serial solvers,while the predicted insufficient material zones align with experimental observations.Additionally,speedup ratio and parallel efficiency are assessed for the coining process simulation.The pureMPI parallel solver achieves a maximum acceleration of 9.5 on a single computer(utilizing 12 cores)and the hybrid solver exhibits a speedup ratio of 136 in a cluster(using 6 compute nodes and 12 cores per compute node),showing the strong scalability of the hybrid MPI/OpenMP programming model.This approach effectively meets the simulation requirements for commemorative coins with intricate relief patterns.

Analysis and Optimization of the Electrohydraulic Forming Process of Sinusoidal Corrugation Tubes

Aluminum alloy thin-walled structures are widely used in the automotive industry due to their advantages related to light weight and crashworthiness.They can be produced at room temperature by the electrohydraulic forming process.In the present study,the influence of the related parameters on the forming quality of a 6063 aluminum alloy sinusoidal corrugation tube has been assessed.In particular,the orthogonal experimental design(OED)and central composite design(CCD)methods have been used.Through the range analysis and variance analysis of the experimental data,the influence degree of wire diameter(WD)and discharge energy(DE)on the forming quality was determined.Multiple regression analysis was performed using the response surface methodology.A prediction model for the attaching-die state coefficient was established accordingly.The following optimal arrangement of parameters was obtained(WD=0.759 mm,DE=2.926 kJ).The attaching-die state coefficient reached the peak value of 0.001.Better optimized wire diameter and discharge energy for a better attaching-die state could be screened by CCD compared with OED.The response surface method in CCD was more suitable for the design and optimization of the considered process parameters.

Experimental study on the forming characteristics of 1.5 GPa ultrahigh-strength dual-phase steel

The DP1500 steel series successfully produced by Baosteel is a marked improvement over the cold-rolled hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel series.Sufficient parameter data related to forming characteristics are needed for the successful application of dual-phase steel series in engineering structures.Therefore,differences in the mech-anical properties,forming limit,hole expansion ratio,and stretch bend limit of the 1.5 GPa ultrahigh-strength steel,including DP1500,QP1500,and MS1500,have been systematically studied.Results show that the DP1500 exhibits good plastic deformation performance and approximately 5% uniform elongation,and its true major strain minimum on the forming limit curve(FLC_(0)) value is approximately 0.083,which is higher and lower than the FLC_(0) values of MS1500 and QP1500 of the same strength grade,respectively.DP1500 also exhibits good flanging and pore expansion capabilities and superior performance to QP1500 and MS1500.The minimum radius-to-thickness(R/T) ratio(1.4) of DP1500 in the 90° bend tests transverse to the rolling direction is between the R/T ratios of MS1500 and the QP1500.Overall,the formability performance of DP1500 is between that of MS1500 and QP1500.Its excellent crash energy absorption and formability performance render it a suitable structural component,and it has been successfully tested and verified on a typical complex ultrahigh-strength steel skeleton structure.

Method of fabricating artificial rock specimens based on extrusion free forming(EFF)3D printing

Three-dimensional(3D)printing technology has been widely used to create artificial rock samples in rock mechanics.While 3D printing can create complex fractures,the material still lacks sufficient similarity to natural rock.Extrusion free forming(EFF)is a 3D printing technique that uses clay as the printing material and cures the specimens through high-temperature sintering.In this study,we attempted to use the EFF technology to fabricate artificial rock specimens.The results show the physico-mechanical properties of the specimens are significantly affected by the sintering temperature,while the nozzle diameter and layer thickness also have a certain impact.The specimens are primarily composed of SiO_(2),with mineral compositions similar to that of natural rocks.The density,uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),elastic modulus,and tensile strength of the printed specimens fall in the range of 1.65–2.54 g/cm3,16.46–50.49 MPa,2.17–13.35 GPa,and 0.82–17.18 MPa,respectively.It is capable of simulating different types of rocks,especially mudstone,sandstone,limestone,and gneiss.However,the simulation of hard rocks with UCS exceeding 50 MPa still requires validation.

Effect of Low pH on Forming Process of Desulfurization Gypsum Composite Boards Strengthened by Melamine-formaldehyde Resin

Through exploring the effects of low pH on the composite system of desulfurization gypsum(DG)enhanced by melamine-formaldehyde resin(MF),it is found that the inducing of sulfate-ion,in contrast to chloride and oxalate ions,favors the longitudinal growth of the crystalline form of the hydration product,which was relatively simple and had the highest length to width(L/D)ratio.At the same time,MF can also improve L/D ratio of gypsum hydration products,which favors the formation of hydrated whiskers.Finally,in a composite system composed of hemihydrate gypsum,MF,and glass fibers,when dilute sulfuric acid was used to regulate pH=3-4,the tight binding formed among the components of the composite system compared to pH=5-6.The hydration product of gypsum adheres tightly to glass fiber surface and produces a good cross-linking and binding effect with MF.The flexural strength,compressive strength,elastic modulus,and water absorption of the desulphurized gypsum composite board is 22.7 MPa,39.8 MPa,5608 MPa,and 1.8%,respectively.

A Hybrid Optimization Approach of Single Point Incremental Sheet Forming of AISI 316L Stainless Steel Using Grey Relation Analysis Coupled with Principal Component Analysiss

We investigated the parametric optimization on incremental sheet forming of stainless steel using Grey Relational Analysis(GRA) coupled with Principal Component Analysis(PCA). AISI 316L stainless steel sheets were used to develop double wall angle pyramid with aid of tungsten carbide tool. GRA coupled with PCA was used to plan the experiment conditions. Control factors such as Tool Diameter(TD), Step Depth(SD), Bottom Wall Angle(BWA), Feed Rate(FR) and Spindle Speed(SS) on Top Wall Angle(TWA) and Top Wall Angle Surface Roughness(TWASR) have been studied. Wall angle increases with increasing tool diameter due to large contact area between tool and workpiece. As the step depth, feed rate and spindle speed increase,TWASR decreases with increasing tool diameter. As the step depth increasing, the hydrostatic stress is raised causing severe cracks in the deformed surface. Hence it was concluded that the proposed hybrid method was suitable for optimizing the factors and response.

Stress-Induced Deformation of Thin Copper Substrate in Double-Sided Lapping

Double-sided lapping is an precision machining method capable of obtaining high-precision surface.However,during the lapping process of thin pure copper substrate,the workpiece will be warped due to the influence of residual stress,including the machining stress and initial residual stress,which will deteriorate the flatness of the workpiece and ultimately affect the performance of components.In this study,finite element method(FEM)was adopted to study the effect of residual stress-related on the deformation of pure copper substrate during double-sided lapping.Considering the initial residual stress of the workpiece,the stress caused by the lapping and their distribution characteristics,a prediction model was proposed for simulating workpiece machining deformation in lapping process by measuring the material removal rate of the upper and lower surfaces of the workpiece under the corresponding parameters.The results showed that the primary cause of the warping deformation of the workpiece in the doublesided lapping is the redistribution of initial residual stress caused by uneven material removal on the both surfaces.The finite element simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results.

What If the Protection against Oxidation of Chromia-Forming Alloys Was Not Always Due to the Chromia Layer?

Chromia-forming alloys have good resistance to oxidizing agents such as O2, CO2, … It is accepted that the protection of these alloys is always due to the chromia layer formed at the surface of the alloys, which acts as a barrier between the oxidizing gases and the alloy substrates, forming a diffusion zone that limits the overall reaction rate and leads to parabolic kinetics. But this was not verified in the study devoted to Inconel®625 the oxidation in CO2 that was followed by TGA, with characterizations by XRD, EDS and FIB microscopy. Contrary to what was expected and accepted in similar studies on other chromia-forming alloys, it was shown that the diffusion step that governs the overall reaction rate is not located inside the chromia layer but inside the alloy, precisely inside a zone just beneath the interface alloy/chromia, this zone being depleted in chromium. The chromia layer, therefore, plays no kinetic role and does not directly protect the underlying alloy. This result was demonstrated using a simple test that consisted in removing the chromia layer from the surface of samples partially oxidized and then to continue the thermal treatment: insofar as the kinetics continued without any change in rate, this proved that this surface layer of oxide did not protect the substrate. Based on previous work on many chromia-forming alloys, the possibility of a similar reaction mechanism is discussed. If the chromia layer is not the source of protection for a number of chromia-forming alloys, as is suspected, this might have major consequences in terms of industrial applications.

Formation, microstructure and mechanical properties of double-sided laser beam welded Ti-6Al-4V T-joint

The T-joints of Ti?6Al?4V alloy were manufactured by double-sided synchronized laser beam welding with the homologous filler wire. The formation, microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints as well as the correlations of each other were investigated. The results indicate that the quality of weld seams is good without defects such as discontinuity, beading, visible cracks or porosity, which is linked to the steady molten pool behavior and droplet transition. The morphologies of the heat affected zone (HAZ) located on the skin and stringer are disparate. The microstructure of the HAZ and fusion zone (FZ) is mainly comprised of acicular martensiticα′ phases. The microhardness of the HAZ and FZ is higher than that of the base metal (BM) and reaches a maximum value at the HAZ near FZ on the stringer. The tensile specimens along the skin and stringer fractured at the BM with ductile fracture surfaces.

Local Buckling-Induced Forming Method to Produce Metal Bellows

A novel buckling-induced forming method is proposed to produce metal bellows.The tube billet is firstly treated by local heating and cooling,and the axial loading is applied on both ends of the tube,then the buckling occurs at the designated position and forms a convolution.In this paper,a forming apparatus is designed and developed to produce both discontinuous and continuous bellows of 304 stainless steel,and their characteristics are discussed respectively.Furthermore,the influences of process parameters and geometric parameters on the final convolution profile are deeply studied based on FEM analysis.The results suggest that the steel bellows fabricated by the presented buckling-induced forming method have a uniform shape and no obvious reduction of wall thickness.Meanwhile,the forming force required in the process is quite small.

Recent research and development on forming for large magnesium alloy components with high mechanical properties

The lightweight of high-end equipment relies on high mechanical properties magnesium(Mg) alloy structural components, because it is the best way to improve equipment service performance and reduce energy consumption. This article summarizes the current progress and characteristics of large-scale high-performance Mg alloy components by analyzing the strengthening-toughening mechanisms, characteristics of plastic forming, and the preparation of large high mechanical properties forging blanks. Due to the lack of breakthroughs in the key technologies for forming large-scale Mg alloy components, their uniformity of mechanical properties and consistency are poor, the forming accuracy of components is low, and the production cost is high, which limit their engineering application and restrict the lightweight level of high-end equipment. In view of the above problems, the forming trends and research directions of large-scale and high mechanical properties Mg alloy components are proposed in this paper. It can provide help for the breakthrough of the key technology of large-scale Mg alloy components with high mechanical properties and expand the application of Mg alloy in high-end products.

Prediction and Verifcation of Forming Limit Diagrams Based on a Modifed Shear Failure Criterion

The forming limit diagram plays an important role in predicting the forming limit of sheet metals.Previous studies have shown that,the method to construct the forming limit diagram based on instability theory of the original shear failure criterion is efective and simple.The original shear instability criterion can accurately predict the left area of the forming limit diagram but not the right area.In this study,in order to improve the accuracy of the original shear failure criterion,a modifed shear failure criterion was proposed based on in-depth analysis of the original shear failure criterion.The detailed improvement strategies of the shear failure criterion and the complete calculation process are given.Based on the modifed shear failure criterion and diferent constitutive equations,the theoretical forming limit of TRIP780 steel and 5754O aluminum alloy sheet metals are calculated.By comparing the theoretical and experimental results,it is shown that proposed modifed shear failure criterion can predict the right area of forming limit more reasonably than the original shear failure criterion.The efect of the pre-strain and constitutive equation on the forming limits are also analyzed in depth.The modifed shear failure criterion proposed in this study provides an alternative and reliable method to predict forming limit of sheet metals.

Design and analysis of longitudinal–flexural hybrid transducer for ultrasonic peen forming

Ultrasonic peen forming(UPF)is an emerging technology that exhibits great superiority in both its flexible operating modes and the deep residual stress that it produces compared with conventional plastic forming methods.Although ultrasonic transducers with longitudinal vibration have been widely studied,they have seldom been incorporated into UPF devices for machining in confined spaces.To meet the requirements of this type of machining,a sandwich-type piezoelectric transducer with coupled longitudinal-flexural vibrational modes is proposed.The basic structure of the transducer is designed to obtain large vibrational amplitudes in both modes.Experimental results obtained with a prototype device demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed transducer.The measured vibrational amplitude for the working face in the longitudinal vibrational mode is 1.0μm,and electrical matching increases this amplitude by 40%.The flexural vibration characteristics of the same prototype transducer are also tested and are found to be slightly smaller than those of longitudinal mode.The resultant working strokes of the UPF impact pins reach 1.7 mm and 1.2 mm in the longitudinal and flexural modes,respectively.The forming capability of the prototype has been evaluated via 15-min machining on standard 2024-T351 aluminum plates.After UPF,an improved surface morphology with lower surface roughness is obtained.The aluminum plate test piece has an apparent upper deformation with an arc height of 0.64 mm.The measured peak value of the compressive residual stress is around 250 MPa,appearing at a depth of 100μm.The proposed longitudinal-flexural hybrid transducer thus provides a high-performance tool for plate peen forming in confined spaces.

Projecting Wintertime Newly Formed Arctic Sea Ice through Weighting CMIP6 Model Performance and Independence

Precipitous Arctic sea-ice decline and the corresponding increase in Arctic open-water areas in summer months give more space for sea-ice growth in the subsequent cold seasons. Compared to the decline of the entire Arctic multiyear sea ice,changes in newly formed sea ice indicate more thermodynamic and dynamic information on Arctic atmosphere–ocean–ice interaction and northern mid–high latitude atmospheric teleconnections. Here, we use a large multimodel ensemble from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6) to investigate future changes in wintertime newly formed Arctic sea ice. The commonly used model-democracy approach that gives equal weight to each model essentially assumes that all models are independent and equally plausible, which contradicts with the fact that there are large interdependencies in the ensemble and discrepancies in models' performances in reproducing observations. Therefore, instead of using the arithmetic mean of well-performing models or all available models for projections like in previous studies, we employ a newly developed model weighting scheme that weights all models in the ensemble with consideration of their performance and independence to provide more reliable projections. Model democracy leads to evident bias and large intermodel spread in CMIP6 projections of newly formed Arctic sea ice. However, we show that both the bias and the intermodel spread can be effectively reduced by the weighting scheme. Projections from the weighted models indicate that wintertime newly formed Arctic sea ice is likely to increase dramatically until the middle of this century regardless of the emissions scenario.Thereafter, it may decrease(or remain stable) if the Arctic warming crosses a threshold(or is extensively constrained).

Numerical investigation of film forming characteristics and mass transfer enhancement in horizontal polycondensation kettle

The process of producing high viscosity polyester by transesterification polycondensation needs to adjust the operating conditions and equipment structure of pre-polycondensation kettle and final polycondensation kettle to realize process intensification.In view of this,the fluid volume function method of computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation was used to investigate the film formation and surface renewal characteristics of horizontal polycondensation kettle under different operating conditions,including viscosity,rotating speed and liquid height.The results show that the viscosity and rotating speed were positively correlated with the film area and surface renewal in the pre-polycondensation stage.However,increasing the viscosity by several orders of magnitude in the final polycondensation kettle,the larger the film area and film thickness,but the overall surface renewal of the disk decreased.Therefore,a hexagonal hole disk is designed.By comparison,it is found that the film is more uniform,the surface update frequency is higher,and the power consumption can be reduced by more than 20%.

ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS IN DIVERGENCE FORM WITH DISCONTINUOUS COEFFICIENTS IN DOMAINS WITH CORNERS

We study equations in divergence form with piecewise Cαcoefficients.The domains contain corners and the discontinuity surfaces are attached to the edges of the corners.We obtain piecewise C1,αestimates across the discontinuity surfaces and provide an example to illustrate the issue regarding the regularity at the corners.

Representation of an Integer by a Quadratic Form through the Cornacchia Algorithm

Cornachia’s algorithm can be adapted to the case of the equation x2+dy2=nand even to the case of ax2+bxy+cy2=n. For the sake of completeness, we have given modalities without proofs (the proof in the case of the equation x2+y2=n). Starting from a quadratic form with two variables f(x,y)=ax2+bxy+cy2and n an integer. We have shown that a primitive positive solution (u,v)of the equation f(x,y)=nis admissible if it is obtained in the following way: we take α modulo n such that f(α,1)≡0modn, u is the first of the remainders of Euclid’s algorithm associated with n and α that is less than 4cn/| D |) (possibly α itself) and the equation f(x,y)=n. has an integer solution u in y. At the end of our work, it also appears that the Cornacchia algorithm is good for the form n=ax2+bxy+cy2if all the primitive positive integer solutions of the equation f(x,y)=nare admissible, i.e. computable by the algorithmic process.

Assessment of the Drafting Quality of Request Forms Submitted to the Malaria and Parasitology Units at the Institut Pasteur de Cote d’Ivoire

Biological tests provide information on the medical analysis requested by both the patient and the prescriber. It is a communication link between the prescriber and the laboratory staff. The lack of some information on request forms not only affects the drafting quality of the test and patient care, but could also make thousands of data produced by healthcare centers unusable. The aim of this study was to assess the drafting quality of request forms submitted to the Malaria and Parasitology Units at the Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study to assess the drafting quality of request forms of various prescribers received at the Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire. This study was conducted at the Malaria and Parasitology Units, department of Parasitology and Mycology (Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire), from 6th December 2020 to 6th December 2021. The information on each request forms was recorded on a data collection form designed for this purpose. Each data collection form corresponds to a request forms and each test to a patient. Results: Out of a total of 1990 request forms received, the patient’s age and sex were missing on 18% and 26.8% of the tests respectively. More than half (51.80%) of request forms did not indicate the patient’s place of residence. Clinical information was not provided on 45.90% of the tests. Prescribers omitting their signatures were 51%, stamps were 50.3% and contacts were 71.2%. Only 5.4% of request forms were of good drafting quality. Providing all the required information on the forms could facilitate the use and analysis of data and samples.

Study on Effectiveness of Solitary-Wave-Like Form Based on Overtopping Data from Irregular Wave Tests

The previous study conducted by Li(2022)demonstrates that the Goda graph can be adequately represented by a solitary-wave-like form across the entire range of relative water depth,with the exception of the extremely shallow zone.However,it remains uncertain whether this form is equally effective when applied to test data generated by irregular waves,as the Goda graph was initially developed based on overtopping data from regular wave tests.Additionally,it is unclear whether this form is suitable for formulating overtopping discharge at composite vertical walls.In order to address these questions,a 2D overtopping experiment was conducted,incorporating both simple and composite types of vertical walls,with various relative water depths across the entire range,excluding the extremely shallow zone.A novel analysis procedure was developed,which proved to be highly productive and can be considered a general method for data fitting.Ultimately,the study yielded two conclusions:(1)the solitary-wave-like form is remarkably effective in formulating overtopping test data generated by irregular waves,regardless of whether the vertical wall is simple or composite,and(2)the resulting formulas exhibit definitely better performance compared with existing formulas.