Analytical Model and Topology Optimization of Doubly-fed Induction Generator

As the core component of energy conversion for large wind turbines,the output performance of doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) plays a decisive role in the power quality of wind turbines.To realize the fast and accurate design optimization of DFIGs,this paper proposes a novel hybriddriven surrogate-assisted optimization method.It firstly establishes an accurate subdomain model of DFIGs to analytically predict performance indexes.Furthermore,taking the inexpensive analytical dataset produced by the subdomain model as the source domain and the expensive finite element analysis dataset as the target domain,a high-precision surrogate model is trained in a transfer learning way and used for the subsequent multi-objective optimization process.Based on this model,taking the total harmonic distortion of electromotive force,cogging torque,and iron loss as objectives,and the slot and inner/outer diameters as parameters for optimizing the topology,achieve a rapid and accurate electromagnetic design for DFIGs.Finally,experiments are carried out on a 3MW DFIG to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Modeling and small-signal stability analysis of doubly-fed induction generator integrated system

Owing to their stability,doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)integrated systems have gained considerable interest and are the most widely implemented type of wind turbines and due to the increasing escalation of the wind generation penetration rate in power systems.In this study,we investigate a DFIG integrated system comprising four modules:(1)a wind turbine that considers the maximum power point tracking and pitch-angle control,(2)induction generator,(3)rotor/grid-side converter with the corresponding control strategy,and(4)AC power grid.The detailed small-signal modeling of the entire system is performed by linearizing the dynamic characteristic equation at the steady-state value.Furthermore,a dichotomy method is proposed based on the maximum eigenvalue real part function to obtain the critical value of the parameters.Root-locus analysis is employed to analyze the impact of changes in the phase-locked loop,short-circuit ratio,and blade inertia on the system stability.Lastly,the accuracy of the small-signal model and the real and imaginary parts of the calculated dominant poles in the theoretical analysis are verified using PSCAD/EMTDC.

Coordinated Rotor-Side Control Strategy for Doubly-FedWind Turbine under Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Grid Faults

In order to solve the problems of rotor overvoltage,overcurrent and DC side voltage rise caused by grid voltage drops,a coordinated control strategy based on symmetrical and asymmetrical low voltage ride through of rotor side converter of the doubly-fed generator is proposed.When the power grid voltage drops symmetrically,the generator approximate equation under steady-state conditions is no longer applicable.Considering the dynamic process of stator current excitation,according to the change of stator flux and the depth of voltage drop,the system can dynamically provide reactive power support for parallel nodes and suppress the rise of DC side voltage and rotor over-current.When the grid voltage drops asymmetrically,the positive and negative sequence components are separated in the rotating coordinate system.The doubly fed generator model is established to suppress the rotor positive sequence current and negative sequence current respectively.At the same time,the output voltage limit of the converter is discussed,and the reference value is adjusted within the allowable output voltage range.In order to adapt to the occurrence of different types of power grid faults and complex operating conditions,a fast switching module of fault type detection and rotor control mode is designed to detect the type of power grid faults and voltage drop depth in real time and switch the rotor side control mode dynamically.Finally,the simulation model of the doubly fed wind turbine is constructed in Matlab/Simulink.The simulation results verify that the proposed control strategy can improve the low-voltage ride through performance of the system when dealing with the symmetrical and asymmetric voltage drop of the power grid and identify the power grid fault type and provide the correct control strategy.

Research on Control Strategy of Grid-connected Brushless Doubly-fed Wind Power System Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator Control

The brushless doubly-fed wind power system based on conventional power control strategies lacks ‘inertia’ and the ability to support grid,which leads to the decline of grid stability.Therefore,a control strategy of brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator(BDFRG) based on virtual synchronous generator(VSG) control is proposed to solve the problem in this paper.The output characteristics of BDFRG based on VSG are similar to a synchronous generator(SG),which can support the grid frequency and increase the system ‘inertia’.According to the mathematical model of BDFRG,the inner loop voltage source control of BDFRG is derived.In addition,the specific structure and parameter selection principle of outer loop VSG control are expounded.The voltage source control inner loop of BDFRG is combined with the VSG control outer loop to establish the overall architecture of BDFRG-VSG control strategy.Finally,the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed strategy are verified in the simulation.

Parameter Deviation Effect Study of the Power Generation Unit on a Doubly-Fed Induction Machine-based Shipboard Propulsion System

To lower the difficulty of fault protection,a doubly-fed induction machine based shipboard propulsion system(DFIM-SPS)that is partially power decoupled is presented.In such an intrinsically safe SPS architecture,a synchronous generator(SG)is employed for power generation,and the accuracy of the parameters of power generation unit(PGU)plays an important role in SPS stable operation.In this paper,the PGU parameter deviations are studied to evaluate the effects on system performance.The models of salient-pole SG,type DC1A excitation system(EXS)and DFIM are illustrated first.Besides,the corresponding control scheme is explained.For the 16 important parameters of PGU,up to 40%of parameter deviations are applied to implement parameter sensitivity analysis.Then,simulation studies are carried out to evaluate the parameter deviation effects on system performance in detail.By defining three parameter deviation effect indicators(PDEIs),the effects on the PGU output variables,which are the terminal voltage and output active power,are studied.Moreover,the increasing rates of PDEIs with different degrees of parameter deviations for the key parameters are analyzed.Furthermore,the overall system performance is investigated for the two most influential PGU parameters.This paper provides some vital clues on SG and EXS parameter identification for DFIM-SPS.

Robust Position Observer for Sensorless Direct Voltage Control of Stand-Alone Ship Shaft Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generators

The aim of this paper is to investigate an adaptive sensorless direct voltage control(DVC)strategy for the stand-alone ship shaft brushless doubly-fed induction generators(BDFIGs).The proposed new rotor position observer using the space vector flux relations of BDFIG may achieve the desired voltage control of the power winding(PW)in terms of magnitude and frequency,without any speed/position sensors.The proposed algorithm does not require any additional observers for obtaining the generator speed.The proposed technique can directly achieve the desired DVC based on the estimated rotor position,which may reduce the overall system cost.The stability analysis of the proposed observer is investigated and confirmed with the concept of quadratic Lyapunov function and using the multi-model representation.In addition,the sensitivity analysis of the presented method is confirmed under different issues of parameter uncertainties.Comprehensive results from both simulation and experiments are realized with a prototype wound-rotor BDFIG,which demonstrate the capability and efficacy of the proposed sensorless DVC strategy with good transient behavior under different operating conditions.Furthermore,the analysis confirms the robustness of the proposed observer via the machine parameter changes.

A novel transient rotor current control scheme of a doubly-fed induction generator equipped with superconducting magnetic energy storage for voltage and frequency support

A novel transient rotor current control scheme is proposed in this paper for a doubly-fed induction generator（DFIG）equipped with a superconducting magnetic energy storage（SMES） device to enhance its transient voltage and frequency support capacity during grid faults. The SMES connected to the DC-link capacitor of the DFIG is controlled to regulate the transient dc-link voltage so that the whole capacity of the grid side converter（GSC） is dedicated to injecting reactive power to the grid for the transient voltage support. However, the rotor-side converter（RSC） has different control tasks for different periods of the grid fault. Firstly, for Period I, the RSC injects the demagnetizing current to ensure the controllability of the rotor voltage. Then, since the dc stator flux degenerates rapidly in Period II, the required demagnetizing current is low in Period II and the RSC uses the spare capacity to additionally generate the reactive（priority） and active current so that the transient voltage capability is corroborated and the DFIG also positively responds to the system frequency dynamic at the earliest time. Finally, a small amount of demagnetizing current is provided after the fault clearance. Most of the RSC capacity is used to inject the active current to further support the frequency recovery of the system. Simulations are carried out on a simple power system with a wind farm. Comparisons with other commonly used control methods are performed to validate the proposed control method.

Suppression of thrust fluctuation of doubly-fed linear motor

Because the mover and stator of a doubly-fed linear motor are both equipped with three-phase windings, the motor enables contactless energy to be transferred from the stator to the mover. Thus, when a doubly-fed linear motor is used in the linear driving system of trains, neither an overhead line nor a third rail is needed. However, the doubly- fed motor will lead to more severe thrust fluctuation than the unilateral motors. In order to overcome this shortcoming, the thrust fluctuation of the doubly-fed motor should be analyzed. In this paper, an expression for motor thrust is derived. It points out that the slot effect caused by the slotted structure is the main reason for the increase of thrust fluctuation. The method of adopting unequal pole pitch and unequal slot numbers per pole per phase of stator and mover, is proposed to weaken the slot effect when designing the motor slot parameters. Three different motor models are simulated by ANSOFT. The proposed method results in a motor thrust fluctuation coefficient of 8.4%, compared to 49.4% for the conventional method. Therefore, the motor＇s thrust fluctuation is effectively suppressed by the proposed method.

Performance Analysis of Nested-loop Secondary Linear Doubly-fed Machine Considering End Effects

Nested-loop secondary linear doubly-fed machine(NLS-LDFM) is a novel linear machine evolved from rotary brushless doubly-fed induction machine, which has a good application prospect in linear metro. In order to analyze the performance of NLS-LDFM, the mechanism and action rules of end effects are investigated in this paper. Firstly, the mechanism of static and dynamic end effects is analyzed in aspect of direct coupling, winding asymmetry and transient secondary current. Furthermore, based on the winding theory for short primary linear machines, the machine parameters are established qualitatively considering pulsating magnetic field of NLS-LDFM. Finally, the NLS-LDFM performance analysis is supplemented by the finite element algorithm(FEA) simulation and experiments under different operating conditions.

Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Machine as a Variable Frequency Transformer

VFT （variable frequency transformer） has been recently used as art alternative to HVDC （high voltage direct current） to control power flow between asynchronous networks. VFT consumes less reactive power than a back-to-back HVDC system, provides faster initial transient recovery, and has better natural damping capability. VFT is simply a DFIM （doubly-fed induction machine） where the machine torque controls the power flow from stator to rotor and vice versa. The main disadvantage of this VFT is the slip rings and brushes required for the rotor circuit, especially in bulk power transmission. The BDFM （brushless doubly-fed machine） with nested cage rotor machine is proved to be a comparable alternative to conventional DFIM in many applications with the advantage that all windings being in the stator frame with fixed output terminals. In this paper, the BDFM is used as a BVFT （brushless variable frequency transformer）. A prototype machine is designed and simulated to verify the system validity.

Step-Loading Characteristics of Gas Engine Cogeneration System Using Doubly-Fed Induction Generator in Stand-Alone Operation

Application of a DFIG （doubly-fed induction generator）, which is one of adjustable speed generators, to a gas engine cogeneration system has been investigated. To operate during a blackout as an emergency power supply is one of important roles for the gas engine eogeneration system. In the case of conventional constant speed of synchronous generator, the amount of the allowed step load is limited to around 30% of the rated power. On the other hand, DFIG is expected to increase the amount of step load during the stand-alone operation. In this paper, it has been demonstrated that an increase in the gas engine speed resulted in an increase in the maximum amount of step load using experimental equipment with a real gas engine. It has been concluded that the proposed system can improve the performance of an emergency power supply at step-loading.

Analysis of low voltage ride-through capability and optimal control strategy of doubly-fed wind farms under symmetrical fault

Given the“carbon neutralization and carbon peak”policy,enhancing the low voltage ride-through(LVRT)capability of wind farms has become a current demand to ensure the safe and stable operation of power systems in the context of a possible severe threat of large-scale disconnection caused by wind farms.Currently,research on the LVRT of wind farms mainly focuses on suppressing rotor current and providing reactive current support,while the impact of active current output on LVRT performance has not been thoroughly discussed.This paper studies and reveals the relation-ship between the limit of reactive current output and the depth of voltage drop during LVRT for doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)based wind farms.Specifically,the reactive current output limit of the grid-side converter is inde-pendent of the depth of voltage drop,and its limit is the maximum current allowed by the converter,while the reac-tive current output limit of the DFIG stator is a linear function of the depth of voltage drop.An optimized scheme for allocating reactive current among the STATCOM,DFIG stator,and grid-side converter is proposed.The scheme maximizes the output of active current while satisfying the standard requirements for reactive current output.Com-pared to traditional schemes,the proposed LVRT optimization strategy can output more active power during the LVRT period,effectively suppressing the rate of rotor speed increase,and improving the LVRT performance and fault recov-ery capability of wind farms.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

基于虚拟阻抗的双馈风力发电机高电压穿越控制策略

电网电压骤升故障会造成双馈感应发电机定子绕组中产生定子磁链的暂态直流分量,甚至引起比电网电压跌落更强的双馈发电机定、转子电流和电磁转矩的冲击。首先分析电网电压骤升下双馈发电机转子电流的电磁过渡过程,在变流器转子电流环中引入虚拟电阻控制,虽然能够有效抑制转子电流和电磁转矩的振荡,但是会引起转子电压过高和转子电流振荡过程加长,仅在低频部分具有抑制作用,因此本文引入虚拟电感,形成虚拟阻抗的改进控制策略,缩短了电网电压骤升时的转子振荡过程,并且对高频部分具有较强的抑制作用,提高了系统的高电压穿越性能。仿真和实验结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。

大型风电场中不同位置的风机对次同步谐振特性影响程度的比较分析

针对双馈风机串补系统的次同步谐振问题,现有文献大都将整个风电场等效为单台风机进行研究,而忽略不同位置风机的风速、输出功率及其间线电缆参数对系统次同步特性的影响。该文将整个风电场划分为两个子风电场,分别等效为一台风机,建立两机串补系统模型,然后分别改变每台风机的转速、输出功率和电缆参数,比较对整个系统次同步特性的影响程度。结果表明:在同样风速条件下,不同位置的风机,对系统的次同步特性影响程度不同,离汇流母线近端的风机对系统稳定性的影响大于远端的风机。当整个风电场的输出功率给定,两子风电场输出容量配置比例不同,系统表现出的次同步特性不同,远端风电场输出功率越高系统稳定性越好。风机与汇流变母线之间的输电线路阻抗越大,系统的稳定性越强。

12/3相双绕组感应发电机直流侧突然短路电流分析

通过适当简化分析,表明12/3相双绕组感应发电机直流侧突然短路不需要考虑辅助励磁绕组,等效为单独的十二相功率绕组直流侧突然短路,据此导出了交直流侧短路电流表达式。在此基础上,针对大容量的感应发电机,给出了估算交、直流侧最大冲击电流的简化计算公式,并论证其最大电流的到达时刻小于交流周期的二分之一,且随负载的增加其最大电流的到达时刻有所提前的结论。通过实验和仿真对比验证了该文所得结果的正确性,为系统保护装置的设计提供了理论依据。

含双馈感应发电机的电网多步长快速暂态仿真

为提高含双馈感应发电机(doubly-fed inductiongenerator,DFIG)的电网暂态仿真效率,提出一种多步长快速暂态仿真方法。该方法在系统积分步长不变的情况下,通过可变参数改变双馈感应发电机模型的积分步长。对双馈感应发电机模型在改变后的步长下进行数值计算,此过程无需求解电力系统网络方程,当双馈感应发电机模型的积分时间和系统积分时间同步时,双馈感应发电机模型与系统其他元件统一进行精确的数值计算。简单系统和经典电力系统的仿真计算结果表明,所提仿真方法计算速度快、精度高,是一种有效、实用的计算方法。

电网短路时双馈感应发电机转子电流的分析与计算

双馈风电机组对机端电压跌落比较敏感,随着风电装机容量的不断增加,电网故障时双馈风电机组转子电流的准确分析与评估变得十分重要,关系着双馈风电机组低电压穿越的实现以及故障电气量的分析与计算。从电网短路时双馈感应发电机的暂态过程出发,分析了双馈感应发电机定子动态过程以及变流器调控对转子电流的影响,采用空间矢量法和坐标变换方法推导了电网对称短路和不对称短路时转子电流的表达式,通过时域仿真和算例结果验证了表达式的正确性。所提出的表达式利用机端电压以及变流器控制参数即可计算得到电网短路时任意时刻的转子电流,具有清晰的物理意义以及较好的实用性。

双馈风电场的柔性高压直流输电系统控制

风电场采用柔性高压直流输电(voltage sourceconverter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)方式接入系统后,风电场母线电压的控制效果将影响风电场的稳定运行和受端系统的电能质量,而传统的风电场母线电压的幅相控制方式是间接电流控制方式,风电场交流侧电流动态响应缓慢且易受系统参数变化影响,从而导致风电场母线电压控制效果变差。因此有必要寻求更佳的风电场母线电压控制方案来确保整个系统的运行效果。针对双馈风力发电机(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)风电场VSC-HVDC的系统接入方式,分析系统各部分的动态模型,对风电场侧电压源换流器(wind farm side voltage source converter,WFVSC),依据其稳态方程设计了一种新的风电场母线电压矢量控制结构,该结构引入带有交叉乘积项的电流环,在实现电流环解耦控制的同时,可有效克服风电场接入参数变化所带来的不利影响;对电网侧电压源换流器(gridside voltage source converter,GSVSC)通过输入输出线性化设计来控制直流电压。最后通过对风电场输出功率波动、风电场当地负荷波动以及风电场系统接入侧电阻参数变化的情况进行仿真分析,仿真结果验证了该控制方案的正确性和有效性。

基于撬棒并联动态电阻的自适应双馈风力发电机低电压穿越

当电网故障引起电压跌落时,为防止大装机容量风电场的风机脱网,双馈风力发电机(DFIG)多采用Crowbar电路来实现低电压穿越(LVRT)。传统Crowbar电路采用固定阻值的电阻,很难兼顾对转子电流和直流母线电压的抑制以及对Crowbar的投入工作时间的控制。针对传统Crowbar的不足提出了一种基于Crowbar并联动态电阻的双馈风力发电机低电压穿越方案,制定了该方案的自适应控制策略以及其阻值的整定方法。仿真分析不同跌落深度下所提方案的LVRT特性,并与改变IGBT的导通脉宽的变电阻Crowbar方案进行了比较,结果表明带并联动态电阻Crowbar方案的LVRT效果较好,不仅兼顾了对转子过电流和直流母线过电压的抑制,而且在电压深度跌落时可缩短Crowbar的投入时间,有利于系统电压的恢复。

矩阵变换器励磁的双馈型发电机软并网控制

双馈型风力发电机并网时,将不可避免对电网产生冲击电流,过大的冲击电流不仅会缩短电机的使用寿命,增加电网电压波动,甚至可能会造成并网的失败。采用矩阵变换器作为交流励磁系统,把矩阵变换器等效为虚拟整流器和虚拟逆变器,直接将电网电压的幅值和相位作为给定值,定子电压作为反馈值,简化了复杂的解耦控制,实现对矩阵变换器虚拟逆变侧的电压幅值和相位控制,使双馈型风力发电机定子电压跟随电网电压,从而减少并网时的冲击电流,实现与电网软并网。实验结果表明,并网时冲击电流较小,验证了控制策略的可行性。