Analysis of Reflection Characteristics for Foam Filled Grid Structure

The reflection characteristics of gird structures are calculated by the spatial network method in the case of normal incidence plane electromagnetic wave. The numerical result shows that the grid panels without electromagnetic wave absorbing foams are not ideal. However, the absorbing ability can be achieved as low as -25 dBsm from 8 GHz to 12 GHz when the grid cells are filled with foam absorbers. Also it is noted from computation that the foam filled grid structures with larger cell size, higher and thinner ribs will improve the absorbing abilities, which illustrates that they can be used as the effective light-weight stealth structures for aeronautical application.

A study of the influence of different grid structures on plasma characteristics in the discharge chamber of an ion thruster

The grid structure has significant effects on the discharge characteristics of an ion thruster.The discharge performances of a 30 cm diameter ion thruster with flat,convex and concave grids are studied.The analysis results show that the discharge chamber with a convex grid has a larger’magnetic-field free area’than the others,and the parallelism of the magnetic-field isopotential lines and anode is generally the same in the three models.Plasma densities of the three structures at the grid outlet are in the range of 3.1×1016-6.9×1017m-3.Along the thruster axis direction,the electron temperature in the chamber with the convex and concave grids is in the range of 3.3-3.5 eV,while that with a flat grid is lower,in the range of 3.1-3.5 eV.In addition,the convex and the concave grids have better uniform distribution of electron temperature.Moreover,the collision frequency ratios show that the axial degree of ionization of the three models is the highest,and the flat grid has the highest discharge efficiency,followed by the convex grid and the concave grid is the least efficient.The test and simulation results of the 30 cm diameter ion thruster with the convex grid show that the measurement and calculation results are 3.67 A and 3.44 A,respectively,and the error above mainly comes from the ignorance of the doubly charged ions and parameter settings in the model.The comparison error between the simulation and measurement of beam current density is mainly caused by the actual thermal deformation of the grids during the discharge process,which leads to the change in electric potential distribution and variation of the focusing characteristics of the grids.Upon consideration of discharge performance and the thermal grid gap variation,it can be concluded that the flat and concave grids are more suitable for small-diameter ion thrusters,while the convex grid is a more reasonable choice for the higher-power and larger-diameter thrusters.

An In-Depth Study of Complex Power System Dynamic Behavior Characteristics for Chinese UHV Power Grid Security

In this paper,a series of major policy decisions used to improve the power grid reliability,reduce the risk and losses of major power outages,and realize the modernization of 21st century power grid are discussed. These decisions were adopted by American government and would also be helpful for the strategic development of Chinese power grid. It is proposed that China should take precaution,carry out security research on the overall dynamic behaviour characteristics of the UHV grid using the complexity theory,and finally provide safeguard for the Chinese UHV grid. It is also pointed out that,due to the lack of matured approaches to controll a cascading failure,the primary duty of a system operator is to work as a "watchdog" for the grid operation security,eliminate the cumulative effect and reduce the risk and losses of major cascading outages with the help of EMS and WAMS.

TWO-GRID METHOD FOR CHARACTERISTICS FINITE-ELEMENT SOLUTION OF 2D NONLINEAR CONVECTION-DOMINATED DIFFUSION PROBLEM

For two-dimension nonlinear convection diffusion equation, a two-grid method of characteristics finite-element solution was constructed. In this method the nonlinear iterations is only to execute on the coarse grid and the fine-grid solution can be obtained in a single linear step. For the nonlinear convection-dominated diffusion equation, this method can not only stabilize the numerical oscillation but also accelerate the convergence and improve the computational efficiency. The error analysis demonstrates if the mesh sizes between coarse-grid and fine-grid satisfy the certain relationship, the two-grid solution and the characteristics finite-element solution have the same order of accuracy. The numerical is more efficient than that of characteristics example confirms that the two-grid method finite-element method.

Sociodemographic characteristics, cultural biases, and environmental attitudes: An empirical application of grid-group cultural theory in Northwestern China

Natural resource-management studies have become increasingly attentive to the influences of human factors. Among these,cultural biases shape people’s responses to changes in natural resource systems. Several studies have applied grid-group cultural theory to assess the effects of multiple value biases among stakeholders on natural resource management. We developed and administered a questionnaire in the Heihe River Basin(n = 364) in northwestern China to investigate the appropriateness of applying this theory in the Chinese context of natural resource management. The results revealed various cultural biases among the respondents. In descending order of prevalence, these biases were hierarchism(46.98%), individualism(26.65%), egalitarianism(18.96%), and fatalism(2.78%), with the remaining respondents(4.67%) evidencing no obvious bias. Our empirical study revealed respondents’ worldviews and the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on cultural biases, as theoretically posited. Among the variables examined, age had a positive and significant effect across all biases except individualism. The correlation of income to all cultural biases was consistently negative. Only education had a negative and significant effect across all biases. Women were found to adhere to egalitarianism, whereas men adhered to individualism and hierarchism. Thus, grid-group cultural theory was found to be appropriate in the Chinese context, with gender, age, education, and income evidently accounting for cultural biases. Relationships between environmental attitudes and cultural biases conformed with the hypothesis advanced by grid-group cultural theory. This finding may be of value in explaining individuals’ environmental attitudes and facilitating the development and implementation of natural resource-management policies.

An explicit finite volume element method for solving characteristic level set equation on triangular grids

Level set methods are widely used for predicting evolutions of complex free surface topologies,such as the crystal and crack growth,bubbles and droplets deformation,spilling and breaking waves,and two-phase flow phenomena.This paper presents a characteristic level set equation which is derived from the two-dimensional level set equation by using the characteristic-based scheme.An explicit finite volume element method is developed to discretize the equation on triangular grids.Several examples are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method for calculating interface evolutions in time.The proposed level set method is also coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations for two-phase immiscible incompressible flow analysis with surface tension.The Rayleigh-Taylor instability problem is used to test and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Aerodynamic Characteristics of Projectile with Exotic Wraparound Wings Configuration

A projectile with exotic wraparound wings( WAW) configuration is designed to improve the finstabilized projectile shooting quality. Two fin-stabilized projectiles with the same body with and without exotic WAW configuration are simulated numerically by applying the Roe scheme. The shear-stress transport turbulence models and the lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel implicit method are used to solve 3D Reynoldsaveraged Navier—Stokes equations. The differences in aerodynamic coefficients and aerodynamic characteristics of the projectiles when the Mach number varies from 0. 35 to 0. 95 are obtained,and the cause of these differences is analyzed. The calculation results indicate that the lift-to-drag ratio of the projectile significantly increases,the rolling moment decreases,and the position of the pressure center of the projectile shows relatively small changes when the exotic WAW configuration is used. Therefore,this projectile can obviously reduce rolling effect,enlarge range and improve flying stability.

Event-Driven Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Algorithm Based on Targeted Mining Multidimensional Load Characteristics

Nowadays,the advancement of nonintrusive load monitoring(NILM)has been hastened by the ever-increasing requirements for the reasonable use of electricity by users and demand side management.Although existing researches have tried their best to extract a wide variety of load features based on transient or steady state of electrical appliances,it is still very difficult for their algorithm to model the load decomposition problem of different electrical appliance types in a targeted manner to jointly mine their proposed features.This paper presents a very effective event-driven NILM solution,which aims to separately model different appliance types to mine the unique characteristics of appliances from multi-dimensional features,so that all electrical appliances can achieve the best classification performance.First,we convert the multi-classification problem into a serial multiple binary classification problem through a pre-sort model to simplify the original problem.Then,ConTrastive Loss K-Nearest Neighbour(CTLKNN)model with trainable weights is proposed to targeted mine appliance load characteristics.The simulation results show the effectiveness and stability of the proposed algorithm.Compared with existing algorithms,the proposed algorithm has improved the identification performance of all electrical appliance types.

Research on Low Voltage Series Arc Fault Prediction Method Based on Multidimensional Time-Frequency Domain Characteristics

The load types in low-voltage distribution systems are diverse.Some loads have current signals that are similar to series fault arcs,making it difficult to effectively detect fault arcs during their occurrence and sustained combustion,which can easily lead to serious electrical fire accidents.To address this issue,this paper establishes a fault arc prototype experimental platform,selects multiple commonly used loads for fault arc experiments,and collects data in both normal and fault states.By analyzing waveform characteristics and selecting fault discrimination feature indicators,corresponding feature values are extracted for qualitative analysis to explore changes in timefrequency characteristics of current before and after faults.Multiple features are then selected to form a multidimensional feature vector space to effectively reduce arc misjudgments and construct a fault discrimination feature database.Based on this,a fault arc hazard prediction model is built using random forests.The model’s multiple hyperparameters are simultaneously optimized through grid search,aiming tominimize node information entropy and complete model training,thereby enhancing model robustness and generalization ability.Through experimental verification,the proposed method accurately predicts and classifies fault arcs of different load types,with an average accuracy at least 1%higher than that of the commonly used fault predictionmethods compared in the paper.

柔直构网新能源送端系统故障响应特性计算方法

故障等值建模是系统级响应特性计算的基础。然而,现有研究较少涉及构网型换流器的故障等值建模。传统针对跟网型电力电子设备接入交流电网的短路电流计算方法,在柔直构网系统中容易出现结果失稳发散的问题。因此,文中考虑构网型柔直换流器的电压-频率构网控制策略、主动降压策略以及跟网型新能源的低压穿越控制策略,建立了不同类型电力电子设备的故障等值模型。基于此,考虑不同电力电子设备电压源、电流源等值模型的频繁切换,提出了一种适用于柔直构网新能源送端系统的全网链式迭代故障响应特性计算方法,实现了短路电流计算的快速可靠收敛。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台,搭建了柔直构网新能源送端系统仿真模型,以进行多种故障类型和影响因素的大量仿真测试,充分验证了所提计算方法的可行性、精确性和优越性。

梯形墩-悬栅消力池水力特性数值模拟

针对低弗劳德数水跃消能问题,以消力池内布置的梯形墩-悬栅联合消能工为研究对象,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型和VOF法进行数值模拟,研究消力池内水力特性和消能效果.结果表明:梯形墩可有效降低消力池底板压强和入池临底流速,墩后压强低于100 Pa,流速降至0.20 m/s时,随着Fr增大,压强和流速分布改善效果越显著;消力池内涡量强度最大值位于陡坡段水跃旋滚区,该区域存在明显涡核,为能量耗散主要区域,梯形墩和悬栅区域涡结构间断分布,属于弱涡结构,能量部分耗散;梯形墩-悬栅联合消力池中能量耗散主要由水跃能量耗散、梯形墩剪切耗散和悬栅沿程耗散组成,3种工况下消能率较传统消力池分别提升4.49%,9.74%,9.79%,充分发挥出联合消能工叠加消能的效果,研究结果可为类似工程消能工设计研究提供一定的参考.

考虑模糊聚类特性的电网运营风险自动预警系统

当前风险自动预警系统通常采用基于经验值的人工方法设置自动预警阈值,给出的是统一阈值,导致系统虚警率较高。因此,提出基于模糊聚类特性的电网运营风险自动预警系统。设计信息采集器和显示器,应用决策级融合原理和神经网络模型,整合实时采集的电网运营多源异构数据。从购电维度、输配电维度和售电维度入手,确定电网运营风险度量指标,得到风险度量结果。依托模糊聚类特性建立动态聚类图,对风险预警对象进行分类,分析电网运营风险的内容,作为自动预警阈值。根据预警阈值定义风险自动预警线,对比风险度量结果生成包含预警等级的自动预警信息。实验结果表明,所提系统的虚警率为2.67%,满足了电网运营风险自动预警要求。

基于SoilGrids的栅格新安江模型参数空间分布估算

为实现中小流域降雨径流过程精细化模拟,合理估算水文模型参数的空间分布具有重要意义。基于新版全球数字土壤制图系统(SoilGrids)构建栅格新安江模型(GXM)参数化方案,对陕西省陈河流域2003—2012年16场洪水进行模拟,与新安江模型计算结果进行对比,开展基于洪水过程划分的自由水蓄水容量敏感性及空间分布特征量化分析。结果表明:GXM模拟的峰现时间误差水平降低约0.31 h,洪峰和洪量模拟精度较高,模型能够对土壤水饱和度等水文要素的动态空间分布进行较合理的模拟;自由水蓄水容量参数对洪峰和涨洪过程的确定性系数以及涨洪段的洪量相对误差影响较大,对退水过程影响小;自由水蓄水容量在陈河流域河谷和山脊附近较大,坡段中部较小。

Active injection protection scheme for flexible HVDC grids based on amplitude of input impedance

High-voltage direct current(HVDC)grids require fast and reliable protection of the DC lines.The performance of traditional protection schemes is easily impaired by the limitations of the boundary condition and nonlinearity from the control of converters.One of the key technologies for flexible HVDC grids is the half-bridge modular multilevel converter(HB-MMC).Considering the high controllability of HB-MMC,this study proposes an active injection protection scheme to improve the reliability and sensitivity of the HVDC grid protection.The HB-MMC is used to inject a sinusoidal characteristic signal,at the specified frequency,into the DC lines.Then,the voltage and current at the specified frequency are extracted using the Prony algorithm to calculate the input impedance,which is used for the identification of internal and external faults.The active injection protection scheme was simulated for various cases in the simulation software Power Systems Computer Aided Design.The simulation results indicate that the proposed protection scheme is highly reliable and can overcome transition resistance.

基于风光相位特性的新能源电网短路电流计算方法

针对传统短路电流计算方法在新能源电网中的局限性,提出了基于风光相位特性的新能源电网短路电流计算方法。构建了风光互补模型,以确定风力发电和光伏发电之间的相位差。通过对直流电网等效模型中的动态元件进行离散化处理,使用梯形积分法进行数值计算。采用改进节点法建立网络方程,并通过迭代计算求解故障支路在不同时刻下的短路电流值。实验结果表明,设计方法误差最高仅为1.4%,说明设计方法在新能源电网短路电流计算方面具有更高的准确性和实用性。

Joint Characteristics and Corrosion Properties of Bypass-Current Double-Sided Arc-Welded Aluminum 6061 Alloy with Al–Si Filler Metal

Sheets of aluminum 6061 alloy were welded using bypass-current double-sided arc welding with Al-Si filler wire to investigate the effect of Al-Si intermetallic compounds on the microstructure, microhardness and corrosion behavior of weld joint. Experimental results indicated that the Al4.5FeSi phase in the topside of the weld joint was finer than that in the backside and newly formed phase of Al0.5Fe3Si0.5 was observed in the backside. The formation of reinforcing phases of Al-Fe-Si in the weld improved the microhardness of the weld by about 18%. The corrosion resistance of the weld zone was greater than that of the base metal, while the corrosion current displayed opposite, and the corrosion resistance of the weld region was better than that of the base metal.

Multilevel manufacturing system of virtual enterprise based on manufacturing grid and strategies for member enterprise selection and task assignment

In order to improve efficiency of virtual enterprise, a manufacturing grid and multilevel manufacturing system of virtual enterprise is built up. When selecting member enterprises and task assignment based on the manufacturing grid, key activities are assigned to the suitable critical member enterprises by task decomposition, enterprise node searching and characteristic matching of manufacturing resources according to the characteristic matching strategy. By task merger, some ordinary activities are merged with corresponding key activities and assigned to corresponding critical member enterprises. However, the other ordinary activities are assigned to the related ordinary member enterprises with enterprise node searching and characteristic matching of manufacturing resources. Finally, an example of developing the artificial hip joint in the virtual enterprise is used to demonstrate that efficiency of the virtual enterprise is improved by using the manufacturing grid and the proposed strategies for member enterprise selection and task assignment.

Application of the Characteristic CIP Method to a Shallow Water Model on the Sphere

Semi-implicit algorithms are popularly used to deal with the gravitational term in numerical models. In this paper, we adopt the method of characteristics to compute the solutions for gravity waves on a sphere directly using a semi-Lagrangian advection scheme instead of the semi-implicit method in a shallow water model, to avoid expensive matrix inversions. Adoption of the semi-Lagrangian scheme renders the numerical model always stable for any Courant number, and which saves CPU time. To illustrate the effciency of the characteristic constrained interpolation profile （CIP） method, some numerical results are shown for idealized test cases on a sphere in the Yin-Yang grid system.

Conflict Resolution Based on Collaborative Design of Grid Services

To the issues of low efficiency of conflict resolution method in collaborative design, we proposed a method, which is conflict resolution about collaborative design based on grid services.It uses the grid services from the current design points, uses the method of retrospective thinking to find the conflict point by detecting, and then uses the corresponding method to resolve the conflict point according to the conflict characteristic, after that carried on the conflict detection again. If there is still the conflict, resolve the conflict point again, until the conflict no longer exists. This method combines various traditional resolution methods, makes full use of the grid idle high-performance large-scale sharing resources. With this method the collaborative design conflict resolution cost reduced and the conflict resolution efficiency was raised. And then the problem which is not handled completely was then solved, so that the conflict resolution Quality was guaranteed.