Digital control of pulsed gas metal arc welding inverter using TMS320LF2407A

A digital control of pulsed gas metal arc welding inverter was proposed. A control system consisting of analogue parts was replaced with a new digital control implemented in a TMS320LF2407A DSP chip. The design and constructional features of the whole digital control were presented. The resources of the DSP chip were efficiently utilized and the circuits are very concise, which can enhance the stability and reliability of welding inverter. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed digital control has the ability to accomplish the excellent pulsed gas metal arc welding process and the merits of the developed digital control are stable welding process, little spatter and perfect weld appearance.

Arc and Droplet Behaviors in Horizontal Short-Arc Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding of 9%Ni Steel with ERNiCrMo-3 Welding Wire

Short-arc pulsed gas metal arc welding(P-GMAW)was used to solve the dificulties of molten pool spreading and droplet transfer of Ni-based welding wire.Suppression of short-circuit current was used to reduce spatter.Arc length stabilizer was used to acquire a proper and stable arc length maintained at the critical position where short circuit starts to occur.Short-arc P-GMAW with or without arc length stabilizer was compared.The droplet transfer,arc behaviors and weld bead profiles were investigated and compared based on the high-speed photography and observation of weld cross-section.When the arc length stabilizer was deactivated,the arc length was unstable and too short.The droplet transfer mode was mainly short circuit partial transfer,with only a small part of the droplet transferred into the molten pool,with the characteristics of no obvious necking,a few spatters,small droplet impact,long short circuit duration and high short-circuit current.There was also a small proportion of short circuit complete transfer with obvious necking,larger droplet impact,shorter short-circuit duration and lower short-circuit current.With arc length stabilizer,droplet transfer modes were short circuit complete transfer and spray transfer.The spray transfer had the largest droplet impact,no short circuit and no spatter.With the arc length stabilizer activated,a deep penetration,a high penetration ratio,a small reinforcement and a large reinforcement factor were acquired.This provides an innovative method to solve the difficulties of droplet transfer and molten pool spreading and eliminate the incomplete fusion in the GMAW of 9%Ni steel with nickel-based alloy welding wire.

Modeling, Simulation and Control of Pulsed DE-GMA Welding Process for Joining of Aluminum to Steel

Joining of aluminum to steel has attracted significant attention from the welding research community,automotive and rail transportation industries.Many current welding methods have been developed and applied,however,they can not precisely control the heat input to work-piece,they are high costs,low efficiency and consist lots of complex welding devices,and the generated intermetallic compound layer in weld bead interface is thicker.A novel pulsed double electrode gas metal arc welding（Pulsed DE-GMAW）method is developed.To achieve a stable welding process for joining of aluminum to steel,a mathematical model of coupled arc is established,and a new control scheme that uses the average feedback arc voltage of main loop to adjust the wire feed speed to control coupled arc length is proposed and developed.Then,the impulse control simulation of coupled arc length,wire feed speed and wire extension is conducted to demonstrate the mathematical model and predict the stability of welding process by changing the distance of contact tip to work-piece（CTWD）.To prove the proposed PSO based PID control scheme’s feasibility,the rapid prototyping experimental system is setup and the bead-on-plate control experiments are conducted to join aluminum to steel.The impulse control simulation shows that the established model can accurately represent the variation of coupled arc length,wire feed speed and the average main arc voltage when the welding process is disturbed,and the developed controller has a faster response and adjustment,only runs about 0.1 s.The captured electric signals show the main arc voltage gradually closes to the supposed arc voltage by adjusting the wire feed speed in 0.8 s.The obtained typical current waveform demonstrates that the main current can be reduced by controlling the bypass current under maintaining a relative large total current.The control experiment proves the accuracy of proposed model and feasibility of new control scheme further.The beautiful and smooth weld beads are also obtained by this method.Pulsed DE-GMAW can thus be considered as an alternative method for low cost,high efficiency joining of aluminum to steel.

Digital pulsed MIG welding machine based on adaptive fuzzy controller

Digital pulsed metal inert gas welding machine with double closed-loop control mode is designed and implemented. It realizes precision control for real time energy and demonstrates the flexibility of digital control. Test results of design prototype show that the designed control strategy can effectively adapt to the change of arc length and achieve ideal droplet transfer via one drop per pulse mode. Thus the welding process is stable and the weld bead is good.

Robust Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Modeling the Effectof Oxides Thermal Properties on AMIG 304L Stainless Steel Welds

There are several advantages to the MIG(Metal Inert Gas)process,which explains its increased use in variouswelding sectors,such as automotive,marine,and construction.A variant of the MIG process,where the sameequipment is employed except for the deposition of a thin layer of flux before the welding operation,is the AMIG(Activated Metal Inert Gas)technique.This study focuses on investigating the impact of physical properties ofindividual metallic oxide fluxes for 304L stainless steel welding joint morphology and to what extent it can helpdetermine a relationship among weld depth penetration,the aspect ratio,and the input physical properties ofthe oxides.Five types of oxides,TiO_(2),SiO_(2),Fe_(2)O_(3),Cr_(2)O_(3),and Mn_(2)O_(3),are tested on butt joint design withoutpreparation of the edges.A robust algorithm based on the particle swarm optimization(PSO)technique is appliedto optimally tune the models’parameters,such as the quadratic error between the actual outputs(depth and aspectratio),and the error estimated by the models’outputs is minimized.The results showed that the proposed PSOmodel is first and foremost robust against uncertainties in measurement devices and modeling errors,and second,that it is capable of accurately representing and quantifying the weld depth penetration and the weld aspect ratioto the oxides’thermal properties.

Effect of Welding Parameters on Dilution and Weld Bead Geometry in Cladding

The effect of pulsed gas metal arc welding （GMAW） variables on the dilution and weld bead geometry in cladding X65 pipeline steel with 316L stainless steel was studied. Using a full factorial method, a series of experiments were carried out to know the effect of wire feed rate, welding speed, distance between gas nozzle and plate, and the vertical angle of welding on dilution and weld bead geometry. The findings indicate that the dilution of weld metal and its dimension i.e. width, height and depth increase with the feed rate, but the contact angle of the bead decreases first and then increases. Meantime, welding speed has an opposite effect except for dilution. There is an interaction effect between welding parameters at the contact angle. The results also show forehand welding or decreasing electrode extension decrease the angle of contact. Finally, a mathematical model is contrived to highlight the relationship between welding variables with dilution and weld bead geometry.

Optimization of back bead geometry in the PMAG-TIG twin arc hybrid root welding process using grey based Taguchi method

This study investigated multi-response optimization of the pulse metal active gas-tungsten inert gas( PMAG-TIG) twin arc hybrid root welding process for an optimal parametric combination to yield favorable back bead geometry of welded joints using grey relational analysis and Taguchi method.Eighteen experimental runs based on an orthogonal array following the Taguchi method were performed to derive objective functions to be optimized within the experimental domain.The objective functions were selected in relation to parameters of PMAG-TIG twin arc root welding back bead geometry: back bead width to root reinforcement ratio and deposited metal height.The Taguchi approach was followed by grey relational analysis to solve the multi-response optimization problem.The significance of factors on overall quality characteristics of the weld joint was also evaluated quantitatively using analysis of variance.Optimal results were verified through additional experiments,and showed to feasibility of applying grey relation analysis in combination with Taguchi technique for continuous improvement of product quality in the manufacturing industry.

Effect of Ti on the microstructure and mechanical properties of MAG multipass weld metal

Metal active gas （ MAG） welding has been carried out on microalloy controlled rolling steel （S355J2W） by two kinds of welding wires with different Ti content. The mechanical tests have been carried out on the welded joint. The optical microscope and scanning electron microscope （SEM） observations have been performed to investigate the effect of microalloy element Ti on the microstructure of weld metal and impact fracture, respectively. The microstrueture of the MAG multipass weld metal includes the columnar grain zone （CGZ） consisting of primary ferrite （ PF）, ferrite with second phase （FS） and acicularferrite （AF）, and the fine grain zone （FGZ） consisting of polygonal ferrite due to the heat effect of subsequent welding pass. It has been found that the small amount of Ti can significantly increase the impact energy of the weld metal at low temperature and weakly affect tensile strength of welded joint. By adding small amount of Ti, the inclusions have changed from Mn-Si-O inclusions to Ti-bearing inclusions, which causes the Mn-depleted zones（MDZs） much larger and is beneficial to the impact energy by promoting the AF formation, refining the PF and pinning the austenite grain boundary during the subsequent transformation process.

Cold metal transfer(CMT) technology-An overview

Cold Metal Transfer technology has revolutionized the welding of dissimilar metals and thicker materials by producing improved weld bead aesthetics with controlled metal deposition and low heat-input. In this study, the process, weld combinations, laser-CMT hybrid welding and applications of CMT welding are critically reviewed. Microstructure and other weld characteristics have been discussed at length for various base metal combinations. Particularly, the welding of aluminium and steel with better results has been possible with CMT Welding. The results reviewed in this article indicate that the CMT-Laser hybrid welding is more preferable to Laser or Laser hybrid welding. CMT welding has found applications in automobile industries, defence sectors and power plants as a method of additive manufacturing.

Vision sensing of P-GMAW weld pool using narrow band filters with different center wavelengths

The selection of narrow band filter＇s center wavelength has an important influence on the quality of the weld pool image captured in passive vision mettmd for controlling arc welding process. In this paper, 29 narrow band filters with different center wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to near infrared wavelength were used to capture images of weld pool during both the peak current period and the base current period of P-GMA W （ pulsed gas metal arc welding）. The experimental results showed that the filters with near infrared center wavelength could weaken the arc most during the peak current period, while during the base current period the entire weld pool could be seen with the filters with wavelength above 600 nm. The camera spectral response and the radio of arc to weld pool emission were considered to analyze the phenomenon of experimental results.

Effect of Active Gas on Weld Shape and Microstructure of Advanced A-TIG-Welded Stainless Steel

Advanced A-TIG method was conducted to increase the weld penetration and compared with the conventional TIG welding process.A two-pipeline setup was designed to apply Ar ＋ CO_2 mixed gas as the outer layer,while pure argon was applied as the inner layer to prevent any consumption of the tungsten electrode.The results indicate that the presence of active gas in the molten pool led to the change in the temperature coefficient of surface tension so that the Marangoni convection turns inward and forms a deep weld zone.The increase in gas flow rate causes a decrease in the weld efficiency which is attributed to the increase in oxygen content in the weld pool and the formation o f a thicker oxide layer on the weld surface.Moreover,the stir and the temperature fluctuation,led by double shielding gas,create more homogeneous nucleation sites in the molten pool so that a fine grain micros true ture was obtained.

Neural network modeling for weld shape process of P-GMAW

Weld shape control is a fundamental issue in automatic welding. In this paper, a double side visual system is established for pulsed gas metal arc welding （ P-GMAW） , and both topside and backside weld pool images can be captured and stored continuously in real time. By analyzing the weld shape regulation with the molten metal volume, some topside weld pool characterized parameters （WPCPs） are proposed for determining penetration in butt welding of thin mild steel. Moreover, some BP network models are established to predict backside Weld pool width with welding parameters and WPCPs as inputs.

预应力硬态切削的热力耦合模型及数值模拟

基于预应力切削原理,分析了工件材料的本构关系、刀屑接触面的摩擦模型以及热控制方程等切削模拟中的关键技术.采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉方法(ALE)和网格自适应技术实现了切屑的分离,建立了预应力切削的三维热力耦合有限元模型.对轴承套圈的预应力硬态切削过程进行了模拟,获得了不同预应力条件下的切削力、切削温度和已加工表面残余应力的分布规律,并与实验数据进行了比较和分析.结果表明,两者具有较好的一致性.

软开关双丝脉冲熔化极活性气体保护焊逆变电源

根据双丝脉冲熔化极活性气体保护(MAG)焊的工艺要求,将软开关技术、双闭环控制技术以及现场总线控制技术相结合,研制了一套软开关双丝高速脉冲MAG焊电源,并应用计算机信息测试采集平台对该系统进行测试.结果表明,系统具有良好的静、动特性,主从机协同控制稳定可靠,完全可以满足双丝高速脉冲MAG焊的技术要求.

脉冲MAG焊后中值脉冲工艺研究

针对脉冲MAG焊一脉一滴熔滴过渡过程的控制,提出后中值脉冲新工艺方法,分析了后中值电流及后中值时间对脉冲MAG焊接过程的影响规律。采用后中值脉冲工艺方法对低碳钢进行焊接工艺试验,确定了最佳的后中值电流和后中值时间。试验结果表明:后中值电流为一理想值范围时焊接效果较好,后中值电流太小或太大时焊接过程能稳定,但其焊接过程类似于无中值脉冲时的焊接过程,失去后中值脉冲工艺的意义;在确定了后中值电流为给定的理想值的基础上,后中值时间为一理想值范围时焊接效果较好,后中值时间太小或太大时焊接过程不稳定,会产生瞬时短路和断弧现象。合理地设置后中值电流和后中值时间,有利于控制熔滴过渡,实现一脉一滴过渡,获得的焊缝质量好、成形美观。

基于PFM平均电流调节的脉冲MAG焊熔滴过渡控制

为实现一脉一滴熔滴过渡这种最理想的脉冲熔化极活性气体保护(MAG)焊熔滴过渡形式,采用峰值阶段恒流和基值阶段恒流实现电源外特性,针对两阶段恒流外特性等速送丝条件下弧长的控制问题,基于高频逆变技术和DSP数字化控制技术,通过脉冲频率调制(PFM)调节方式实现平均电流的调节,从而调节焊丝熔化速度,解决一脉一滴熔滴过渡过程中弧长的控制问题.试验结果表明,所设计的PFM平均电流调节系统能实现良好的脉冲MAG焊一脉一滴熔滴过渡,焊接过程稳定,焊缝成型美观.

脉冲MAG自动焊在膜式壁制造中的应用

介绍了脉冲MAG自动焊在膜式壁焊接上的应用。提供了保证焊接质量的焊接工艺参数范围、调节方法及其对焊接工艺过程及焊缝质量的影响,根据测定的实际生产中焊缝纵、横向收缩量,确定合理的拼排工艺。提出了各单元片始末端搭配组焊、管间距应计入焊缝横向收缩量、管子下料尺寸应考虑工艺加长等工艺措施。并通过合理调整扁钢对中调整装置,调节压辊、校正辊以及侧压辊的压力,注意相邻电弧之间热输入量的均匀性及焊接位置的对称性,能有效控制管屏面弯、旁弯值,减少焊后矫平量。实践证明该方法所制造的膜式壁能很好地满足焊接质量要求,完全符合JB/T5255—91的各项规定。

A method of tuning PID parameters for P-GMAW based on physical experiments

To improve welding quality, a method of proportional-integral-differential （PlD） parameters tuning based on pulsed gas metal arc welding （P-GMAW） control was put forward. Aiming at the request of dynamic responsiveness of PGMA W constant current control, a self-developed welding waveform wavelet analyzer was employed. By tuning the proportional parameter, integration time and differential time in sequence, the optimal PID parameters could be achieved. The results showed that, due to the PID parameters tuned by this method, the welding process was stable and the weld bead appearance was nice. The requirement of dynamic responsiveness of P-GMAW constant current control was fully met.